Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope

Download Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303046489X
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope by : Steven C. van den Heuvel

Download or read book Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope written by Steven C. van den Heuvel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-20 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access volume makes an important contribution to the ongoing research on hope theory by combining insights from both its long history and its increasing multi-disciplinarity. In the first part, it recognizes the importance of the centuries-old reflection on hope by offering historical perspectives and tracing it back to ancient Greek philosophy. At the same time, it provides novel perspectives on often-overlooked historical theories and developments and challenges established views. The second part of the volume documents the state of the art of current research in hope across eight disciplines, which are philosophy, theology, psychology, economy, sociology, health studies, ecology, and development studies. Taken together, this volume provides an integrated view on hope as a multi-faced phenomenon. It contributes to the further understanding of hope as an essential human capacity, with the possibility of transforming our human societies.

Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope

Download Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030464912
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope by : Steven C. van den Heuvel

Download or read book Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope written by Steven C. van den Heuvel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-09-18 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access volume makes an important contribution to the ongoing research on hope theory by combining insights from both its long history and its increasing multi-disciplinarity. In the first part, it recognizes the importance of the centuries-old reflection on hope by offering historical perspectives and tracing it back to ancient Greek philosophy. At the same time, it provides novel perspectives on often-overlooked historical theories and developments and challenges established views. The second part of the volume documents the state of the art of current research in hope across eight disciplines, which are philosophy, theology, psychology, economy, sociology, health studies, ecology, and development studies. Taken together, this volume provides an integrated view on hope as a multi-faced phenomenon. It contributes to the further understanding of hope as an essential human capacity, with the possibility of transforming our human societies.

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Hope

Download Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Hope PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781594541667
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Hope by : Jaklin A. Eliott

Download or read book Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Hope written by Jaklin A. Eliott and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hope is an aspect of human existence that appears increasingly significant in our modern world. However, what hope is, how it works, and why it is important continue to be debated, with different approaches to hope evident within different fields. This anthology of hope is unique in that it features contributions from many seminal writers and researchers across a wide range of disciplines, and thus offers multiple perspectives on this important and complex phenomenon. Hope is viewed through the lenses of theology, philosophy, politics, psychology, nursing, and medicine, with authors covering the histories and possible futures of hope and hope research. Encompassing the theoretical and the practical, the societal and the personal, this book will be a valuable resource to those commencing or conducting research into hope, and an enjoyable and insightful read for those wishing to know more about the state of hope today.

Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Aging

Download Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Aging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9780826125767
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (257 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Aging by : Lynn M. Tepper, MA, MS, EDM,EdD

Download or read book Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Aging written by Lynn M. Tepper, MA, MS, EDM,EdD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2004-09-28 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this multidisciplinary text, noted leaders from a variety of fields provide students and professionals with a big picture approach to the best possible care for todayís growing aging population. Addressing the extensive concerns that have arisen out of an increased life expectancy and the ìelder-boomî of aging baby boomers, the contributors point to changing care and housing needs; health, mental health, and wellness concerns; and financial, ethical, and legal issues in elder care. Contributors include Eileen Chichin, Catherine DeLorey, Marshall Kapp, Gary Kennedy, William Smith, Patricia Miller, and Thomas Campbell Jackson.

Hope across cultures

Download Hope across cultures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031244125
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hope across cultures by : Andreas M. Krafft

Download or read book Hope across cultures written by Andreas M. Krafft and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-24 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents an integrative and transdisciplinary conceptualization of hope and brings together cross-cultural studies based on quantitative data from around the globe. It incorporates state-of-the-art theories of hope from psychology, philosophy and theology and presents a novel approach to the study of hope in different life situations. The volume analyses empirical data from the Hope Barometer international research network, collected from more than 40,000 participants between 2017 and 2021. The authors use this broad database to investigate the nature and value of hope for well-being and flourishing at individual and societal levels, in various regions, and different cultural, religious and social backgrounds. The chapters study the cultural characteristics of different facets and elements of hope and furthermore explore its common qualities to elucidate the universal nature of hope across cultures. Comprehensive, transdisciplinary and cross-cultural in scope, this volume is of interest to a global readership across the social and behavioural sciences.

