Hollywood On Trial

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Hollywood on Trial

Author : Michael Freedland
Publisher : Robson
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Hollywood on Trial by : Michael Freedland

Download or read book Hollywood on Trial written by Michael Freedland and published by Robson. This book was released on 2007-05-30 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The irony was that at this time the Communist Party was legal. People were sent to prison for refusing to say if they were communists.' –– Sidney Sheldon It was, in effect, a huge smoke-filled California courtroom, noisy to the point where even the sound of the gavel from the raised desk could barely be heard. It was an unusual courtroom and a very unusual 'defendant'. In the dock was Hollywood itself – placed on trial by the US Congress and, in the summer of 1953, finally coming close to succumbing to a death sentence, a sentence of shame. The UnAmerican Activities Committee finally decided that it had done its job: it had looked for reds under the bed in the film capital and said it had found them. Hollywood was now pronounced 'clean', yet it had never been dirtier. This is the true story of how J. Parnell Thomas, chairman of the Committee (the House of Representatives version of Senator Joseph McCarthy's witchhunts) made a national name for himself by ruining the lives of hundreds of people in the movie industry. Two years later, Thomas would be jailed for embezzling government money but in August 1953 he was riding high. 'Hollywood on Trial' relates the story of the victims of this witchhunt. Through the Committee many of Hollywood's leading lights were denied the right to work. Stars such as Charlie Chaplin and Paul Robeson were denied the passports that would have allowed them to leave America, Oscar-winning writers were forced to give their scripts to noneities to offer in their own names and then shared the proceeds. Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Danny Kaye and John Huston went to Washington in defence of the 'Hollywood Ten', the first writers to be blacklisted, yet when Bogart and Bacall were questioned, they too buckled in. The humiliations continued until the end of the Fifties. The scars, however, have remained to this day.

Show Trial

Author : Thomas Doherty
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231547463
Total Pages : 637 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Show Trial by : Thomas Doherty

Download or read book Show Trial written by Thomas Doherty and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-10 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1947, the Cold War came to Hollywood. Over nine tumultuous days in October, the House Un-American Activities Committee held a notorious round of hearings into alleged Communist subversion in the movie industry. The blowback was profound: the major studios pledged to never again employ a known Communist or unrepentant fellow traveler. The declaration marked the onset of the blacklist era, a time when political allegiances, real or suspected, determined employment opportunities in the entertainment industry. Hundreds of artists were shown the door—or had it shut in their faces. In Show Trial, Thomas Doherty takes us behind the scenes at the first full-on media-political spectacle of the postwar era. He details the theatrical elements of a proceeding that bridged the realms of entertainment and politics, a courtroom drama starring glamorous actors, colorful moguls, on-the-make congressmen, high-priced lawyers, single-minded investigators, and recalcitrant screenwriters, all recorded by newsreel cameras and broadcast over radio. Doherty tells the story of the Hollywood Ten and the other witnesses, friendly and unfriendly, who testified, and chronicles the implementation of the postwar blacklist. Show Trial is a rich, character-driven inquiry into how the HUAC hearings ignited the anti-Communist crackdown in Hollywood, providing a gripping cultural history of one of the most transformative events of the postwar era.

Hollywood Party

Author : Lloyd Billingsley
Publisher : Prima Lifestyles
ISBN 13 : 9780761521662
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (216 download)

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Book Synopsis Hollywood Party by : Lloyd Billingsley

Download or read book Hollywood Party written by Lloyd Billingsley and published by Prima Lifestyles. This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This engrossing tale of intrigue, passion, betrayal, and violence uncovers the true face of communism in Southern California, and names writers and actresses who were seduced by the party's philosophy.

How Hollywood Works

Author : Janet Wasko
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1446240134
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis How Hollywood Works by : Janet Wasko

Download or read book How Hollywood Works written by Janet Wasko and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2003-11-25 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a book about the US motion picture industry - its structure and policies, its operations and practices. It looks at the processes that are involved in turning raw materials and labor into feature films. It describes the process of film production, distribution, exhibition and retail - a process that involves different markets where materials, labor and products are bought and sold. In other words, this is a book about how Hollywood works - as an industry. How Hollywood Works: - offers an up-to-date survey of the policies and structure of the US film industry - looks at the relationship between the film industry and other media industries - examines the role of the major studios and the other ′players′ - including, law firms, talent agents, and trade unions and guilds - provides access to hard-to-find statistical information on the industry While many books describe the film production and marketing process, they usually do so from an industry perspective and few look at Hollywood critically from within a more general economic, political and social context. By offering just such a critique, Janet Wasko′s text provides a timely and essential analysis of how Hollywood works for all students of film and media.

