High Performance Wireless Interface For Implant To Air Communications

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High-performance Wireless Interface for Implant-to-air Communications

Author : Hadi Bahrami
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis High-performance Wireless Interface for Implant-to-air Communications by : Hadi Bahrami

Download or read book High-performance Wireless Interface for Implant-to-air Communications written by Hadi Bahrami and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are working on a fully wireless brain-machine-interface to provide a communication link between the brain and external devices, enabling recording and stimulating the brain for permanent usage. In this thesis we explore channel modeling, implanted and wearable antennas as suitable propagators for this application, system level design of an implantable UWB transceiver, and circuit level design and implementing it by TSMC 0.18 um CMOS process. Also, in a collaboration project with McGill University, we designed a flexible sixteen antenna array for microwave breast cancer detection. Our first contribution calculates channel characteristics of implant-to-air UWB wireless link, average specific absorption rate (ASAR), and FCC guidelines on transmitted UWB power spectral density. Knowledge of channel behavior is required to determine the maximum allowable power to 1) respect ANSI guidelines for avoiding tissue damage and 2) respect FCC guidelines on unlicensed transmissions. We utilize a realistic model of the biological channel to inform the design of antennas for the implanted transmitter and the external receiver. Antennas placement is examined under two scenarios having contrasting power constraints. Performance of the system within the biological tissues is examined via simulations and experiments. Our second contribution deals with designing single and dual-polarization antennas for wireless ultra-wideband neural recording systems using an inhomogeneous multi-layer model of the human head. Antennas made from flexible materials are more easily adapted to implantation; we investigate both flexible and rigid materials and examine performance trade-offs. The proposed antennas are designed to operate in a frequency range of 2-11 GHz (having S11 below -10 dB) covering both the 2.45 GHz (ISM) band and the 3.1-10.6 GHz UWB band. Measurements confirm simulation results showing flexible antennas have little performance degradation due to bending effects (in terms of impedance matching). Finally, a comparison is made of four implantable antennas covering the 2-11 GHz range: 1) rigid, single polarization, 2) rigid, dual polarization, 3) flexible, single polarization and 4) flexible, dual polarization. In all cases a rigid antenna is used outside the body, with an appropriate polarization. Several advantages were confirmed for dual polarization antennas: 1) smaller size, 2) lower sensitivity to angular misalignments, and 3) higher fidelity. Our third contribution provides system level design of wireless communication architecture for implanted systems that simultaneously stimulate neurons and record neural responses. This architecture supports large numbers of electrodes (>500), providing 100 Mb/s for the downlink of stimulation signals, and Gb/s for the uplink neural recordings. We propose a transceiver architecture that shares one ultra-wideband antenna, a streamlined transceiver working at full-duplex on both bands, and a novel pulse shaper for the Gb/s uplink supporting several modulation formats. We present an ex-vivo experimental demonstration of the architecture using discrete components achieving Gb/s uplink rates. Good bit error rate performance over a biological channel at 0.5, 1, and 2 Gbps data rates for uplink telemetry (UWB) and 100 Mbps for downlink telemetry (2.45 GHz band) is achieved. Our fourth contribution presents circuit level design of the novel full-duplex transceiver (FDT) which is presented in our third contribution. This full-duplex transceiver supports high-density and multimodal neural interfacing applications (high-channel count stimulating and recording) with asymmetric data rates. The transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) share a single antenna to reduce implant size. The TX uses impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) based on an edge combining approach, and the RX uses a novel 2.4-GHz on-off keying (OOK) receiver. Proper isolation (>20 dB) between the TX and RX path is implemented 1) by shaping the transmitted pulses to fall within the unregulated UWB spectrum (3.1-7 GHz), and 2) by spaceefficient filtering (avoiding a circulator or diplexer) of the downlink OOK spectrum in the RX low-noise amplifier. The UWB 3.1-7 GHz transmitter can use either OOK or binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation schemes. The proposed FDT provides dual band 500-Mbps TX uplink data rate and 100 Mbps RX downlink data rate, and it is fully integrated into standard TSMC 0.18 um CMOS within a total size of 0.8 mm2. The total measured power consumption is 10.4 mW in full duplex mode (5 mW at 100 Mbps for RX, and 5.4 mW at 500 Mbps or 10.8 pJ/bit for TX). Our fifth contribution is a collaboration project with McGill University which we design single and dual-polarization antennas for wireless ultra-wideband breast cancer detection systems using an inhomogeneous multi-layer model of the human breast. Antennas made from flexible materials are more easily adapted to wearable applications. Miniaturized flexible monopole and spiral antennas on a 50 um Kapton polyimide are designed, using a high frequency structure simulator (HFSS), to be in contact with biological breast tissues. The proposed antennas are designed to operate in a frequency range of 2-4 GHz (with reflection coefficient (S11) below -10 dB). Measurements show that the flexible antennas have good impedance matching while in different positions with different curvature around the breast. Furthermore, two flexible conformal 4×4 ultra-wideband antenna arrays (single and dual polarization), in a format similar to that of a bra, were developed for a radar-based breast cancer detection system.