The Routledge International Handbook of Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Character Development, Volume II

Download The Routledge International Handbook of Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Character Development, Volume II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003851223
Total Pages : 1071 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge International Handbook of Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Character Development, Volume II by : Michael D. Matthews

Download or read book The Routledge International Handbook of Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Character Development, Volume II written by Michael D. Matthews and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-03-29 with total page 1071 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing from philosophy, religion, biology, behavioral and social sciences, and the arts, The Routledge International Handbooks of Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Character Development, Volumes I and II, present cutting-edge scholarship about the concept of character across the life span, the developmental and contextual bases of character, and the key organizations of societal sectors, within and across nations, that promote character development in individuals, families, and communities. This second volume, Moderators, Threats, and Contexts, focuses on the moderators and covariates of character development with chapters pertaining to cultural- and contextual-based exemplars of character development; grit, achievement, and resilience; hope for the future; and parenting and self-regulation. With contributions from international experts, Volume II goes on to discuss threats to moral, positive, or virtuous character development, as well as the different contexts wherein the character is studied and promoted. Special attention is paid to the centers of excellence at universities around the world that specialize in character development research and character education. This comprehensive publication is an essential reference for researchers and graduate students in behavioral sciences, biology, philosophy, theology, and economics, as well as practitioners leading or evaluating character education or character development programs around the world. Find Volume I: Conceptualizing and Defining Character here: www.routledge.com/9781032169491

The Syntax of Nonsententials

Download The Syntax of Nonsententials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027233578
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Syntax of Nonsententials by : Ljiljana Progovac

Download or read book The Syntax of Nonsententials written by Ljiljana Progovac and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings the data that many in formal linguistics have dismissed as peripheral straight into the core of syntactic theory. By bringing together experts from syntax, semantics, pragmatics, philosophy of language, language acquisition, aphasia, and pidgin and creole studies, the volume makes a multidisciplinary case for the existence of nonsententials, which are analyzed in various chapters as root phrases and small clauses (Me; Me First!; Him worry?!; Class in session), and whose distinguishing property is the absence of Tense, and, with it, any syntactic phenomena that rely on Tense, including structural Nominative Case. Arguably, the lack of Tense specification is also responsible for the dearth of indicative interpretations among nonsententials, as well as for their heavy reliance on pragmatic context. So pervasive is nonsentential speech across all groups, including normal adult speech, that a case can be made that continuity of grammar lies in nonsentential, rather than sentential speech.

Defining the Delta

Download Defining the Delta PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arkansas Press
ISBN 13 : 1557286876
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (572 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Defining the Delta by : Janelle Collins

Download or read book Defining the Delta written by Janelle Collins and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2015-11-15 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired by the Arkansas Review’s “What Is the Delta?” series of articles, Defining the Delta collects fifteen essays from scholars in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities to describe and define this important region. Here are essays examining the Delta’s physical properties, boundaries, and climate from a geologist, archeologist, and environmental historian. The Delta is also viewed through the lens of the social sciences and humanities—historians, folklorists, and others studying the connection between the land and its people, in particular the importance of agriculture and the culture of the area, especially music, literature, and food. Every turn of the page reveals another way of seeing the seven-state region that is bisected by and dependent on the Mississippi River, suggesting ultimately that there are myriad ways of looking at, and defining, the Delta.

Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith?

