Hajj Paintings

Download Hajj Paintings PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American Univ in Cairo Press
ISBN 13 : 9789774162596
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hajj Paintings by : Ann Parker

Download or read book Hajj Paintings written by Ann Parker and published by American Univ in Cairo Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the seventh century, the Hajj, or Great Pilgrimage to Mecca, has been a lifelong goal of devout Muslims throughout the world. Egyptian pilgrims traditionally celebrate their sacred journey by commissioning a local artist to depict their religious odyssey on the walls of their homes. This book shows the richness and variety of this naive art form covering images from towns, villages, and isolated farm communities along the Nile, across the Delta, down the Red Sea coast, and into Sinai. On the walls of buildings ranging from alabaster factories to mud-brick farmhouses they found brilliant murals illuminated by the desert sun, portraying beloved icons of the pilgrims' faith and scenes from the Qur'an.

The Art of Hajj

Download The Art of Hajj PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Art of Hajj by : Venetia Porter

Download or read book The Art of Hajj written by Venetia Porter and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The annual ritual pilgrimage to Makkah was established by the Prophet Muhammad in the last year of his life (AD 632). Over the following centuries the experience and importance of Hajj have been evocatively documented in countless ways. Highlighting the pilgrims' journey across time, the sacred rituals of Hajj, and the city of Makkah itself, this beautiful little book features illuminated manuscripts, wall paintings and photographs, as well as calligraphy, textiles, scientific instruments, decorative tiles, maps, ceramics, metalwork and powerful works by contemporary artists. Published to coincide with a major exhibition at the British Museum, from 26 January to 15 April 2012.

Overlooking the Border

Download Overlooking the Border PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wayne State University Press
ISBN 13 : 0814341098
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Overlooking the Border by : Dana Hercbergs

Download or read book Overlooking the Border written by Dana Hercbergs and published by Wayne State University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-01 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An ethnographic tapestry of personal and institutional narratives about Jerusalem’s social history. Overlooking the Border: Narratives of Divided Jerusalemby Dana Hercbergs continues the dialogue surrounding the social history of Jerusalem. The book’s starting point is the border that separated the city between Jordan and Israel in 1948–1967, a lesser-known but significant period for cultural representations of Jerusalem. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, the book juxtaposes Israeli and Palestinian personal narratives about the past with contemporary museum exhibits, street plaques, tourism, and real estate projects that are reshaping the city since the decline of the peace process and the second intifada. What emerges is a portrayal of Jerusalem both as a local place with unique rhythms and topography and as a setting for national imaginaries and agendas with their attendant political and social tensions. As sites of memory, Jerusalem’s homes, streets, and natural areas form the setting for emotionally charged narratives about belonging and rights to place. Recollections of local customs and lifeways in the mid-twentieth century coalesce around residents’ desire for stability amid periods of war, dispossession, and relocation—intertwining the mythical with the mundane. Hercbergs begins by taking the reader to the historically Arab neighborhoods of West Jerusalem, whose streets are a battleground for competing historical narratives about the Israeli-Arab War of 1948. She goes on to explore the connections and tensions between Mizrahi Jews and Palestinians living across the border from one another in Musrara, a neighborhood straddling West and East Jerusalem. The author rounds out the monograph with a semiotic analysis of contemporary tourism and architectural ventures that are entrenching ethno-national separation in the post-Oslo period. These rhetorical expressions illuminate what it means to be a Jerusalemite in the context of the city’s fraught history. Overlooking the Border examines the social and geographic significance of borders for residents’ sense of self, place, and community, and for representations of the city both locally and abroad. It is certain to be of value to scholars and advanced undergraduate and graduate students of Middle Eastern studies, history, urban ethnography, and Israeli and Jewish studies.

