Horses Chariots And Indo Europeans

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Horses, Chariots, and Indo-Europeans

Author : Peter Raulwing
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789638046260
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Horses, Chariots, and Indo-Europeans by : Peter Raulwing

Download or read book Horses, Chariots, and Indo-Europeans written by Peter Raulwing and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans have attracted several generations of scholars of various academic disciplines. Analyzing descriptions of horses, chariots, warfare and chariot-racing in the Rigveda, the classical, Celtic and other Indo-European sources documented from the second millennium BC onwards, scholars have even assumed a close relationship between Proto-Indo-Europeans, the horse and the chariot. According to this view the Hittites, Indo-Aryans and Greeks used their chariots for invading the Near East, Greece and other parts of the ancient world; some scholars are convinced that the chariot was the most important weapon of the Indo-European invaders. The present study attempts to examine the current state of Indo-European Linguistics regarding the problem of the origin, definition, the technological development and the function of the chariot. This includes an application of elaborated methodological principles on the hypothesis of a Proto-Indo-European chariot and an analysis of the archaeological remains. In a special chapter (Further Reading) studies on Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans are structured by topics; those relevant for the outlined purpose have been commented. The bibliography contains the most important interdisciplinary studies relating to Indo- European Linguistics and Ancient Near Eastern chariotry research.The result of the present study is that the hypothesis of a Proto-Indo-European chariot cannot be sustained by means of comparative linguistics. This outcome corresponds to the interpretation of the archaeological data: the light, horse-drawn, spoked-wheeled war chariot is an exclusive development of the Ancient Near Eastern city states in the second millennium BC. Only there we do find the textual and archaeological evidence for the logistical, economical and sociological background. In this light, the contribution of Indo- Europeans to the development and spread of the chariot must be discussed anew.

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language

Author : David W. Anthony
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400831105
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by : David W. Anthony

Download or read book The Horse, the Wheel, and Language written by David W. Anthony and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Roughly half the world's population speaks languages derived from a shared linguistic source known as Proto-Indo-European. But who were the early speakers of this ancient mother tongue, and how did they manage to spread it around the globe? Until now their identity has remained a tantalizing mystery to linguists, archaeologists, and even Nazis seeking the roots of the Aryan race. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language lifts the veil that has long shrouded these original Indo-European speakers, and reveals how their domestication of horses and use of the wheel spread language and transformed civilization. Linking prehistoric archaeological remains with the development of language, David Anthony identifies the prehistoric peoples of central Eurasia's steppe grasslands as the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European, and shows how their innovative use of the ox wagon, horseback riding, and the warrior's chariot turned the Eurasian steppes into a thriving transcontinental corridor of communication, commerce, and cultural exchange. He explains how they spread their traditions and gave rise to important advances in copper mining, warfare, and patron-client political institutions, thereby ushering in an era of vibrant social change. Anthony also describes his fascinating discovery of how the wear from bits on ancient horse teeth reveals the origins of horseback riding. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language solves a puzzle that has vexed scholars for two centuries--the source of the Indo-European languages and English--and recovers a magnificent and influential civilization from the past.

Selected Writings on Chariots and Other Early Vehicles, Riding and Harness

Author : Mary Aiken Littauer
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9789004117990
Total Pages : 776 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Selected Writings on Chariots and Other Early Vehicles, Riding and Harness by : Mary Aiken Littauer

Download or read book Selected Writings on Chariots and Other Early Vehicles, Riding and Harness written by Mary Aiken Littauer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2002 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of papers is primarily concerned with wheeled transport in antiquity. They shed much light on the construction of the vehicles, the ways their draught animals were harnessed and controlled, and on the uses to which the equipages were put. Ridden animals also feature in this collection of papers.

Tracing the Indo-Europeans

Author : Birgit Anette Olsen
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789252733
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Tracing the Indo-Europeans by : Birgit Anette Olsen

Download or read book Tracing the Indo-Europeans written by Birgit Anette Olsen and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2019-08-23 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in aDNA has reshaped our understanding of later European prehistory, and at the same time also opened up for more fruitful collaborations between archaeologists and historical linguists. Two revolutionary genetic studies, published independently in Nature, 2015, showed that prehistoric Europe underwent two successive waves of migration, one from Anatolia consistent with the introduction of agriculture, and a later influx from the Pontic-Caspian steppes which without any reasonable doubt pinpoints the archaeological Yamnaya complex as the cradle of (Core-)Indo-European languages. Now, for the first time, when the preliminaries are clear, it is possible for the fields of genetics, archaeology and historical linguistics to cooperate in a constructive fashion to refine our knowledge of the Indo-European homeland, migrations, society and language. For the historical-comparative linguists, this opens up a wealth of exciting perspectives and new working fields in the intersections between linguistics and neighbouring disciplines, for the archaeologists and geneticists, on the other hand, the linguistic contributions help to endow the material findings with a voice from the past. The present selection of papers illustrate the importance of an open interdisciplinary discussion which will gradually help us in our quest of Tracing the Indo-Europeans.