Download Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Crossway
ISBN 13 : 1433525747
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (335 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith? by : James K. Hoffmeier

Download or read book Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith? written by James K. Hoffmeier and published by Crossway. This book was released on 2012-02-29 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is historical accuracy an indispensable part of the Bible’s storyline, or is Scripture only concerned with theological truths? As progressive evangelicals threaten to reduce the Bible’s jurisdiction by undermining its historical claims, every Christian who cares about the integrity of Scripture must be prepared to answer this question. Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith? offers a firm defense of Scripture’s legitimacy and the theological implications of modern and postmodern approaches that teach otherwise. In this timely and timeless collection of essays, scholars from diverse areas of expertise lend strong arguments in support of the doctrine of inerrancy. Contributors explore how the specific challenges of history, authenticity, and authority are answered in the text of the Old and New Testaments as well as how the Bible is corroborated by philosophy and archaeology. With contributions from respected scholars—including Allan Millard, Craig Blomberg, Graham Cole, Michael Haykin, Robert Yarbrough, and Darrell Bock—Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith? arms Christians with fresh insight, arguments, and language with which to defend Scripture’s historical accuracy against a culture and academy skeptical of those claims.

We

Download We PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022633483X
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis We by : Ronald Aronson

Download or read book We written by Ronald Aronson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2017-04-26 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The election of Donald Trump has exposed American society’s profound crisis of hope. By 2016 a generation of shrinking employment, rising inequality, the attack on public education, and the shredding of the social safety net, had set the stage for stunning insurgencies at opposite ends of the political spectrum. Against this dire background, Ronald Aronson offers an answer. He argues for a unique conception of social hope, one with the power for understanding and acting upon the present situation. Hope, he argues, is far more than a mood or feeling—it is the very basis of social will and political action. It is this kind of hope that Aronson sees brewing in the supporters of Bernie Sanders, who advocated the tough-minded and inspired disposition to act collectively to make the world more equal, more democratic, more peaceful, and more just. And it was directly contrasted by Trump’s supporters who showed a cynical and nostalgic faith in an authoritarian strongman replete with bigotry and misogyny. Beneath today’s crisis Aronson examines our heartbreaking story: a century of catastrophic violence and the bewildering ambiguity of progress—all of which have contributed to the evaporation of social hope. As he shows, we are now in a time when hope is increasingly privatized, when—despite all the ways we are connected to each other—we are desperately alone, struggling to weather the maelstrom around us, demoralized by the cynicism that permeates our culture and politics, and burdened with finding personal solutions to social problems. Yet, Aronson argues, even at a time when false hopes are rife, social hope still persists. Carefully exploring what we mean when we say we “hope” and teasing hope apart from its dangerously misconstrued sibling, “progress,” he locates seeds of real change. He argues that always underlying our experience—even if we completely ignore it—is the fact of our social belonging, and that this can be reactivated into a powerful collective force, an active we. He looks to various political movements, from the massive collective force of environmentalists to the movements around Sanders and Jeremy Corbyn, as powerful examples of socially energized, politically determined, and actionably engaged forms of hope. Even in this age of Donald Trump, the result is an illuminating and inspiring call that anyone can clearly hear: we can still create a better future for everyone, but only if we resist false hopes and act together.

Humanities Perspectives in Peace Education

Download Humanities Perspectives in Peace Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1648025722
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Humanities Perspectives in Peace Education by : Nicole L. Johnson