The Final Victim of the Blacklist

Author : Gerald Horne
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 052093993X
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis The Final Victim of the Blacklist by : Gerald Horne

Download or read book The Final Victim of the Blacklist written by Gerald Horne and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2006-09-19 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before he attained notoriety as Dean of the Hollywood Ten—the blacklisted screenwriters and directors persecuted because of their varying ties to the Communist Party—John Howard Lawson had become one of the most brilliant, successful, and intellectual screenwriters on the Hollywood scene in the 1930s and 1940s, with several hits to his credit including Blockade, Sahara, and Action in the North Atlantic. After his infamous, almost violent, 1947 hearing before the House Un-American Activities Committee, Lawson spent time in prison and his lucrative career was effectively over. Studded with anecdotes and based on previously untapped archives, this first biography of Lawson brings alive his era and features many of his prominent friends and associates, including John Dos Passos, Theodore Dreiser, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Charles Chaplin, Gene Kelly, Edmund Wilson, Ernest Hemingway, Humphrey Bogart, Dalton Trumbo, Ring Lardner, Jr., and many others. Lawson's life becomes a prism through which we gain a clearer perspective on the evolution and machinations of McCarthyism and anti-Semitism in the United States, on the influence of the left on Hollywood, and on a fascinating man whose radicalism served as a foil for launching the political careers of two Presidents: Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan. In vivid, marvelously detailed prose, Final Victim of the Blacklist restores this major figure to his rightful place in history as it recounts one of the most captivating episodes in twentieth century cinema and politics.

The Brothers Mankiewicz

Author : Sydney Ladensohn Stern
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1617032689
Total Pages : 455 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Brothers Mankiewicz by : Sydney Ladensohn Stern

Download or read book The Brothers Mankiewicz written by Sydney Ladensohn Stern and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2019-10-02 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2020 Peter C. Rollins Book Award Longlisted for the 2020 Moving Image Book Award by the Kraszna-Krausz Foundation Named a 2019 Richard Wall Memorial Award Finalist by the Theatre Library Association Herman J. (1897–1953) and Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1909–1993) wrote, produced, and directed over 150 pictures. With Orson Welles, Herman wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane and shared the picture’s only Academy Award. Joe earned the second pair of his four Oscars for writing and directing All About Eve, which also won Best Picture. Despite triumphs as diverse as Monkey Business and Cleopatra, and Pride of the Yankees and Guys and Dolls, the witty, intellectual brothers spent their Hollywood years deeply discontented and yearning for what they did not have—a career in New York theater. Herman, formerly an Algonquin Round Table habitué, New York Times and New Yorker theater critic, and playwright-collaborator with George S. Kaufman, never reconciled himself to screenwriting. He gambled away his prodigious earnings, was fired from all the major studios, and drank himself to death at fifty-five. While Herman drifted downward, Joe rose to become a critical and financial success as a writer, producer, and director, though his constant philandering with prominent stars like Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, and Gene Tierney distressed his emotionally fragile wife who eventually committed suicide. He wrecked his own health using uppers and downers in order to direct Cleopatra by day and finish writing it at night, only to be very publicly fired by Darryl F. Zanuck, an experience from which Joe never fully recovered. For this award-winning dual portrait of the Mankiewicz brothers, Sydney Ladensohn Stern draws on interviews, letters, diaries, and other documents still in private hands to provide a uniquely intimate behind-the-scenes chronicle of the lives, loves, work, and relationship between these complex men.

