How Minority Students Experience College

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How Minority Students Experience College

Author : Lemuel Watson
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000977021
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis How Minority Students Experience College by : Lemuel Watson

Download or read book How Minority Students Experience College written by Lemuel Watson and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "I feel like they act like they're so diverse and multicultural.This is not a representation of how it is for people who go here.""I know of several occasions, if it weren't for several faculty of color, I don't know how I would have made it from one day to the next." -- from student interviewsHave three decades of integration and multicultural initiatives in higher education delivered a better education to all students? Are majority and minority students reaping similar benefits, specifically in predominantly white colleges? Do we know what a multicultural campus should look like, and how to design one that is welcoming to all students and promotes a learning environment?Through a unique qualitative study involving seven colleges and universities considered national models of commitment to diversity, this book presents the views and voices of minority students on what has been achieved and what remains to be done. The direct quotations that form the core of this book give voice to Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American and bi-racial students. They offer in their own words their perceptions of their campus cultures and practices, the tensions they encounter and what works for them.Rather than elaborating or recommending specific models or solutions, this book aims to provide insights that will enable the reader better to understand and articulate the issues that need to be addressed to achieve a well-adapted multicultural campus.Presidents, academic affairs professionals, student affairs personnel and faculty concerned with equity and diversity will find this book helpful and enlightening.

College in Black and White

Author : Walter R. Allen
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 0791494543
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

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Book Synopsis College in Black and White by : Walter R. Allen

Download or read book College in Black and White written by Walter R. Allen and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 1991-07-03 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reports findings from the National Study of Black College Students, a comprehensive study of Black college students' characteristics, experiences, and achievements as related to student background, institutional context, and interpersonal relationships. Over 4,000 undergraduates and graduate/professional students on sixteen campuses (eight historically Black and eight predominantly White) participated in this mail survey. Using these and other data, this book systematically examines the current state of Black students in U.S. higher education. Until now, our understanding has been limited by inadequate data, misguided theories, and failure to properly interpret the Black American reality. This volume challenges our assumptions and contributes to the growing body of knowledge about Black student experiences and outcomes in higher education.

Black Campus Life

Author : Antar A. Tichavakunda
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 1438485921
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Campus Life by : Antar A. Tichavakunda

Download or read book Black Campus Life written by Antar A. Tichavakunda and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2021-12-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth ethnography of Black engineering students at a historically White institution, Black Campus Life examines the intersection of two crises, up close: the limited number of college graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, and the state of race relations in higher education. Antar Tichavakunda takes readers across campus, from study groups to parties and beyond as these students work hard, have fun, skip class, fundraise, and, at times, find themselves in tense racialized encounters. By consistently centering their perspectives and demonstrating how different campus communities, or social worlds, shape their experiences, Tichavakunda challenges assumptions about not only Black STEM majors but also Black students and the “racial climate” on college campuses more generally. Most fundamentally, Black Campus Life argues that Black collegians are more than the racism they endure. By studying and appreciating the everyday richness and complexity of their experiences, we all—faculty, administrators, parents, policymakers, and the broader public—might learn how to better support them. This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries. Learn more at the TOME website, available at: openmonographs.org, and access the book online through the SUNY Open Access Repository at http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/7009

Accessibility and Diversity in the 21st Century University

Author : Berg, Gary A.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799827852
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Accessibility and Diversity in the 21st Century University by : Berg, Gary A.

Download or read book Accessibility and Diversity in the 21st Century University written by Berg, Gary A. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In higher education institutions across the world, rapid changes are occurring as the socio-economic composition of these universities is shifting. The participation of females, ethnic minority groups, and low-income students has increased exponentially, leading to major changes in student activities, curriculum, and overall campus culture. Significant research is a necessity for understanding the need of broader educational access and promoting a newly empowered diverse population of students in today’s universities. Accessibility and Diversity in the 21st Century University is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the provision of higher educational access to a more diverse population with a specific focus on the growing population of women in the university, key intersections with race and sexual preference, and the experiences of low-income students, mid-career and reentry students, and special needs populations. While highlighting topics such as adult learning, race-based achievement gaps, and women’s studies, this publication is ideally designed for educators, higher education faculty, deans, provosts, chancellors, policymakers, sociologists, anthropologists, researchers, scholars, and students seeking current research on modern advancements of diversity in higher education systems.