Muslim Devotional Art in India

Download Muslim Devotional Art in India PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0429756631
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Muslim Devotional Art in India by : Yousuf Saeed

Download or read book Muslim Devotional Art in India written by Yousuf Saeed and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2018-10-26 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the history of Islamic popular devotional art and visual culture in 20th-century India, weaving the personal narrative of the author’s journey through his understanding of the faith. It begins with an introductory exploration of how the basic and universal image of Mecca and Medina may have been imported into Indian popular print culture and what variants it resulted in here. Besides providing a historical context of the pre-print culture of popular Muslim visuality, the book also explores the impact the 1947 Partition of India may have made on the calendar art in South Asia. A significant portion of the book focuses on the contemporary prints of different localised images found in India and what role these play in the users’ lives, especially in the augmentation of their popular faith and cultural practices. The volume also compares the images published in India with some of those available in Pakistan to reflect different socio-political trajectories. Finally, it discusses why such a vibrant visual culture continues to thrive among South Asian Muslims despite the questions raised by the orthodoxy on its legitimacy in Islam, and why images and popular visual cultures are inevitable for popular piety despite the orthodox Muslims’ increasing dissociation from them. This work is one of the first books on Indian Muslim poster art, with rare images and simple narratives, anecdotes about rituals, ceremonies and cultural traditions running parallel to research findings. This second edition contains a new Afterword that discusses challenges to religious plurality arising on account of changing political landscapes, economic liberalisation, technology and new media, and socio-religious developments. It will appeal to the lay reader as well as the specialist and will be especially useful to researchers and scholars in popular culture, media and cultural studies, visual art and performance studies, and sociology and social anthropology.

The Struggle for Jerusalem's Holy Places

Download The Struggle for Jerusalem's Holy Places PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317975553
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Struggle for Jerusalem's Holy Places by : Wendy Pullan

Download or read book The Struggle for Jerusalem's Holy Places written by Wendy Pullan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-11-20 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Struggle for Jerusalem’s Holy Places investigates the role of architecture and urban identity in relation to the political economy of the city and its wider state context seen through the lens of the holy places. Reflecting the broad disciplinary backgrounds of the authors, this book provides perspectives from architecture, urbanism, and politics, and provides in-depth investigations of historical, ethnographic and policy-related case studies. The research is substantiated by fieldwork carried out in Jerusalem over the past ten years as part of the ESRC Large Grants project ‘Conflict in Cities’. By analysing new dynamics of radicalisation through land seizure, the politicisation of parklands and tourism, the strategic manipulation of archaeological and historical narratives and material culture, and through examination of general appropriation of Jerusalem’s varied rituals, memories and symbolism for factional uses, the book reveals how possibilities of co- existence are seriously threatened in Jerusalem. Shedding new light on the key role played by everyday urban life and its spatial settings for any future political agreements about the city and its religious sites, this book is a useful reference work for students and scholars of Middle East Studies, Architecture, Religion and Urban Studies.

Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set

Download Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019530991X
Total Pages : 1697 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set by : Jonathan Bloom

Download or read book Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set written by Jonathan Bloom and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-05-14 with total page 1697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture is the most comprehensive reference work in this complex and diverse area of art history. Built on the acclaimed scholarship of the Grove Dictionary of Art, this work offers over 1,600 up-to-date entries on Islamic art and architecture ranging from the Middle East to Central and South Asia, Africa, and Europe and spans over a thousand years of history. Recent changes in Islamic art in areas such as Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq are elucidated here by distinguished scholars. Entries provide in-depth art historical and cultural information about dynasties, art forms, artists, architecture, rulers, monuments, archaeological sites and stylistic developments. In addition, over 500 illustrations of sculpture, mosaic, painting, ceramics, architecture, metalwork and calligraphy illuminate the rich artistic tradition of the Islamic world. With the fundamental understanding that Islamic art is not limited to a particular region, or to a defined period of time, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture offers pathways into Islamic culture through its art.

Malaysia

Download Malaysia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
ISBN 13 : 9812301615
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (123 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Malaysia by : Virginia Hooker

Download or read book Malaysia written by Virginia Hooker and published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. This book was released on 2003 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays has been prepared as a tribute to Clive S. Kessler, Professor of Sociology at the University of New South Wales for over twenty years and a member of staff of the London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, and the Barnard College, Columbia University, New York. Written by colleagues and graduate students, the essays are divided into three sections: Islam, Society and Politics. They focus on Professor Kessler's analyses of Malaysia. Each essay draws on aspects of his published research, taking his insights as points of departure for new studies. Professor Kessler's ideas and observations are thus extended, complemented and updated in ways which emphasize the depth and extent of his influence on contemporary research on Malaysia.