The Trials of Nina McCall

Author : Scott W. Stern
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807042757
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Trials of Nina McCall by : Scott W. Stern

Download or read book The Trials of Nina McCall written by Scott W. Stern and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nearly forgotten story of the fight against the American Plan, a government program designed to regulate women’s bodies and sexuality “A consistently surprising page-turner . . . a brilliant study of the way social anxieties have historically congealed in state control over women’s bodies and behavior.” —New York Times Book Review Nina McCall was one of many women unfairly imprisoned by the United States government throughout the twentieth century. Tens, probably hundreds, of thousands of women and girls were locked up—usually without due process—simply because officials suspected these women were prostitutes, carrying STIs, or just “promiscuous.” This discriminatory program, dubbed the “American Plan,” lasted from the 1910s into the 1950s, implicating a number of luminaries, including Eleanor Roosevelt, John D. Rockefeller Jr., Earl Warren, and even Eliot Ness, while laying the foundation for the modern system of women’s prisons. In some places, vestiges of the Plan lingered into the 1960s and 1970s, and the laws that undergirded it remain on the books to this day. Nina McCall’s story provides crucial insight into the lives of countless other women incarcerated under the American Plan. Stern demonstrates the pain and shame felt by these women and details the multitude of mortifications they endured, both during and after their internment. Yet thousands of incarcerated women rioted, fought back against their oppressors, or burned their detention facilities to the ground; they jumped out of windows or leapt from moving trains or scaled barbed-wire fences in order to escape. And, as Nina McCall did, they sued their captors. In an age of renewed activism surrounding harassment, health care, prisons, women’s rights, and the power of the state, this virtually lost chapter of our history is vital reading.

Hollywood's Copyright Wars

Author : Peter Decherney
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231159471
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Hollywood's Copyright Wars by : Peter Decherney

Download or read book Hollywood's Copyright Wars written by Peter Decherney and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-01 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with Thomas Edison's aggressive copyright disputes and concluding with recent lawsuits against YouTube, Hollywood's Copyright Wars follows the struggle of the film, television, and digital media industries to influence and adapt to copyright law. Though much of Hollywood's engagement with the law occurs offstage, in the larger theater of copyright, many of Hollywood's most valued treasures, from Modern Times (1936) to Star Wars (1977), cannot be fully understood without appreciating their legal controversies. Peter Decherney shows that the history of intellectual property in Hollywood has not always mirrored the evolution of the law and recounts these extralegal solutions and their impact on American media and culture.

'Un-American' Hollywood

Author : Peter Stanfield
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813543975
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis 'Un-American' Hollywood by : Peter Stanfield

Download or read book 'Un-American' Hollywood written by Peter Stanfield and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2007-12-27 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of “un-Americanism,” so vital to the HUAC crusade of the 1940s and 1950s, was resoundingly revived in the emotional rhetoric that followed the September 11th terrorist attacks. Today’s political and cultural climate makes it more crucial than ever to come to terms with the consequences of this earlier period of repression and with the contested claims of Americanism that it generated. “Un-American” Hollywood reopens the intense critical debate on the blacklist era and on the aesthetic and political work of the Hollywood Left. In a series of fresh case studies focusing on contexts of production and reception, the contributors offer exciting and original perspectives on the role of progressive politics within a capitalist media industry. Original essays scrutinize the work of individual practitioners, such as Robert Rossen, Joseph Losey, Jules Dassin, and Edward Dmytryk, and examine key films, including The Robe, Christ in Concrete, The House I Live In, The Lawless, The Naked City, The Prowler, Body and Soul, and FTA.

Movies on Trial

Author : Anthony Chase
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781565847002
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Movies on Trial by : Anthony Chase

Download or read book Movies on Trial written by Anthony Chase and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The popular culture of American law has never played a larger role than it does today in shaping the way we think about lawyers and the legal system. Our very definition of justice is now inseparable from motion picture and television images and popular legal narratives, from Hollywood westerns and O. J. Simpson to Law and Order and John Grisham. In Movies on Trial, law professor and movie aficionado Anthony Chase sorts out some of the complex and often contradictory notions Americans have about the legal system. He uses movies to investigate and inventory many of our deepest beliefs about law and politics, and provides a strong historical and intellectual context throughout. Analyzing Dirty Harry and True Believer for their commentary on the Miranda ruling and criminal procedure, and explaining tort law via The Verdict and A Civil Action, Chase also employs Three Kings to reveal changes in international law and The Rise to Power of Louis XIV to explore the rise of the modern state. Through the lens of film, he is able to describe and analyze the symbiosis between the image of law and its actual practice in our cultural imagination, in a genuinely illuminating and entertaining book.