Why Are So Many Minority Students in Special Education?

Author : Beth Harry
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807755060
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Why Are So Many Minority Students in Special Education? by : Beth Harry

Download or read book Why Are So Many Minority Students in Special Education? written by Beth Harry and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this powerful book examines the disproportionate placement of Black and Hispanic students in special education. The authors present compelling, research-based stories representing the range of experiences faced by culturally and linguistically diverse students who fall in the liminal shadow of perceived disability. They examine the children's experiences, their families' interactions with school personnel, the teachers' and schools' estimation of the children and their families, and the school climate that influences decisions about referrals to special education. Based on the authors' 4 years of ethnographic research in a large, culturally diverse school district, the book concludes with recommendations for improving educational practice, teacher training, and policy renewal.

Black Men in College

Author : Robert T. Palmer
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136582940
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Men in College by : Robert T. Palmer

Download or read book Black Men in College written by Robert T. Palmer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-03-12 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black Men in College provides vital information about how to effectively support, retain, and graduate Black male undergraduates. This edited collection centers on the notion that Black male collegians are not a homogenous group; rather, they are representative of rarely acknowledged differences that exist among them. This valuable text suggests that understanding these differences is critical to making true in-roads in serving Black men. Chapter contributors describe the diverse challenges Black men in HBCUs face and discuss how to support and retain high-achieving men, gay men, academically unprepared men, low-income men, men in STEM, American immigrants, millennials, collegiate fathers, those affiliated with Greek organizations, and athletes. Recommendations for policy and practice to encourage retention and persistence to degree completion are grounded in extant theory and research. This text is a must-read for all higher education faculty, researchers, and student affairs practitioners interested in addressing the contemporary college experiences of Black men in postsecondary institutions.

Campus Counterspaces

Author : Micere Keels
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501746901
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Campus Counterspaces by : Micere Keels

Download or read book Campus Counterspaces written by Micere Keels and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-15 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frustrated with the flood of news articles and opinion pieces that were skeptical of minority students' "imagined" campus microaggressions, Micere Keels, a professor of comparative human development, set out to provide a detailed account of how racial-ethnic identity structures Black and Latinx students' college transition experiences. Tracking a cohort of more than five hundred Black and Latinx students since they enrolled at five historically white colleges and universities in the fall of 2013 Campus Counterspaces finds that these students were not asking to be protected from new ideas. Instead, they relished exposure to new ideas, wanted to be intellectually challenged, and wanted to grow. However, Keels argues, they were asking for access to counterspaces—safe spaces that enable radical growth. They wanted counterspaces where they could go beyond basic conversations about whether racism and discrimination still exist. They wanted time in counterspaces with likeminded others where they could simultaneously validate and challenge stereotypical representations of their marginalized identities and develop new counter narratives of those identities. In this critique of how universities have responded to the challenges these students face, Keels offers a way forward that goes beyond making diversity statements to taking diversity actions.

How Minority Students Experience College

Author : Lemuel Warren Watson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781003445166
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (451 download)

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Book Synopsis How Minority Students Experience College by : Lemuel Warren Watson

Download or read book How Minority Students Experience College written by Lemuel Warren Watson and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Have three decades of integration and multicultural initiatives in higher education delivered a better education to all students? Are majority and minority students reaping similar benefits, specifically in predominantly white colleges? Do we know what a multicultural campus should look like, and how to design one that is welcoming to all students and promotes a learning environment? Through a unique qualitative study involving seven colleges and universities considered national models of commitment to diversity, this book presents the views and voices of minority students on what has been achieved and what remains to be done. The direct quotations that form the core of this book give voice to Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American and bi-racial students. They offer in their own words their perceptions of their campus cultures and practices, the tensions they encounter and what works for them. Rather than elaborating or recommending specific models or solutions, this book aims to provide insights that will enable the reader better to understand and articulate the issues that need to be addressed to achieve a well-adapted multicultural campus. Presidents, academic affairs professionals, student affairs personnel and faculty concerned with equity and diversity will find this book helpful and enlightening"--amazon.com.