Download or read book Humanities Perspectives in Peace Education written by Nicole L. Johnson and published by IAP. This book was released on 2021-08-01 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Humanities Perspectives in Peace Education: Re-Engaging the Heart of Peace Studies, scholar-teachers across a variety of humanities fields explore the content, methods, and pedagogies that are unique to their respective disciplines in contributing to the study of peace and justice. In recent decades, even as peace scholarship has burgeoned, many peace studies texts—including those that purport to be interdisciplinary in nature—have emphasized social science perspectives and, in some cases, have foregone exploration of the role of the humanities altogether in comprehensive peace education. While humanities scholars continue to stake out space for peace scholarship within their fields, no volume has attempted to collect the wisdom of multiple humanities disciplines in order to make the case for their critical role in authentic peace education. Humanities Perspectives in Peace Education addresses that shortcoming in the field of peace studies by exploring the ways in which the humanities are uniquely situated to contribute particular content, knowledge, skills, and values required of comprehensive peace education, scholarship, and activism. These include the development of empathy and understanding, creative vision and imagination, personal and communal transformation toward “the good” in society (such as the pursuit of justice, nonviolence, freedom, and human thriving), and field-specific analytical lenses of their own, among other contributions. Both teachers and students of peace will find value in this interdisciplinary humanities volume. Each chapter of Humanities Perspectives in Peace Education offers a deep-dive into a particular humanities field—including philosophy, literature, language and culture studies, rhetoric, religion, history, and music—to mine the field’s unique contributions to peace and justice studies. Scholars ask: “What are we missing in peace education if we fail to include this academic discipline?” Chapters include suggestions for peace pedagogies within the humanities field as well as bibliographies and suggestions for further reading.

Hope in the Age of Anxiety

Download Hope in the Age of Anxiety PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199701598
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hope in the Age of Anxiety by : Anthony Scioli

Download or read book Hope in the Age of Anxiety written by Anthony Scioli and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-09-03 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic collapse, poverty, disease, natural disasters, the constant threat of community unrest and international terrorism--a quick look at any newspaper is enough to cause almost anyone to feel trapped and desperate. Yet the recent election also revealed a growing search for hope spreading through society. In the timely Hope in the Age of Anxiety, Anthony Scioli and Henry Biller illuminate the nature of hope and offer a multitude of techniques designed to improve the lives of individuals, and bring more light into the world. In this fascinating and humane book, Scioli and Biller reveal the ways in which human beings acquire and make use of hope. Hope in the Age of Anxiety is meant to be a definitive guide. The evolutionary, biological, and cultural roots of hope are covered along with the seven kinds of hope found in the world's religions. Just as vital, the book provides many personal tools for addressing the major challenges of the human condition: fear, loss, illness, and death. Some of the key areas illuminated in Hope in the Age of Anxiety: How do you build and sustain hope in trying times? How can hope help you to achieve your life goals? How can hope improve your relationships with others? How can hope aid your recovery from trauma or illness? How does hope relate to spirituality? Hope in the Age of Anxiety identifies the skills needed to cultivate hope, and offers suggestions for using these capacities to realize your life goals, support health and healing, strengthen relationships, enhance spirituality, and inoculate yourself against the despair that engulfs many individuals.

Hope Under Oppression

Download Hope Under Oppression PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197563597
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hope Under Oppression by : Katie Stockdale

Download or read book Hope Under Oppression written by Katie Stockdale and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-17 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have all been told, at one time or another, to "never give up hope." It's a common injunction to children, but as we grow older, sustaining hope becomes more challenging, particularly in a world we come to see as often frightening, dark, and unjust. But what is this thing "hope," and why is hope so valuable that we are so often urged to preserve and protect it? This book explores the nature and essential role of hope in human life under conditions of oppression. Oppression is often a threat and damage to hope, yet many members of oppressed groups, including prominent activists pursuing a more just world, find hope valuable and even essential to their personal and political lives. Katie Stockdale offers a unique evaluative framework for hope that captures its intrinsic value, the rationality and morality of hope, and ultimately how we can hope well in the non-ideal world we share. She develops an account of the relationship between hope and anger about oppression and argues that when people are angry about oppression, they tend to also harbour hope for repair. When people's hopes for repair are not realized, as is often the case for those who are oppressed, their anger can evolve into bitterness. They feel unresolved anger as a result of losing hope that injustice will be sufficiently acknowledged and addressed. Fortunately, things do not have to be this way. Even when people may feel that they have lost all hope, faith can help them to be resilient in the face of oppression. They can join with others who share their experiences or commitments for a better world, uniting with them in collective action. By doing so, they can strengthen hope for the future when hope might otherwise be lost. Ultimately, this work illustrates the crucial value of hope for both individuals and collectives in the pursuit of justice, and in an increasingly uncertain world.