Indo-European Poetry and Myth

Author : M. L. West
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191565407
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Indo-European Poetry and Myth by : M. L. West

Download or read book Indo-European Poetry and Myth written by M. L. West and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-11-13 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Indo-Europeans, speakers of the prehistoric parent language from which most European and some Asiatic languages are descended, most probably lived on the Eurasian steppes some five or six thousand years ago. Martin West investigates their traditional mythologies, religions, and poetries, and points to elements of common heritage. In The East Face of Helicon (1997), West showed the extent to which Homeric and other early Greek poetry was influenced by Near Eastern traditions, mainly non-Indo-European. His new book presents a foil to that work by identifying elements of more ancient, Indo-European heritage in the Greek material. Topics covered include the status of poets and poetry in Indo-European societies; metre, style, and diction; gods and other supernatural beings, from Father Sky and Mother Earth to the Sun-god and his beautiful daughter, the Thunder-god and other elemental deities, and earthly orders such as Nymphs and Elves; the forms of hymns, prayers, and incantations; conceptions about the world, its origin, mankind, death, and fate; the ideology of fame and of immortalization through poetry; the typology of the king and the hero; the hero as warrior, and the conventions of battle narrative.

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans

Author : Thomas V. Gamkrelidze
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110815036
Total Pages : 1272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans by : Thomas V. Gamkrelidze

Download or read book Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans written by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2010-12-15 with total page 1272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Gamkrelidze and Ivanov’s wide-ranging and interdisciplinary work, superbly translated from Russian, is a must for every student of Indo-European prehistory. Its erudition is unsurpassed, and its unorthodox conclusions are a continuing challenge.” Prof. Dr. Martin Haspelmath, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie

On the Trail of the Indo-Europeans: From Neolithic Steppe Nomads to Early Civilisations

Author : Harald Haarmann
Publisher : marixverlag
ISBN 13 : 384380656X
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis On the Trail of the Indo-Europeans: From Neolithic Steppe Nomads to Early Civilisations by : Harald Haarmann

Download or read book On the Trail of the Indo-Europeans: From Neolithic Steppe Nomads to Early Civilisations written by Harald Haarmann and published by marixverlag. This book was released on 2021-01-26 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than 3000 years, Indo-European languages have been spoken from India through Persia and into Europe. Where are the origins of this language family? How and when did its different linguistic branches emerge? The renowned historical linguist Harald Haarmann provides a graphic account of what we know today about the origins of Indo-European languages and cultures and how they came to be so widely disseminated. In this impressive study, he succeeds in drawing connections between linguistic findings, archaeological discoveries and the latest research into human genetics and climate history. In addition to linguistic affinities, he shows the economic, social and religious concepts that the early speakers of Indo-European languages had in common all the way from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Indus. Particular attention is devoted to the processes of assimilation with pre-Indo-European languages and civilisations. The result is a fascinating panorama of early "Indo-European globalisation" from the end of the last ice age to the early civilisations in Greece, Italy, Asia Minor, Persia and India.

Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe

Author : Robert Drews
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351982427
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe by : Robert Drews

Download or read book Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe written by Robert Drews and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-05-12 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contends that Indo-European languages came to Greece, central Europe, southern Scandinavia and northern Italy no earlier than ca. 1600 BC, brought by the first military men whom Europeans had seen. That the Greek, Keltic, Italic and Germanic sub-groups of Indo-European originated in the middle of the second millennium BC is a controversial idea. Most Indo-Europeanists date the origin a thousand years earlier, and some archaeologists would place it before 5000 BC, as agriculture spread through Europe. Here Robert Drews argues that the Indo-European languages came into Europe via military conquests, and that militarism – a man’s pride in his weapons and in his status as a warrior - began with the employment of horse-drawn chariots in battle.