Reading Race

Author : Norman K Denzin
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780803975453
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (754 download)

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Book Synopsis Reading Race by : Norman K Denzin

Download or read book Reading Race written by Norman K Denzin and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2002-03-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this insightful book, one of America's leading commentators on culture and society turns his gaze upon cinematic race relations, examining the relationship between film, race and culture. Acute, richly illustrated and timely, the book deepens our understanding of the politics of race and the symbolic complexity of segregation and discrimination.

The Acid Room

Author : Jesse Donaldson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781772141863
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (418 download)

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Book Synopsis The Acid Room by : Jesse Donaldson

Download or read book The Acid Room written by Jesse Donaldson and published by . This book was released on 2022-03-12 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the street, New Westminster's Hollywood Hospital didn't look like much - just a rambling white mansion, mostly obscured behind the holly trees from which it took its name. But, between 1957 and 1968, it was the site of more than 6000 supervised acid trips, as part of the burgeoning (and controversial) field of psychedelic psychiatry. Under the care of Medical Director J Ross MacLean, and ex-spy/researcher Al "Captain Trips" Hubbard, it became a mecca for alcoholics, anxiety patients, and unhappy couples (as well as celebrities like Andy Williams), its unorthodox methods boasting a success rate of nearly 80%. But the same media attention that brought the hospital to prominence also assured its downfall, as prohibition forces drove their work underground for more than 50 years. Written by 49.2 regular Jesse Donaldson and academic historian Erika Dyck, The Acid Room takes readers into the hospital's inner sanctum, charting its meteoric rise and fall as it opened up brave new worlds in medicine, and put Canada at the forefront of a movement that is only now being fully explored.

Room 1219

Author : Greg Merritt
Publisher : Chicago Review Press
ISBN 13 : 1613747950
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Room 1219 by : Greg Merritt

Download or read book Room 1219 written by Greg Merritt and published by Chicago Review Press. This book was released on 2013-09-01 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part biography, part true-crime narrative, this painstakingly researched book chronicles the improbable rise and stunning fall of Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle from his early big screen success to his involvement in actress Virginia Rappe’s death, and the resulting irreparable damage to his career. It describes how during the course of a rowdy party hosted by the comedian in a San Francisco hotel, Rappe became fatally ill, and Arbuckle was subsequently charged with manslaughter. Ultimately acquitted after three trials, neither his career nor his reputation ever recovered from this devastating incident. Relying on a careful examination of documents, the book finally reveals what most likely occurred that Labor Day weekend in 1921 in that fateful hotel room. In addition, it covers the evolution of the film industry—from the first silent experiments to the connection between Arbuckle’s scandal and the implementation of industry-wide censorship that altered the course of Hollywood filmmaking for five decades.

Hollywood Ending

Author : Ken Auletta
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1984878387
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Hollywood Ending by : Ken Auletta

Download or read book Hollywood Ending written by Ken Auletta and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2022-07-12 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A vivid biography of Harvey Weinstein—how he rose to become a dominant figure in the film world, how he used that position to feed his monstrous sexual appetites, and how it all came crashing down, from the author who has covered the Hollywood and media power game for The New Yorker for three decades Twenty years ago, Ken Auletta wrote an iconic New Yorker profile of the Hollywood mogul Harvey Weinstein, who was then at the height of his powers. The profile made waves for exposing how volatile, even violent, Weinstein was to his employees and collaborators. But there was a much darker story that was just out of reach: rumors had long swirled that Weinstein was a sexual predator. Auletta confronted Weinstein, who denied the claims. Since no one was willing to go on the record, Auletta and the magazine concluded they couldn’t close the case. Years later, he was able to share his reporting notes and knowledge with Ronan Farrow; he cheered as Farrow, and Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey, finally revealed the truth. Still, the story continued to nag him. The trail of assaults and cover-ups had been exposed, but the larger questions remained: What was at the root of Weinstein’s monstrousness? How, and why, was it never checked? Why the silence? How does a man run the day-to-day operations of a company with hundreds of employees and revenues in the hundreds of millions of dollars, and at the same time live a shadow life of sexual predation without ever being caught? How much is this a story about Harvey Weinstein, and how much is this a story about Hollywood and power? In pursuit of the answers, Auletta digs into Weinstein’s life, searching for the mysteries beneath a film career unparalleled for its extraordinary talent and creative success, which combined with a personal brutality and viciousness to leave a trail of ruined lives in its wake. Hollywood Ending is more than a prosecutor’s litany; it is an unflinching examination of Weinstein's life and career, embedding his crimes in the context of the movie business, in his failures and the successes that led to enormous power. Film stars, Miramax employees and board members, old friends and family, and even the person who knew him best—Harvey’s brother, Bob—all talked to Auletta at length. Weinstein himself also responded to Auletta’s questions from prison. The result is not simply the portrait of a predator but of the power that allowed Weinstein to operate with such impunity for so many years, the spiderweb in which his victims found themselves trapped.