Acting Black

Author : Sarah Susannah Willie
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135946132
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

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Book Synopsis Acting Black by : Sarah Susannah Willie

Download or read book Acting Black written by Sarah Susannah Willie and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-12-16 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sarah Willie asks: What's it like to be black on campus. For most Black students, attending predominantly white universities, it is a struggle. Do you try to blend in? Do you take a stand? Do you end up acting as the token representative for your whole race? And what about those students who attend predominantly black universities? How do their experiences differ? In Acting Black, Sarah Willie interviews 55 African American alumnae of two universities, comparable except that one is predominantly white, Northwestern, and one is predominantly black, Howard. What she discovers through their stories, mirrored in her own college experience , is that the college campus is in some cases the stage for an even more intense version of the racial issues played out beyond its walls. The interviewees talk about "acting white" in some situations and "acting black" in others. They treat race as many different things, including a set of behaviours that they can choose to act out. In Acting Black, Willie situates the personal stories of her own experience and those of her interviewees within a timeline of black education in America and a review of university policy, with suggestions for improvement for both black and white universities seeking to make their campuses truly multicultural. In the tradition of The Agony of Education (Routledge, 1996) , Willie captures the painful dilemmas and ugly realities African Americans must face on campus.

Student Engagement in Higher Education

Author : Stephen John Quaye
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429683456
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Student Engagement in Higher Education by : Stephen John Quaye

Download or read book Student Engagement in Higher Education written by Stephen John Quaye and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the updated edition of this important volume, the editors and chapter contributors explore how diverse populations of students experience college differently and encounter group-specific barriers to success. Informed by relevant theories, each chapter focuses on engaging a different student population, including low-income students, Students of Color, international students, students with disabilities, religious minority students, student-athletes, part-time students, adult learners, military-connected students, graduate students, and others. New in this third edition is the inclusion of chapters on Indigenous students, student activists, transracial Asian American adoptee students, justice-involved students, student-parents, first-generation students, and undocumented students. The forward-thinking, practical, anti-deficit-oriented strategies offered throughout the book are based on research and the collected professional wisdom of experienced educators and scholars at a range of postsecondary institutions. Current and future faculty members, higher education administrators, and student affairs educators will undoubtedly find this book complete with fresh ideas to reverse troubling engagement trends among various college student populations.

College Students' Sense of Belonging

Author : Terrell L. Strayhorn
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315297272
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (152 download)

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Book Synopsis College Students' Sense of Belonging by : Terrell L. Strayhorn

Download or read book College Students' Sense of Belonging written by Terrell L. Strayhorn and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how belonging differs based on students’ social identities, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, or the conditions they encounter on campus. Belonging—with peers, in the classroom, or on campus—is a critical dimension of success at college. It can affect a student’s degree of academic adjustment, achievement, aspirations, or even whether a student stays in school. The 2nd Edition of College Students’ Sense of Belonging explores student sub-populations and campus environments, offering readers updated information about sense of belonging, how it develops for students, and a conceptual model for helping students belong and thrive. Underpinned by theory and research and offering practical guidelines for improving educational environments and policies, this book is an important resource for higher education and student affairs professionals, scholars, and graduate students interested in students’ success. New to this second edition: A refined theory of college students’ sense of belonging and review of current literature in light of new and emerging theories; Expanded best practices related to fostering sense of belonging in classrooms, clubs, residence halls, and other contexts; Updated research and insights for new student populations such as youth formerly in foster care, formerly incarcerated adults, and homeless students; Coverage on a broad range of topics since the first edition of this book, including cultural navigation, academic spotting, and the "shared faith" element of belonging.