The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited

Author : Kristian Kristiansen
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009261738
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited by : Kristian Kristiansen

Download or read book The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited written by Kristian Kristiansen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-04-30 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the impact of ancient DNA research and scientific evidence on our understanding of the emergence of Indo-European languages in prehistory. Offering cutting-edge contributions from an international team of scholars, it considers the driving forces behind the Indo-European migrations during the 3rd and 2nd millenia BC. The volume explores the rise of the world's first pastoral nomads the Yamnaya Culture in the Russian Pontic steppe including their social organization, expansions, and the transition from nomadism to semi-sedentism when entering Europe. It also traces the chariot conquest in the late Bronze Age and its impact on the expansion of the Indo-Iranian languages into Central Asia. In the final section, the volumes consider the development of hierarchical societies and the origins of slavery. A landmark synthesis of recent, exciting discoveries, the book also includes an extensive theoretical discussion regarding the integration of linguistics, genetics, and archaeology, and the importance of interdisciplinary research in the study of ancient migration.

The Indo-Europeans

Author : Jean-Paul Demoule
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019750647X
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis The Indo-Europeans by : Jean-Paul Demoule

Download or read book The Indo-Europeans written by Jean-Paul Demoule and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The existence of an Indo-European linguistic family, allowing for the fact that several languages widely dispersed across Eurasia share numerous traits, has been demonstrated for several centuries now. But the underlying factors for this shared heritage have been fiercely debated by linguists, historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists. The leading theory, of which countless variations exist, argues that this similarity is best explained by the existence, at one given point in time and space, of a common language and corresponding population. This ancient, prehistoric, population would then have diffused across Eurasia, eventually leading to the variation observed in historical and modern times. The Indo-Europeans: Archaeology, Language, Race, and the Search for the Origins of the West argues that despite its acceptance and use by most researchers from different disciplines, such a model is inherently flawed. This book describes how, beginning in the late eighteenth century, Europeans began a quest for a supposed original homeland, from which a small conquering people would one day spread out, bringing their language to Europe and parts of Asia (India, Iran, Afghanistan). This quest was often closely tied to ideological preoccupations and it was in its name that the Nazi leadership, claiming for the Germans the status of the purest Indo-Europeans (or Aryans), waged genocide. The last part of the book summarizes the current state of knowledge and current hypotheses in the fields of linguistics, archaeology, comparative mythology, and genetics. The culmination of three decades of research, this book offers a sweeping survey of the historiography of the Indo-European debate and poses a devastating challenge to the Indo-European origin story at its roots.

The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

Author : J. P. Mallory
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191058122
Total Pages : 760 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World by : J. P. Mallory

Download or read book The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World written by J. P. Mallory and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2006-08-24 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces Proto-Indo-European and explores what the language reveals about the people who spoke it. The Proto-Indo-Europeans lived somewhere in Europe or Asia between 5,500 and 8,000 years ago, and no text of their language survives. J. P. Mallory and Douglas Adams show how over the last two centuries scholars have reconstructed it from its descendant languages, the surviving examples of which comprise the world's largest language family. After a concise account of Proto-Indo-European grammar and a consideration of its discovery, they use the reconstructed language and related evidence from archaeology and natural history to examine the lives, thoughts, passions, culture, society, economy, history, and environment of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Our distant ancestors had used the wheel, were settled arable farmers, kept sheep and cattle, brewed beer, got married, made weapons, and had 27 verbs for the expression of strife. The subjects to which the authors devote chapters include fauna, flora, family and kinship, clothing and textiles, food and drink, space and time, emotions, mythology, religion, and the continuing quest to discover the Proto-Indo-European homeland. Proto-Indo-European-English and English-Proto-Indo-European vocabularies and full indexes conclude the book. Written in a clear, readable style and illustrated with maps, figures, and tables, this book is on a subject of great and enduring fascination. It will appeal to students of languages, classics, and the ancient world, as well as to general readers interested in the history of language and of early human societies.

Indo-European and Indo-Europeans

Author : George Cardona
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 1512801208
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Indo-European and Indo-Europeans by : George Cardona

Download or read book Indo-European and Indo-Europeans written by George Cardona and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2016-11-11 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twenty-two internationally known linguists, anthropologists, and archaeologists discuss such questions as the original home of the Indo-Europeans, their migration, religiomythic beliefs, and legal customs in the most comprehensive treatment of Indo-European culture in recent times.