Signs of Water

Download Signs of Water PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781773852348
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (523 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Signs of Water by : Robert Boschman

Download or read book Signs of Water written by Robert Boschman and published by . This book was released on 2022-02-15 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water is more important than ever before. It is increasingly controversial in direct proportion to its scarcity, demand, neglect, and commodification. There is no place on the planet where water is not, or will not be, of critical concern. Signs of Water brings together scholars and experts from five continents in an interdisciplinary exploration of the theoretical approaches, social and political issues, and anthropogenic hazards surrounding water in the twenty-first century. From the kitchen taps of Detroit, Michigan to the water-harvesting infrastructure of Tokyo, from the Upper Xingu Basin of Brazil to the Sunda Deep of the Java Trench, these essays flow through time and place to uncover the many issues surrounding water today. Asking key theoretical questions, exposing threats to vital water systems, and proposing paths forward, Signs of Water brims with histories, ontologies, and political struggles. Bringing together local experiences to tell a global story, it centers water as history, as politics, and as a human right.

Revisiting Social Theory

Download Revisiting Social Theory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040017207
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Revisiting Social Theory by : D.V. Kumar

Download or read book Revisiting Social Theory written by D.V. Kumar and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-04-08 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book revisits social theory with a view to highlighting certain essential features of ‘good’ social theory: its ability to raise certain questions, its explanatory power, its critical and reflexive interrogation of concepts, its search for objectivity, its concern to make sense of empirical data and its aim of projecting some degree of generality and abstraction. With particular attention to issues of nationalism, democracy, civil society, state, feminism, neoliberalism, minority rights, environment and North-East Indian society, it considers whether new and more relevant theoretical questions need to be asked. It will therefore appeal to scholars of social theory and political sociology with interests in new approaches to social theory and the development of local or ‘indigenous’ social thought.

Native Peoples, Politics, and Society in Contemporary Paraguay

Download Native Peoples, Politics, and Society in Contemporary Paraguay PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of New Mexico Press
ISBN 13 : 0826362583
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Native Peoples, Politics, and Society in Contemporary Paraguay by : Barbara A. Ganson

Download or read book Native Peoples, Politics, and Society in Contemporary Paraguay written by Barbara A. Ganson and published by University of New Mexico Press. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique collection of multidisciplinary essays explores recent developments in Paraguay over the course of the last thirty years since General Alfredo Stroessner fell from power in 1989. Stroessner’s strong authoritarian legacy continues to exert an impact on Paraguay’s political culture today, where the conservative Colorado Party continues to dominate much of the political landscape in spite of the country having transitioned into a modern democracy. The essays in Native Peoples, Politics, and Society in Contemporary Paraguay provide new understandings of how Paraguay has become more integrated into the regional economy and societies of Latin America and changed in unexpected ways. The scholarship examines how the political change impacted Paraguayans, especially its indigenous population, and how the country adapted as it emerged from authoritarian traditions. Each contribution is exemplary in the scope and depth of its understanding of Paraguay, especially its indigenous peoples, politics, women’s rights, economy, and natural environment.

Innovations in Child and Family Policy

Download Innovations in Child and Family Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739137921
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovations in Child and Family Policy by : Emily M. Douglas

Download or read book Innovations in Child and Family Policy written by Emily M. Douglas and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2010-02-08 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovations in Child and Family Policy tackles many of the common challenges that children and their families throughout the nation face: child care, family medical leave, special needs, parent education, preventing/addressing child maltreatment, witnessing partner violence, father involvement, and the justice system. Social scientists from multiple disciplines examine the efficacy of programs and policies to address such problems, and use their own research as the basis to make recommendations for expanded or new child and family programs or policies.