The Privileged Poor

Author : Anthony Abraham Jack
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674239660
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis The Privileged Poor by : Anthony Abraham Jack

Download or read book The Privileged Poor written by Anthony Abraham Jack and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An NPR Favorite Book of the Year “Breaks new ground on social and educational questions of great import.” —Washington Post “An essential work, humane and candid, that challenges and expands our understanding of the lives of contemporary college students.” —Paul Tough, author of Helping Children Succeed “Eye-opening...Brings home the pain and reality of on-campus poverty and puts the blame squarely on elite institutions.” —Washington Post “Jack’s investigation redirects attention from the matter of access to the matter of inclusion...His book challenges universities to support the diversity they indulge in advertising.” —New Yorker The Ivy League looks different than it used to. College presidents and deans of admission have opened their doors—and their coffers—to support a more diverse student body. But is it enough just to admit these students? In this bracing exposé, Anthony Jack shows that many students’ struggles continue long after they’ve settled in their dorms. Admission, they quickly learn, is not the same as acceptance. This powerfully argued book documents how university policies and campus culture can exacerbate preexisting inequalities and reveals why some students are harder hit than others.

about Centering Possibility in Black Education

Author : Chezare A. Warren
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807779547
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis about Centering Possibility in Black Education by : Chezare A. Warren

Download or read book about Centering Possibility in Black Education written by Chezare A. Warren and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving education outcomes for Black students begins with resisting racist characterizations of blackness. Chezare A. Warren, a nationally recognized scholar of race and education equity, emphasizes the imperative that possibility drive efforts aimed at transforming education for Black learners. Inspired by the “freedom dreaming” of activists in the Black radical tradition, the book is comprised of nine principles that clarify how centering possibility actively refuses limitations for what Black people can create, accomplish, and achieve. This interdisciplinary volume also features over 30 original images, poems, and lyrics by Black artists from around the United States, each helping to breathe new life into the concept of possibility and its relevance to remaking Black children’s experience of school. Warren draws on research in history, cultural studies, and sociology to cast a vision of Black education futures unencumbered by antiblackness and white supremacy. This justice-oriented text will inspire innovative solutions to eliminating harm and generating education alternatives Black students desire and deserve. Book Features: Describes practical, antideficit approaches to educating Black children, youth, and young adults.Focuses on productively reorienting visions, philosophies, and rationales guiding contemporary Black education transformation work.Includes relatable stories and anecdotes written in a conversational style.Filled with provocative pieces of original art by Black artists, such as paintings, drawings, photographs, mixed media, spoken word, poems, and song lyrics.

The Diversity Bargain

Author : Natasha K. Warikoo
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022640028X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis The Diversity Bargain by : Natasha K. Warikoo

Download or read book The Diversity Bargain written by Natasha K. Warikoo and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We’ve heard plenty from politicians and experts on affirmative action and higher education, about how universities should intervene—if at all—to ensure a diverse but deserving student population. But what about those for whom these issues matter the most? In this book, Natasha K. Warikoo deeply explores how students themselves think about merit and race at a uniquely pivotal moment: after they have just won the most competitive game of their lives and gained admittance to one of the world’s top universities. What Warikoo uncovers—talking with both white students and students of color at Harvard, Brown, and Oxford—is absolutely illuminating; and some of it is positively shocking. As she shows, many elite white students understand the value of diversity abstractly, but they ignore the real problems that racial inequality causes and that diversity programs are meant to solve. They stand in fear of being labeled a racist, but they are quick to call foul should a diversity program appear at all to hamper their own chances for advancement. The most troubling result of this ambivalence is what she calls the “diversity bargain,” in which white students reluctantly agree with affirmative action as long as it benefits them by providing a diverse learning environment—racial diversity, in this way, is a commodity, a selling point on a brochure. And as Warikoo shows, universities play a big part in creating these situations. The way they talk about race on campus and the kinds of diversity programs they offer have a huge impact on student attitudes, shaping them either toward ambivalence or, in better cases, toward more productive and considerate understandings of racial difference. Ultimately, this book demonstrates just how slippery the notions of race, merit, and privilege can be. In doing so, it asks important questions not just about college admissions but what the elite students who have succeeded at it—who will be the world’s future leaders—will do with the social inequalities of the wider world.