High-performance Wireless Power and Data Transfer Interface for Implantable Medical Devices

Author : Seyed Abdollah Mirbozorgi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis High-performance Wireless Power and Data Transfer Interface for Implantable Medical Devices by : Seyed Abdollah Mirbozorgi

Download or read book High-performance Wireless Power and Data Transfer Interface for Implantable Medical Devices written by Seyed Abdollah Mirbozorgi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, there has been major progress on implantable biomedical systems that support most of the functionalities of wireless implantable devices. Nevertheless, these devices remain mostly restricted to be commercialized, in part due to weakness of a straightforward design to support the required functionalities, limitation on miniaturization, and lack of a reliable low-power high data rate interface between implants and external devices. This research provides novel strategies on the design of implantable biomedical devices that addresses these limitations by presenting analysis and techniques for wireless power transfer and efficient data transfer. The first part of this research includes our proposed novel resonance-based multicoil inductive power link structure with uniform power distribution to wirelessly power up smart animal research systems and implanted medical devices with high power efficiency and free positioning capability. The proposed structure consists of a multicoil resonance inductive link, which primary resonator array is made of several identical resonators enclosed in a scalable array of overlapping square coils that are connected in parallel and arranged in power surface (2D) and power chamber (3D) configurations. The proposed chamber uses two arrays of primary resonators, facing each other, and connected in parallel to achieve uniform power distribution in 3D. Each surface includes 9 overlapped coils connected in parallel and implemented into two layers of FR4 printed circuit board. The chamber features a natural power localization mechanism, which simplifies its implementation and eases its operation by avoiding the need for active detection of the load location and power control mechanisms. A single power surface based on the proposed approach can provide a power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 69% and a power delivered to the load (PDL) of 120 mW, for a separation distance of 4 cm, whereas the complete chamber prototype provides a uniform PTE of 59% and a PDL of 100 mW in 3D, everywhere inside the chamber with a chamber size of 27×27×16 cm3. The second part of this research includes our proposed novel, fully-integrated, low-power fullduplex transceiver (FDT) to support bi-directional neural interfacing applications (stimulating and recording) with asymmetric data rates: higher rates are required for recording (uplink signals) than stimulation (downlink signals). The transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) share a single antenna to reduce implant size. The TX uses impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) based on an edge combining approach, and the RX uses a novel 2.4-GHz on-off keying (OOK) receiver. Proper isolation (> 20 dB) between the TX and RX path is implemented 1) by shaping the transmitted pulses to fall within the unregulated UWB spectrum (3.1-7 GHz), and 2) by space-efficient filtering (avoiding a circulator or diplexer) of the downlink OOK spectrum in the RX low-noise amplifier (LNA). The UWB 3.1-7 GHz transmitter using OOK and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulations at only 10.8 pJ/bit. The proposed FDT provides dual band 500 Mbps TX uplink data rate and 100 Mbps RX downlink data rate. It is fully integrated on standard TSMC 0.18 nm CMOS within a total size of 0.8 mm2. The total power consumption measured 10.4 mW (5 mW for RX and 5.4 mW for TX at the rate of 500 Mbps).