The Art of Peace

Download The Art of Peace PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1529918197
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Art of Peace by : Sir David Khalili

Download or read book The Art of Peace written by Sir David Khalili and published by Random House. This book was released on 2023-11-02 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1967, Sir David Khalili finished his military service in Iran and travelled to study in the United States with $750 - his remaining royalties from a book he wrote when he was just 14. Over the course of the next five decades he single-handedly, piece by piece, assembled eight of the finest art collections in their field, ultimately becoming one of the world's greatest collectors, about whom Queen Elizabeth II once said: 'It is scary how much this gentleman knows about art.' For the first time, Sir David shares his extraordinary journey: one that has taken him through the souks of North Africa, the auction houses of Europe and the United States, the bazaars of South Asia, and far beyond. Through a riveting collection of real-life adventures, he reveals his collecting strategy, business ethics and what motivates him to continuously collect, conserve, research, publish and exhibit the treasures in his collections. Through his story, Sir David questions how the undeniable power of art can be harnessed to foster greater peace and unity worldwide. No one is better placed to enlighten us.

Islam and the Devotional Object

Download Islam and the Devotional Object PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110858506X
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Islam and the Devotional Object by : Richard J. A. McGregor

Download or read book Islam and the Devotional Object written by Richard J. A. McGregor and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-28 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Richard J. A. McGregor offers a history of Islamic practice through the aesthetic reception of medieval religious objects. Elaborate parades in Cairo and Damascus included decorated objects of great value, destined for Mecca and Medina. Among these were the precious dress sewn yearly for the Ka'ba, and large colorful sedans mounted on camels, which mysteriously completed the Hajj without carrying a single passenger. Along with the brisk trade in Islamic relics, these objects and the variety of contested meanings attached to them, constituted material practices of religion that persisted into the colonial era, but were suppressed in the twentieth century. McGregor here recovers the biographies of religious objects, including relics, banners, public texts, and coverings for the Ka'ba. Reconstructing the premodern visual culture of Islamic Egypt and Syria, he follows the shifting meanings attached to objects of devotion, as well as the contingent nature of religious practice and experience.

Cyber Muslims

Download Cyber Muslims PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350233722
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cyber Muslims by : Robert Rozehnal

Download or read book Cyber Muslims written by Robert Rozehnal and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-04-21 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through an array of detailed case studies, this book explores the vibrant digital expressions of diverse groups of Muslim cybernauts: religious clerics and Sufis, feminists and fashionistas, artists and activists, hajj pilgrims and social media influencers. These stories span a vast cultural and geographic landscape-from Indonesia, Iran, and the Arab Middle East to North America. These granular case studies contextualize cyber Islam within broader social trends: racism and Islamophobia, gender dynamics, celebrity culture, identity politics, and the shifting terrain of contemporary religious piety and practice. The book's authors examine an expansive range of digital multimedia technologies as primary “texts.” These include websites, podcasts, blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube channels, online magazines and discussion forums, and religious apps. The contributors also draw on a range of methodological and theoretical models from multiple academic disciplines, including communication and media studies, anthropology, history, global studies, religious studies, and Islamic studies.

The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi’ism

Download The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi’ism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857720651
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (577 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi’ism by : Pedram Khosronejad

Download or read book The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi’ism written by Pedram Khosronejad and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2011-11-30 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shi'i Islam has been the official religion of Iran from the Safavids (1501-1732) to the present day. The Shi'i world experience has provided a rich artistic tradition, encompassing painting, sculpture and the production of artefacts and performance, which has helped to embed Shi'i identity in Iran as part of its national narrative. In what areas of material culture has Iranian Shi'ism manifested itself through objects or buildings that are unique within the overall culture of Islam? To what extent is the art and architecture of Iran from the Safavid period onwards identifiably Shi'i? What does this say about the relationship of nation, state and faith in Iran? Here, leading experts trace the material heritage of Iranian Shi'ism within each of its political, religious and cultural dimensions.