The Athletic Experience at Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Author : Billy Hawkins
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 144225369X
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis The Athletic Experience at Historically Black Colleges and Universities by : Billy Hawkins

Download or read book The Athletic Experience at Historically Black Colleges and Universities written by Billy Hawkins and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are valuable institutions that provide intellectual domains for racial uplift, racial refuge, and cultural empowerment within a continually polarized nation. Today’s current racial climate reminds us of the historical context that gave birth to HBCUs and segregated athletic experiences. While the sporting life at HBCUs is an integral part of these institutions’ mission, there is a dearth of research about HBCU athletics. In The Athletic Experience at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Past, Present, and Persistence, leading scholars from across the nation present a holistic examination of the integral role sports have played at HBCUs. Chapters in this volume cover a range of topics, from HBCU Football Classics to economics. It begins with a historical overview of HBCUs and the early sporting life before delving into the experiences of today’s male and female student-athletes—including the unique perspectives of athletes who transferred from historically White colleges and universities to HBCUs. Other chapters examine economic issues at HBCUs, such as the financial viability of their athletic departments in the context of the larger NCAA economic framework, and recommendations for the future of HBCU athletics to restore both academic and athletic excellence at these institutions. An important addition to the existing literature on race in contemporary society, this volume provides a narrative of the Black experience from the historical origins of educating Blacks, their early athletic experiences, and the current state of athletics at HBCUs. The Athletic Experience at Historically Black Colleges and Universities is a significant contribution to the debate on college athletics and higher education, in general, and athletics at HBCUs, specifically. It is a must-read for sport studies scholars and students, sport management practitioners, and sport enthusiasts of the inter-workings of athletics and the HBCU experience.

Shelter in a Time of Storm

Author : Jelani M. Favors
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469648342
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Shelter in a Time of Storm by : Jelani M. Favors

Download or read book Shelter in a Time of Storm written by Jelani M. Favors and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2019-02-08 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2020 Museum of African American History Stone Book Award 2020 Lillian Smith Book Award Finalist, 2020 Pauli Murray Book Prize For generations, historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have been essential institutions for the African American community. Their nurturing environments not only provided educational advancement but also catalyzed the Black freedom struggle, forever altering the political destiny of the United States. In this book, Jelani M. Favors offers a history of HBCUs from the 1837 founding of Cheyney State University to the present, told through the lens of how they fostered student activism. Favors chronicles the development and significance of HBCUs through stories from institutions such as Cheyney State University, Tougaloo College, Bennett College, Alabama State University, Jackson State University, Southern University, and North Carolina A&T. He demonstrates how HBCUs became a refuge during the oppression of the Jim Crow era and illustrates the central role their campus communities played during the civil rights and Black Power movements. Throughout this definitive history of how HBCUs became a vital seedbed for politicians, community leaders, reformers, and activists, Favors emphasizes what he calls an unwritten "second curriculum" at HBCUs, one that offered students a grounding in idealism, racial consciousness, and cultural nationalism.

The Cost of Inclusion

Author : Blake R. Silver
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022670405X
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cost of Inclusion by : Blake R. Silver

Download or read book The Cost of Inclusion written by Blake R. Silver and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2020-07-17 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Young people are told that college is a place where they will “find themselves” by engaging with diversity and making friendships that will last a lifetime. This vision of an inclusive, diverse social experience is a fundamental part of the image colleges sell potential students. But what really happens when students arrive on campus and enter this new social world? The Cost of Inclusion delves into this rich moment to explore the ways students seek out a sense of belonging and the sacrifices they make to fit in. Blake R. Silver spent a year immersed in student life at a large public university. He trained with the Cardio Club, hung out with the Learning Community, and hosted service events with the Volunteer Collective. Through these day-to-day interactions, he witnessed how students sought belonging and built their social worlds on campus. Over time, Silver realized that these students only achieved inclusion at significant cost. To fit in among new peers, they clung to or were pushed into raced and gendered cultural assumptions about behavior, becoming “the cool guy,” “the nice girl,” “the funny one,” “the leader,” “the intellectual,” or “the mom of the group.” Instead of developing dynamic identities, they crafted and adhered to a cookie-cutter self, one that was rigid and two-dimensional. Silver found that these students were ill-prepared for the challenges of a diverse college campus, and that they had little guidance from their university on how to navigate the trials of social engagement or the pressures to conform. While colleges are focused on increasing the diversity of their enrolled student body, Silver’s findings show that they need to take a hard look at how they are failing to support inclusion once students arrive on campus.