Design and Characterization of Wireless Implant Systems with Ultrasonic Power and Data Links

Author : Ting Chia Chang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Design and Characterization of Wireless Implant Systems with Ultrasonic Power and Data Links by : Ting Chia Chang

Download or read book Design and Characterization of Wireless Implant Systems with Ultrasonic Power and Data Links written by Ting Chia Chang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implantable medical devices (IMDs) provide precise physiological monitoring and effective treatment by directly interfacing with specific organs and pathways. Current implants generally use large batteries for power and long wires to reach locations of interest, which makes them bulky and invasive; as a result, they are typically reserved for last resort treatments only. Miniaturization of IMDs down to millimeter-sized or smaller can mitigate undesirable immune response and operate in deep tissue for more targeted treatments. In addition, many of the medical applications of these implant systems, like neuromodulation can benefit from wireless data communication and networking capability for adaptive therapy and further improve treatment efficacy in a closed-loop fashion. To address these challenges and enable next-generation miniaturized wireless implant systems, we utilize ultrasound (US) for wireless power and data communication with a network of implantable devices. US has several advantages for powering and communication to miniaturized IMDs because it offers superior transduction efficiency and energy focusing due to its millimeter (mm) wavelength, low tissue attenuation through the body, and high safety limit which allows more power to be delivered for medical applications demanding more power. To provide design insights and optimize the performance of wireless implant systems using US, we present an analytical framework for optimizing end-to-end US link efficiency from transmitters to receivers to enable IMDs scaled down to mm or sub-mm dimensions. Key design objectives and trade-offs are considered for various parameters including the operating frequency, the transmission depth, the size of the transmitter, the impedance and the aperture efficiency of the miniaturized receiver, and the interface between the receiver and the power recovery chain on the implant. The design considerations and modeling for miniaturized US receivers using piezoelectric materials are then examined to obtain efficient scaled receivers. With the understanding of optimizing link performance, a mm-sized proof-of-concept implant for simultaneous US wireless power and bi-directional communication is designed and discussed. The fully packaged implant measures just 2.6 x 6.5 x 1.8 mm3, and it is the first such mm-sized implant that is able to operate with more than 6 cm in tissue. Finally, the system functionality and the networking aspect of the wireless implant systems are demonstrated at a large depth of more than 6 cm in tissue or tissue phantom with the customized US transmitter array.

Wireless Interface Technologies for 3D IC and Module Integration

Author : Tadahiro Kuroda
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110889822X
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Wireless Interface Technologies for 3D IC and Module Integration by : Tadahiro Kuroda

Download or read book Wireless Interface Technologies for 3D IC and Module Integration written by Tadahiro Kuroda and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesising fifteen years of research, this authoritative text provides a comprehensive treatment of two major technologies for wireless chip and module interface design, covering technology fundamentals, design considerations and tradeoffs, practical implementation considerations, and discussion of practical applications in neural network, reconfigurable processors, and stacked SRAM. It explains the design principles and applications of two near-field wireless interface technologies for 2.5-3D IC and module integration respectively, and describes system-level performance benefits, making this an essential resource for researchers, professional engineers and graduate students performing research in next-generation wireless chip and module interface design.

Radio Receivers for Systems of Fixed and Mobile Communications

Author : Vasiliy V. Logvinov
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030766284
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Radio Receivers for Systems of Fixed and Mobile Communications by : Vasiliy V. Logvinov

Download or read book Radio Receivers for Systems of Fixed and Mobile Communications written by Vasiliy V. Logvinov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-13 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The textbook acquaints the reader with the architecture of receivers of analog and digital radio systems, helps to study the stages of designing a modern radio receiver and reveals the reasons and methods for its effective operation in networks for various purposes. Particular attention is paid to the methods of generating and processing signals in the receivers of digital systems with multiple access, which make it possible to provide data transfer rates close to the maximum possible (according to Shannon). As a textbook for students studying methods of optimal signal reception, the book will also be useful to specialists in the field of telecommunications involved in the development of radio receivers. The book shows how the development of theoretical, circuitry and integrated technologies led to the active introduction of algorithmic methods for signal processing changed both the design of receivers and the methods of forming the information flow in free space (MIMO, beamforming). The creation of a global 5G network based on heterogeneous networks puts forward new requirements for the architecture of receivers, which are determined by the requirements to achieve high data rates, low time delays or use in networks with coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP). To consolidate the knowledge gained, the book includes a complete set of materials for online classes, including questions and answers, a guide to solving problems for each chapter, and computer modeling units of receivers in the MicroCAP environment, based on preliminary calculations.