The Spirited Horse

Author : Laerke Recht
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350158933
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis The Spirited Horse by : Laerke Recht

Download or read book The Spirited Horse written by Laerke Recht and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-05-19 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting a new perspective on human–animal relations in the ancient Near East, this volume considers how we should understand equids (horses, donkeys, onagers and various hybrids) as animals that are social actors. Recht brings together a wealth of new data, including Bronze Age Near Eastern material culture from a range of archaeological contexts with equid remains as well as iconography and texts. She looks in particular at finds of equids themselves from burials, sacred space and settlements alongside associated artefacts such as chariots and harnesses. This is the first time the agency of animals is recognized. The study is essential reading for prehistorians, archaeologists and those studying early animal domestication, showcasing how humans encounter and interact with other animals, and how those animals in turn interact with humans. Recht outlines the broader implications for human involvement with their environment, both today and in the past, and points to further study in a number of focused appendices.

People of Ancient Assyria

Author : Jørgen Læssøe
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317602625
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis People of Ancient Assyria by : Jørgen Læssøe

Download or read book People of Ancient Assyria written by Jørgen Læssøe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Was Assyria merely a more brutal, more uncivilized and less interesting offshoot of the culture created by Sumerians and Babylonians in Southern Mesopotamia at the dawn of history? Do the Assyrian reliefs that fill our museums give a complete picture of the phenomenon that was Assyria? Was the contribution of this people to world culture merely an incredibly effective military organization? The answers to these questions are sought here in this detailed book from 1963, referring to personal documents of the time, in the letters Assyrians wrote to one another rather than in the annals of the rulers.

A History of Ancient Greek

Author : Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521833078
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Ancient Greek by : Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs

Download or read book A History of Ancient Greek written by Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-11 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description

With Arrow, Sword, and Spear

Author : Alfred S. Bradford
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313095159
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis With Arrow, Sword, and Spear by : Alfred S. Bradford

Download or read book With Arrow, Sword, and Spear written by Alfred S. Bradford and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2000-11-30 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most studies of ancient warfare focus only on the Greeks and the Romans, but this sweeping study covers the whole of the ancient world from Greece and Rome to the Near East, then eastward to Parthia, India, and China. Bradford transports the reader into the midst of ancient battles behind such great leaders as Thutmose III, Ashurbanipal, Alexander, Hannibal, Caesar, and the First Emperor of China. He details the rise and fall of empires, the role of leadership, and the development of tactics and strategy. One sees the clash of peoples: nomads against agricultural societies, infantry against cavalry, as well as the greatest technological change in history—the combination of the composite bow and the chariot. This readable account analyzes ancient armies in terms of modern military doctrine, allowing the reader to make comparisons between the combatants. Recruitment, for example, varied tremendously with Romans drawing from a limited pool of recruits for service terms of twenty to thirty years and Chinese planners preferring a large pool with short-term service. While various types of governments prepared for and waged war in significantly different ways, Bradford finds that better organization led to success on the battlefield and that, for the most part, societal innovation was more important than technological innovation. The ongoing discussion of the lessons of ancient warfare around the globe will provide valuable insights for interested general readers and military professionals alike.

The Horse

Author : Timothy C. Winegard
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 073524278X
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis The Horse by : Timothy C. Winegard

Download or read book The Horse written by Timothy C. Winegard and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2024-07-30 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From New York Times bestselling author of The Mosquito, the incredible story of how the horse shaped human history Timothy C. Winegard’s The Horse is an epic history unlike any other. Its story begins more than 5,500 years ago on the windswept grasslands of the Eurasian Steppe; when one human tamed one horse, an unbreakable bond was forged and the future of humanity was instantly rewritten, placing the reins of destiny firmly in human hands. Since that pivotal day, the horse has carried the history of civilizations on its powerful back. For millennia it was the primary mode of transportation, an essential farming machine, a steadfast companion, and a formidable weapon of war. Possessing a unique combination of size, speed, strength, and stamina, the horse dominated every facet of human life and shaped the very scope of human ambition. And we still live among its galloping shadows. Horses revolutionized the way we hunted, traded, traveled, farmed, fought, worshipped, and interacted. They fundamentally reshaped the human genome and the world’s linguistic map. They determined international borders, molded cultures, fueled economies, and built global superpowers. They decided the destinies of conquerors and empires. And they were vectors of lethal disease and contributed to lifesaving medical innovations. Horses even inspired architecture, invention, furniture, and fashion. From the thundering cavalry charges of Alexander the Great to the streets of New York during the Great Manure Crisis of 1894 and beyond, horses have shaped both the grand arc of history and our everyday lives. Driven by fascinating revelations and fast-paced storytelling, The Horse is a riveting narrative of this noble animal’s unrivaled and enduring reign across human history. To know the horse is to understand the world.