Horizontal Inequalities Political Environment And Civil Conflict

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Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict

Author : Gudrun Østby
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict by : Gudrun Østby

Download or read book Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict written by Gudrun Østby and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter.

Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict

Author : F. Stewart
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230582729
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict by : F. Stewart

Download or read book Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict written by F. Stewart and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-22 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on econometric evidence and in-depth studies of West Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, this book explores how horizontal inequalities - ethnic, religious or racial - are a source of violent conflict and how political, economic and cultural status inequalities have contributed. Policies to reverse inequality would reduce these risks.

Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict

Author : Gudrun ??stby
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (931 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict by : Gudrun ??stby

Download or read book Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict written by Gudrun ??stby and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries.

Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict

Author : Gudrun Ostby
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict by : Gudrun Ostby

Download or read book Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict written by Gudrun Ostby and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries.

Horizontal Inequalities

Author : Frances Stewart
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequalities by : Frances Stewart

Download or read book Horizontal Inequalities written by Frances Stewart and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Democracy and Electoral Politics in Zambia

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 900443044X
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Democracy and Electoral Politics in Zambia by :

Download or read book Democracy and Electoral Politics in Zambia written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Democracy and Electoral Politics in Zambia aims to comprehend the current dynamics of Zambia’s democracy and to understand what was specific about the 2015/2016 election experience. While elections have been central to understanding Zambian politics over the last decade, the coverage they have received in the academic literature has been sparse. This book aims to fill that gap and give a more holistic account of contemporary Zambian electoral dynamics, by providing innovative analysis of political parties, mobilization methods, the constitutional framework, the motivations behind voters’ choices and the adjudication of electoral disputes by the judiciary. This book draws on insights and interviews, public opinion data and innovative surveys that aim to tell a rich and nuanced story about Zambia’s recent electoral history from a variety of disciplinary approaches. Contributors include: Tinenenji Banda, Nicole Beardsworth, John Bwalya, Privilege Haang’andu, Erin Hern, Marja Hinfelaar, Dae Un Hong, O’Brien Kaaba, Robby Kapesa, Chanda Mfula, Jotham Momba, Biggie Joe Ndambwa, Muna Ndulo, Jeremy Seekings, Hangala Siachiwena, Sishuwa Sishuwa, Owen Sichone, Aaron Siwale, Michael Wahman.

Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War

Author : Lars-Erik Cederman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107017424
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War by : Lars-Erik Cederman

Download or read book Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War written by Lars-Erik Cederman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-08-26 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that political and economic inequalities following group lines generate grievances that in turn can motivate civil war. Lars-Erik Cederman, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug offer a theoretical approach that highlights ethnonationalism and how the relationship between group identities and inequalities are fundamental for successful mobilization to resort to violence. Although previous research highlighted grievances as a key motivation for political violence, contemporary research on civil war has largely dismissed grievances as irrelevant, emphasizing instead the role of opportunities. This book shows that the alleged non-results for grievances in previous research stemmed primarily from atheoretical measures, typically based on individual data. The authors develop new indicators of political and economic exclusion at the group level, and show that these exert strong effects on the risk of civil war. They provide new analyses of the effects of transnational ethnic links and the duration of civil wars, and extended case discussions illustrating causal mechanisms.

Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War

Author : Lars-Erik Cederman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107244668
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War by : Lars-Erik Cederman

Horizontal Inequalities and Post-Conflict Development

Author : Frances Stewart
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230348629
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequalities and Post-Conflict Development by : Frances Stewart

Download or read book Horizontal Inequalities and Post-Conflict Development written by Frances Stewart and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book evaluates the extent to which post-conflict reconstruction has addressed problems of horizontal inequalities through country case studies on Burundi, Rwanda, Nepal, Peru, Guatemala, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Afghanistan, and four thematic studies on macro-economic policies, privatisation, PRSP's, and employment generation.

Peoples Versus States

Author : Ted Robert Gurr
Publisher : US Institute of Peace Press
ISBN 13 : 9781929223022
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Peoples Versus States by : Ted Robert Gurr

Download or read book Peoples Versus States written by Ted Robert Gurr and published by US Institute of Peace Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Picking up where Minorities at Risk left off, Peoples Versus States offers an expanded and updated perspective on ethnic and nationalist conflict throughout the world, as well as efforts to manage it. Ted Gurr surveys the behavior of 275 politically active ethnic groups during the 1990s and pinpoints the factors that encourage the assertion of ethnic identities. Whereas his highly acclaimed 1993 book presented a disturbing picture of spreading ethnic violence, this volume documents a pronounced decline since the early 1990s--a decline attributable, in part at least, to many states abandoning strategies of assimilation and control in favor of policies of pluralism and accommodation. Nonetheless, Gurr identifies some ninety groups as being at significant risk of conflict and repression in the early 21st century. And he cautions that the emerging global regime of principles and strategies governing relations between communal groups and states is far from perfect or universally effective.

Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Conflict

Author : Arnim Langer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Conflict by : Arnim Langer

Download or read book Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Conflict written by Arnim Langer and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Horizontal Inequality and Political Violence

Author : Aya Bseiso
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Inequality and Political Violence by : Aya Bseiso

Download or read book Horizontal Inequality and Political Violence written by Aya Bseiso and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Middle East and North Africa remains a region popularly categorized as a hotbed of conflict. In this thesis I attempt to breakdown popular and conventional sentiment of the political violence in the Middle East through an analysis of political and economic horizontal inequality in the region as a guiding force to instances of violence. Frances Stewarts (2009) introduces the concept of horizontal inequality defining it as distinct and salient group identities coinciding with enduring group-level inequalities. Stewart (2009) argues that horizontal inequality sheds light on unaddressed and underlying factors influencing conflict onset. A global, and regional analysis of data form Cederman et al. (2011) posits that the existence of horizontal inequality can increase the risk of civil war onset. However, in the Middle East and North Africa the relationship between horizontal inequality and civil war onset appears insignificant. Despite the existence of both documented horizontal inequality and violence in the region. Such a peculiar finding warrants an analysis on the earlier mechanisms of inequality and violence.The literature has primarily tested the link between horizontal inequality and violence. Yet, other mechanisms occur prior to incidences of violence, such as the attitudes of individuals within the group towards forms of collective action. I utilize the case of Palestine-Israel using micro-analysis survey data from Hillesund (2015) to further explore the impact of horizontal inequality on attitudes towards violence and non-violent collective action in the Arab context. The benefit of conducting an analysis on attitudes gives policy makers space to plan adequate interventions that address underlying group-grievances before they erupt into situations of violence.

On the Duration of Civil War

Author : Paul Collier
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis On the Duration of Civil War by : Paul Collier

Download or read book On the Duration of Civil War written by Paul Collier and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The duration of large-scale violent civil conflict increases substantially if the society is composed of a few large ethnic groups, if there is extensive forest cover, and if the conflict has commenced since 1980. None of these factors affect the initiation of conflict. And neither the duration nor the initiation of conflict is affected by initial inequality or political repression.

Pathways for Peace

Author : United Nations;World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464811865
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathways for Peace by : United Nations;World Bank

Download or read book Pathways for Peace written by United Nations;World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Violent conflicts today are complex and increasingly protracted, involving more nonstate groups and regional and international actors. It is estimated that by 2030—the horizon set by the international community for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals—more than half of the world’s poor will be living in countries affected by high levels of violence. Information and communication technology, population movements, and climate change are also creating shared risks that must be managed at both national and international levels. Pathways for Peace is a joint United Nations†“World Bank Group study that originates from the conviction that the international community’s attention must urgently be refocused on prevention. A scaled-up system for preventive action would save between US$5 billion and US$70 billion per year, which could be reinvested in reducing poverty and improving the well-being of populations. The study aims to improve the way in which domestic development processes interact with security, diplomacy, mediation, and other efforts to prevent conflicts from becoming violent. It stresses the importance of grievances related to exclusion—from access to power, natural resources, security and justice, for example—that are at the root of many violent conflicts today. Based on a review of cases in which prevention has been successful, the study makes recommendations for countries facing emerging risks of violent conflict as well as for the international community. Development policies and programs must be a core part of preventive efforts; when risks are high or building up, inclusive solutions through dialogue, adapted macroeconomic policies, institutional reform, and redistributive policies are required. Inclusion is key, and preventive action needs to adopt a more people-centered approach that includes mainstreaming citizen engagement. Enhancing the participation of women and youth in decision making is fundamental to sustaining peace, as well as long-term policies to address the aspirations of women and young people.

Governance for Peace

Author : David Cortright
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108415938
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Governance for Peace by : David Cortright

Download or read book Governance for Peace written by David Cortright and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An evidence-based analysis of governance focusing on the institutional capacities and qualities that reduce the risk of armed conflict.

Colonial Institutions and Civil War

Author : Shivaji Mukherjee
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108844995
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Colonial Institutions and Civil War by : Shivaji Mukherjee

Download or read book Colonial Institutions and Civil War written by Shivaji Mukherjee and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-03 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shows how colonial indirect rule and land tenure institutions create state weakness, ethnic inequality and insurgency in India, and around the world.

Globalization and Armed Conflict

Author : Gerald Schneider
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780742518322
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis Globalization and Armed Conflict by : Gerald Schneider

Download or read book Globalization and Armed Conflict written by Gerald Schneider and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2003 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shows that expanding commercial ties between states pacifies some, but not necessarily all, political relationships.