Dual-band Power and Communication Antennas for Wireless Brain-computer Interfaces

Author : Apoorva Sharma
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Dual-band Power and Communication Antennas for Wireless Brain-computer Interfaces by : Apoorva Sharma

Download or read book Dual-band Power and Communication Antennas for Wireless Brain-computer Interfaces written by Apoorva Sharma and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implanted biomedical devices such as wireless brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for neural recording and stimulation face two key challenges: (1) remaining powered over a long duration and (2) communicating with an external system with sufficient bandwidth in an unconstrained environment without data dropouts. A viable solution to solve these problems is to supply power to the BCI device via inductive coupling at the high-frequency (HF) band (13.5 MHz) and to have data communication at the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band (902-928 MHz). To fulfill these requirements, design of dual-band (HF and UHF) antennas for BCI and external devices are needed. Designing HF and UHF antennas together in a small printed circuit board (PCB) size (area of approx. 0.002 m2) is a challenging task due to (1) the relatively long wavelengths of HF (approx. 22 m) and UHF bands (approx. 0.3 m), (2) the desire to minimize the specific absorption rate (SAR), (3) the wide bandwidth required in the communication band, and (4) the need to minimize unwanted interference between the power and communication systems. This thesis presents two BCI antenna systems: (1) a novel electrically-small dual-band implant antenna (27 mm diameter) to be embedded in the dura layer (approx. 1 cm below the skin0́9s surface) with an external antenna (85 mm diameter) in proximity (few millimeters) to the skin's surface, and (2) a dual-band BCI antenna (55mmdiameter) designed to be installed on the top of non-human primate's (NHP) head, with an external antenna located inside the top wall of the housing cage. The antennas were tested initially using a saline tissue proxy. Later, the implant antenna was tested inside the chicken muscle. With an implant depth of 11 mm and an air gap of 5mm, the power link has a 17 % measured power transfer efficiency in the HF band, inclusive of matching component losses, and the UHF communication link has 38 dB insertion loss over the 902-928 MHz band using saline solution. In chicken muscle UHF communication link has 7.5 dB lower insertion loss as compared to saline solution. Head-stage antennas designed for large NHPs were tested inside a metal housing cage. Wireless communication inside the cage is a challenging task as the metal walls form a reverberating cavity, creating dense multipath, resulting in many deep nulls that impair the communication channel. Later in the thesis, in-vivo recordings were performed on an anesthetized pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina), to validate the performance of wireless backscatter uplinks. The monostatic backscatter data uplink using ceramic BCI antenna, designed for NHPs, was successfully validated inside the cage, exhibiting 0 % packet error ratio (PER) for 23 of 25 measurement location points, at a data rate of 6.25 Mbps, and PER greater than 5 % at two measurement location points due to the presence of deep nulls inside the cage. These experimental results showed high data rate communication with low PER, in the presence of significant multipath. In this work, the highest data rate achieved to uplink the recorded neural signals of an anesthetized pigtail macaque to the external system from the proposed head-stage antenna system is 25 Mbps. The success of the antenna designs presented in this thesis open an opportunity to utilize wireless BCI systems in the future for human clinical applications (for example, in neural-recording and deep-brain stimulation for people with Parkinson0́9s disease and other neurological disorders), and for neuroscience research on awake, freely moving animals.

Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, Second Edition

Author : Peter S. Hall
Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 1608073769
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, Second Edition by : Peter S. Hall

Download or read book Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, Second Edition written by Peter S. Hall and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2012 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in a newly updated and revised edition, this timely resource provides you with complete and current details on the theory, design, and applications of wireless antennas for on-body electronic systems. The Second Edition offers readers brand new material on advances in physical phantom design and production, recent developments in simulation methods and numerical phantoms, descriptions of methods for simulation of moving bodies, and the use of the body as a transmission channel. You also find a completely revised chapter on channel characterization and antenna design at microwave frequencies. This cutting-edge volume brings you the state-of-the-art in existing applications like Bluetooth headsets together with detailed treatment of techniques, tools, and challenges in developing on-body antennas for an array of medical, emergency response, law enforcement, personal entertainment, and military applications on the horizon. The book briefs you on energy propagation around and into the body and how to estimate performance of on-body wireless links, and then dives into the nuts-and-bolts of designing antenna systems that deliver the goods. It covers on-body communication channels at microwave frequency bands and at low frequency bands, as well as ultra wideband systems for WPANs and WBANs. You get details on body-centric UWB antennas and channels, as well as advances in wearable mobile, EBG, and smart fabricù antennas for cellular and WLAN communications. Chapters on telemedicine applications, such as remote diagnoses, and implantable medical devices cover crucial propagation issues and other obstacles that need to be addressed. Rounding out the coverage is a section on antenna design for body-sensor networks and their emerging military and space applications. Packed with hands-on guidance from noted experts, this volume will be indispensable for your efforts in designing and improving body-centric communication systems.

Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications

Author : Yahya Rahmat-Samii
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119683297
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications by : Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Download or read book Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications written by Yahya Rahmat-Samii and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-02-25 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the theory and recent development in the medical use of antenna technology Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical background, design, and the latest developments in the application of antenna technology. Written by two experts in the field, the book presents the most recent research in the burgeoning field of wireless medical telemetry and sensing that covers both wearable and implantable antenna and sensor technologies. The authors review the integrated devices that include various types of sensors wired within a wearable garment that can be paired with external devices. The text covers important developments in sensor-integrated clothing that are synonymous with athletic apparel with built-in electronics. Information on implantable devices is also covered. The book explores technologies that utilize both inductive coupling and far field propagation. These include minimally invasive microwave ablation antennas, wireless targeted drug delivery, and much more. This important book: Covers recent developments in wireless medical telemetry Reviews the theory and design of in vitro/in vivo testing Explores emerging technologies in 2D and 3D printing of antenna/sensor fabrication Includes a chapter with an annotated list of the most comprehensive and important references in the field Written for students of engineering and antenna and sensor engineers, Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications is an essential guide to understanding human body interaction with antennas and sensors.

FDMA Enabled Phase-based Wireless Network-on-chip Using Graphene-based THz-band Antennas

Author : Deekshith Shenoy Manur
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis FDMA Enabled Phase-based Wireless Network-on-chip Using Graphene-based THz-band Antennas by : Deekshith Shenoy Manur

Download or read book FDMA Enabled Phase-based Wireless Network-on-chip Using Graphene-based THz-band Antennas written by Deekshith Shenoy Manur and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The future growth in System-on-chip design is moving in the direction of multicore systems. Design of efficient interconnects between cores are crucial for improving the performance of a multicore processor. Such trends are seen due to the benefits the multicore systems provide in terms of power reduction and scalability. Network-on-chips (NoC) are viewed as an emerging solution in the design of interconnects in multicore systems. However, Traditional Network-on-chip architectures are no longer able to satisfy the performance requirements due to long distance communication over multi-hop wireline paths. Multi-hop communication leads to higher energy consumption, increase in latency and reduction in bandwidth. Research in recent years has explored emerging technologies such as 3D integration, photonic and radio frequency based Network-on-chips. The use of wireless interconnects using mm-wave antennas are able to alleviate the performance issues in a wireline interconnect system. However, to satisfy the increasing demand for higher bandwidth and lower energy consumption, Wireless Network-on-Chip enabled with high speed direct links operating in THz band between distant cores is desired. Recent research has brought to light highly efficient graphene-based antennas operating in THz band. These antennas can provide high data rate and are found to consume less power with low area overheads. In this thesis, an innovative approach using novel devices based on graphene structures is proposed to provide a high-performance on-chip interconnection. This novel approach combines the regular NoC structure with the proposed wireless infrastructure to exploit the performance benefits. An architecture with wireless interfaces on every core is explored in this work. Simultaneous multiple communications in a network can be achieved by adopting Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA). However, in a system where all cores are equipped with a wireless interface, FDMA requires more number of frequency bands. This becomes difficult to achieve as the system scales and the number of cores increase. Therefore, a FDMA protocol along with a 4-phased repetitive multi-band architecture is envisioned in this work. The phase-based protocol allows multiple wireless links to be active at a time, the phase-based protocol along with the FDMA protocol provides a reliable data transfer between cores with lesser number of frequency bands. In this thesis, an architecture with a combination of FDMA and phase-based protocol using point-to-point graphene-based wireless links is proposed. The proposed architecture is also extended for a multichip system. With cycle accurate system-level simulations, it is shown that the proposed architecture provides huge gains in performance and energy-efficiency in data transfer both in NoC based multicore and multichip systems."--Abstract.