Full Service

Author : Scotty Bowers
Publisher : Grove
ISBN 13 : 9781611856071
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (56 download)

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Book Synopsis Full Service by : Scotty Bowers

Download or read book Full Service written by Scotty Bowers and published by Grove. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The wholesome image of America propagated by Hollywood in the 1940s, '50s and '60s is one of the most persistent in popular culture: loving wives, smiling children. But off the set, many of the actors who helped create this image were secretly leading very wild lives, and one man in particular was helping them: Scotty Bowers. At a time when sex outside of marriage was taboo, Scotty built up a reputation as the guy who could discreetly fix you up. Scotty slept with many stars himself, and connected others with his friends. Here, he tells his story for the first time. Scotty came to Hollywood after serving in the Marines in World War II, and began working at a gas station on Hollywood Boulevard. One day, he was approached and picked up by actor Walter Pidgeon, who whisked him off to a friend's villa for the first of many encounters with Hollywood's rich and famous. He developed long-term friendships with stars like Katharine Hepburn and Noel Coward, but he always kept it quiet--until he now provides a lost chapter in the history of the sexual revolution.--From publisher description.

Abraham on Trial

Author : Carol Delaney
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780691070506
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Abraham on Trial by : Carol Delaney

Download or read book Abraham on Trial written by Carol Delaney and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2000-10 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through his desire to obey God at all costs, even if it meant sacrificing his son, Abraham became the definitive model of faith for the major world religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In this bold look at the legacy of this story, Carol Delaney explores how the sacrifice rather than the protection of children became the focus of faith. Her strikingly original analysis also offers a new perspective on what unites and divides the peoples of the sibling religions derived from Abraham and, implicitly, a way to overcome the increasing violence among them.

Hollywood and Hitler, 1933-1939

Author : Thomas Doherty
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231535147
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Hollywood and Hitler, 1933-1939 by : Thomas Doherty

Download or read book Hollywood and Hitler, 1933-1939 written by Thomas Doherty and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-02 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1933 and 1939, representations of the Nazis and the full meaning of Nazism came slowly to Hollywood, growing more ominous and distinct only as the decade wore on. Recapturing what ordinary Americans saw on the screen during the emerging Nazi threat, Thomas Doherty reclaims forgotten films, such as Hitler's Reign of Terror (1934), a pioneering anti-Nazi docudrama by Cornelius Vanderbilt Jr.; I Was a Captive of Nazi Germany (1936), a sensational true tale of "a Hollywood girl in Naziland!"; and Professor Mamlock (1938), an anti-Nazi film made by German refugees living in the Soviet Union. Doherty also recounts how the disproportionately Jewish backgrounds of the executives of the studios and the workers on the payroll shaded reactions to what was never simply a business decision. As Europe hurtled toward war, a proxy battle waged in Hollywood over how to conduct business with the Nazis, how to cover Hitler and his victims in the newsreels, and whether to address or ignore Nazism in Hollywood feature films. Should Hollywood lie low, or stand tall and sound the alarm? Doherty's history features a cast of charismatic personalities: Carl Laemmle, the German Jewish founder of Universal Pictures, whose production of All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) enraged the nascent Nazi movement; Georg Gyssling, the Nazi consul in Los Angeles, who read the Hollywood trade press as avidly as any studio mogul; Vittorio Mussolini, son of the fascist dictator and aspiring motion picture impresario; Leni Riefenstahl, the Valkyrie goddess of the Third Reich who came to America to peddle distribution rights for Olympia (1938); screenwriters Donald Ogden Stewart and Dorothy Parker, founders of the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League; and Harry and Jack Warner of Warner Bros., who yoked anti-Nazism to patriotic Americanism and finally broke the embargo against anti-Nazi cinema with Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939).