Development of a Wirelessly Powered Smart Implant to Monitor Spinal Fusion

Author : Nicole (Negar) Zoka
Publisher : The University of Auckland
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Development of a Wirelessly Powered Smart Implant to Monitor Spinal Fusion by : Nicole (Negar) Zoka

Download or read book Development of a Wirelessly Powered Smart Implant to Monitor Spinal Fusion written by Nicole (Negar) Zoka and published by The University of Auckland. This book was released on 2021-01-01 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lumbar spinal fusion surgery is performed on patients in whom non-operative treatments have failed to relieve chronic lower back pain (LBP) and restore functionality. The procedure involves inserting titanium alloy rods adjacent to two or more vertebrae on each side of the spine to support spinal fusion. Currently, clinicians rely upon periodic x-ray radiographic images to track fusion progress and determine whether patients can resume normal activities or to assess if the fusion has failed. However, the reliability of imaging evaluation techniques is questionable and leads to either very conservative (and prolonged) restrictions on activity or additional exploratory surgeries. The definitive criteria for a successful fusion remain ambiguous, and determining the progress of spinal fusion remains a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons and clinicians. Observing strain variations on a spinal fusion rod post-implantation has been demonstrated to correlate with changes in bony mass stiffness as fusion progresses, indicating the state of fusion. The challenge with strain measurements relates to having a reliable implant which aligns with existing clinical workflows and provides new data on the state of healing. If the existing titanium alloy rod could be made "smart", i.e. the strain measurement capabilities are embedded into the rod, then the existing clinical, surgical workflow could be maintained. This research focuses on the design and development of a smart spinal fusion implant with the potential to measure strain without complication in the surgical procedure. To meet this aim, two key research questions were addressed. First, a fully implantable wireless spinal rod was developed to support animal trials of spinal fusion. The implant was constructed by mounting a semiconductor strain gauge sensor into a housing machined into a custom spinal rod. A miniaturised electronic module was developed to measure the strain and transmit the data to an external wireless receiver. The module consisted of a strain gauge signal conditioning which was controlled by a microcontroller, and a custom wireless power and data transfer application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed previously at the Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI). The electronics module was mounted into the housing, and a printed circuit board (PCB) coil was placed on top of it. This was sealed under a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) lid. Wireless power was transferred to the implant from an external coil at 6.78MHz for 980ms, over which 10 samples of strain were measured. The data was then transmitted using phase-shift keying at a data rate of 678kbps at 6.78MHz. Data was received at an external coil, demodulated and logged to a computer with a measurement cycle taking one second. The implant was characterised on a test rig, and it was confirmed that the 24-bit strain values could be wirelessly measured using the smart spinal implant designed to achieve 1με resolution. This showed that the device was ready for animal trials to quantify strain as fusion occurs in a sheep model. Second, to make the implant clinically relevant, it would be preferable to replace the LCP lid with titanium. LCP is an appropriate seal for animal trials with a lifespan of around several months before water permeates through it, and the device becomes unreliable. Titanium can be welded to the rod to achieve a hermetic seal (gas-tight) with a lifespan of many years, which leads to a smaller device and eases reliable manufacturing as welding is possible. However, this would require transferring inductive power through the conductive titanium lid, which has not been achieved in a spinal implant. Thus, inductive power transfer through metal sheets was investigated via a combination of numerical and experimental tests. A simple test set-up based on hand-wound, cylindrical 10-turn primary (inner radius of 30mm) and 10-turn secondary coils (inner radius of 5mm) was created into which metal sheets could be introduced to allow study their impact on wireless power transfer. The equivalent 2D axisymmetric FEM models were developed to analyse inductive link principles and validate experimental studies. The hand-wound coils were also used to investigate the impact of a titanium enclosure on IWPT system parameters through both simulations and experiments. The simulation results matched experimental results reasonably well, validating the approach; thus, in the future, the validated FEM simulations could be used to investigate power transfer to a miniaturised titanium-packaged smart spinal fusion implant. The impact of the titanium spinal fusion implant, consisting of a titanium spinal rod, housing, and lid, on an IWPT system and an optimum frequency for maximum power transfer was determined. The maximum transferred power was dependent on the titanium alloy, lid thickness, implant size, implant coil location, frequency of power transmission, magnitude of the primary field, and primary and secondary coils dimensions and configurations. FEM simulation results revealed that a maximum power of 1.84mW, at 1A primary current and an operating frequency of approximately 400kHz, could be transferred through a 110μm-thick Grade-5 titanium lid used to seal a 5.5mm-thick, 50mm-long Grade-5 titanium rod, and 0.5m-thick, Grade-5 housing with an internal volume of 18 x 8 x 5mm (L x W x H) for this spinal fusion application. The maximum link potential of 0.035 at 199kHz could be achieved for the same set-up. These results indicated that an acceptable amount of power could be transferred through titanium to power the implanted electronics, supporting the future development of titanium packaged smart spinal fusion rods. This research supports the hypothesis that it is feasible to construct a smart spinal fusion implant that includes the function of measuring strain, can ultimately be employed in clinical practices of spinal fusion, detection of the onset of fusion, non-union or other complications, determination of the efficiency of various bone treatments, and the design of rehabilitation protocols.

Handbook of Neuroengineering

Author : Nitish V. Thakor
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811655405
Total Pages : 3686 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Neuroengineering by : Nitish V. Thakor

Download or read book Handbook of Neuroengineering written by Nitish V. Thakor and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-02 with total page 3686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook serves as an authoritative reference book in the field of Neuroengineering. Neuroengineering is a very exciting field that is rapidly getting established as core subject matter for research and education. The Neuroengineering field has also produced an impressive array of industry products and clinical applications. It also serves as a reference book for graduate students, research scholars and teachers. Selected sections or a compendium of chapters may be used as “reference book” for a one or two semester graduate course in Biomedical Engineering. Some academicians will construct a “textbook” out of selected sections or chapters. The Handbook is also meant as a state-of-the-art volume for researchers. Due to its comprehensive coverage, researchers in one field covered by a certain section of the Handbook would find other sections valuable sources of cross-reference for information and fertilization of interdisciplinary ideas. Industry researchers as well as clinicians using neurotechnologies will find the Handbook a single source for foundation and state-of-the-art applications in the field of Neuroengineering. Regulatory agencies, entrepreneurs, investors and legal experts can use the Handbook as a reference for their professional work as well.

Hearing Health Care for Adults

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309439264
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Hearing Health Care for Adults by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Hearing Health Care for Adults written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-10-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The loss of hearing - be it gradual or acute, mild or severe, present since birth or acquired in older age - can have significant effects on one's communication abilities, quality of life, social participation, and health. Despite this, many people with hearing loss do not seek or receive hearing health care. The reasons are numerous, complex, and often interconnected. For some, hearing health care is not affordable. For others, the appropriate services are difficult to access, or individuals do not know how or where to access them. Others may not want to deal with the stigma that they and society may associate with needing hearing health care and obtaining that care. Still others do not recognize they need hearing health care, as hearing loss is an invisible health condition that often worsens gradually over time. In the United States, an estimated 30 million individuals (12.7 percent of Americans ages 12 years or older) have hearing loss. Globally, hearing loss has been identified as the fifth leading cause of years lived with disability. Successful hearing health care enables individuals with hearing loss to have the freedom to communicate in their environments in ways that are culturally appropriate and that preserve their dignity and function. Hearing Health Care for Adults focuses on improving the accessibility and affordability of hearing health care for adults of all ages. This study examines the hearing health care system, with a focus on non-surgical technologies and services, and offers recommendations for improving access to, the affordability of, and the quality of hearing health care for adults of all ages.

Antenna-in-Package Technology and Applications

Author : Duixian Liu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119556635
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Antenna-in-Package Technology and Applications by : Duixian Liu

Download or read book Antenna-in-Package Technology and Applications written by Duixian Liu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to antenna design, manufacturing processes, antenna integration, and packaging Antenna-in-Package Technology and Applications contains an introduction to the history of AiP technology. It explores antennas and packages, thermal analysis and design, as well as measurement setups and methods for AiP technology. The authors—well-known experts on the topic—explain why microstrip patch antennas are the most popular and describe the myriad constraints of packaging, such as electrical performance, thermo-mechanical reliability, compactness, manufacturability, and cost. The book includes information on how the choice of interconnects is governed by JEDEC for automatic assembly and describes low-temperature co-fired ceramic, high-density interconnects, fan-out wafer level packaging–based AiP, and 3D-printing-based AiP. The book includes a detailed discussion of the surface laminar circuit–based AiP designs for large-scale mm-wave phased arrays for 94-GHz imagers and 28-GHz 5G New Radios. Additionally, the book includes information on 3D AiP for sensor nodes, near-field wireless power transfer, and IoT applications. This important book: • Includes a brief history of antenna-in-package technology • Describes package structures widely used in AiP, such as ball grid array (BGA) and quad flat no-leads (QFN) • Explores the concepts, materials and processes, designs, and verifications with special consideration for excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal performance Written for students in electrical engineering, professors, researchers, and RF engineers, Antenna-in-Package Technology and Applications offers a guide to material selection for antennas and packages, antenna design with manufacturing processes and packaging constraints, antenna integration, and packaging.

Wireless Communications Research Trends

Author : Tong S. Lee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Wireless Communications Research Trends by : Tong S. Lee

Download or read book Wireless Communications Research Trends written by Tong S. Lee and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scope of this new and important book includes: personal portable telephones, multimedia devices, digital assistants, and communicating palmtop computers; registration and handoff protocols, messaging, and communications and computing requirements; network control and management for protocols associated with routing and tracking of mobile users; location-independent numbering plans for movable personal services; personal profiles, personalised traffic filtering, and other database-driven aspects of personal communications; link access technologies and protocols; radio and infrared channel characterisation and other microcell-based personal communication systems; satellite systems and global personal communications; traffic management and performance issues; policy issues in spectrum allocation, industry structure, and technology evolution; applications, case studies, and field experience; and, intelligent vehicle highway systems.

Neural Interface Engineering

Author : Liang Guo
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030418545
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Neural Interface Engineering by : Liang Guo

Download or read book Neural Interface Engineering written by Liang Guo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-04 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive reference to major neural interfacing technologies used to transmit signals between the physical world and the nervous system for repairing, restoring and even augmenting body functions. The authors discuss the classic approaches for neural interfacing, the major challenges encountered, and recent, emerging techniques to mitigate these challenges for better chronic performances. Readers will benefit from this book’s unprecedented scope and depth of coverage on the technology of neural interfaces, the most critical component in any type of neural prostheses. Provides comprehensive coverage of major neural interfacing technologies; Reviews and discusses both classic and latest, emerging topics; Includes classification of technologies to provide an easy grasp of research and trends in the field.

The Chemistry of Inorganic Biomaterials

Author : Christopher Spicer
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788017536
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chemistry of Inorganic Biomaterials by : Christopher Spicer

Download or read book The Chemistry of Inorganic Biomaterials written by Christopher Spicer and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-08-18 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book overviews the underlying chemistry behind the most common and cutting-edge inorganic materials in current use, or approaching use, in vivo.

5G Outlook – Innovations and Applications

Author : Ramjee Prasad
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000795241
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis 5G Outlook – Innovations and Applications by : Ramjee Prasad

Download or read book 5G Outlook – Innovations and Applications written by Ramjee Prasad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 5G Outlook - Innovations and Applications is a collection of the recent research and development in the area of the Fifth Generation Mobile Technology (5G), the future of wireless communications. Plenty of novel ideas and knowledge of the 5G are presented in this book as well as divers applications from health science to business modeling. The authors of different chapters contributed from various countries and organizations. The chapters have also been presented at the 5th IEEE 5G Summit held in Aalborg on July 1, 2016. The book starts with a comprehensive introduction on 5G and its need and requirement. Then millimeter waves as a promising spectrum to 5G technology is discussed. The book continues with the novel and inspiring ideas for the future wireless communication usage and network. Further, some technical issues in signal processing and network design for 5G are presented. Finally, the book ends up with different applications of 5G in distinct areas. Topics widely covered in this book are: • 5G technology from past to present to the future• Millimeter- waves and their characteristics• Signal processing and network design issues for 5G• Applications, business modeling and several novel ideas for the future of 5G