Hajj

Download Hajj PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780674062184
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (621 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hajj by : Venetia Porter

Download or read book Hajj written by Venetia Porter and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hajj is the largest pilgrimage in the world today and a sacred duty for all Muslims. With contributions from renowned experts, this book opens out onto the full sweep of the Hajj: as a sacred path walked by early Islamic devotees, as a sumptuous site of worship under the care of sultans, and as an expression of faith in the modern world.

Guests of God : Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World

Download Guests of God : Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198038194
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Guests of God : Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World by : Robert R. Bianchi Formerly Associate Professor of Political Science University of Chicago

Download or read book Guests of God : Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World written by Robert R. Bianchi Formerly Associate Professor of Political Science University of Chicago and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2004-09-09 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year, more than two million pilgrims from over 100 countries converge on the holy city of Mecca to reenact the ritual dramas that Muslims have been performing for centuries. Making the hajj is one of the most important duties in the life of a Muslim. The pilgrimage-and its impact on international politics-is enormous and growing every year, yet Westerners know virtually nothing about it. What is the hajj and what does it mean? Who are the hajjis? What do they do and say in Mecca and how do they interpret their experiences? Who runs the hajj and what are their political objectives? How does the hajj encourage international cooperation among Muslims and can it also promote harmony between Islam and the West? In Guests of God, Robert R. Bianchi seeks to answer these and many other questions. While it is first and foremost a religious festival, he shows, the hajj is also very much a political event. The Muslim world's leading multinational organization, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, has established the first international regime explicitly devoted to pilgrimage. Every large Muslim nation has developed a comprehensive hajj policy and a powerful bureaucracy to enforce it. Yet, Bianchi argues, no authority- secular or religious, national or international-can really control the hajj. Pilgrims believe that they are entitled to travel freely to Mecca as "Guests of God"-not as guests of any nation or organization that might wish to restrict or profit from their efforts to fulfill a fundamental religious obligation. Drawing on his personal experience as a pilgrim and a wealth of data gathered over the course of ten years of research, Bianchi has produced a fascinating look at the hajj filled with personal, candid stories from political and religious leaders and hajjis from all walks of life. A wide-ranging study of Islam, politics, and power, Guests of God is the most complete picture of the hajj available anywhere.

Islamic Arts and Crafts

Download Islamic Arts and Crafts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 1474409180
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (744 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Islamic Arts and Crafts by : Marcus Milwright

Download or read book Islamic Arts and Crafts written by Marcus Milwright and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-03 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islamic art is justly famed for its technological sophistication, varied approaches to ornament, and innovative employment of the written word. But what do we know about the skilled artisans who spent their lives designing and creating the paintings, objects and buildings that are so admired today? This anthology of written sources (dating from the seventh to the twentieth centuries) explores numerous aspects of the crafts of the Middle East from the processing of raw materials to the manufacture of finished artefacts. You will learn about: the legal and ethical dimensions of the arts and crafts, the organisation of labour in urban and rural contexts, the everyday lives of artisans, the gendered dimensions of making things, and the impact of industrialisation upon traditional methods of manufacture. Each chapter begins with an introduction providing a wider context for the primary sources. There are also suggestions for further reading.

Guests of God

Download Guests of God PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199711836
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Guests of God by : Robert Bianchi

Download or read book Guests of God written by Robert Bianchi and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-03-25 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year, about two million pilgrims from over 100 countries converge on the Islamic holy city of Mecca for the hajj. While the hajj is first and foremost a religious festival, it is also very much a political event. No government can resist the temptation to manipulate the hajj for political and economic gain. Every large Muslim state has developed a comprehensive hajj policy and a powerful bureaucracy to enforce it. The Muslim world's leading multinational organization, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, has established the first international regime explicitly devoted to pilgrimage. Yet, Robert Bianchi argues, no secular or religious authority - national or international - can really control the hajj. State-sponsored pilgrimage management consistently backfires, giving government opponents valuable ammunition and allowing them to manipulate the symbols and controversies of the hajj to their own ends. Bianchi has been researching the hajj for over ten years and draws on interviews with and data from hajj directors in five Muslim countries (Pakistan, Malaysia, Turkey, Indonesia, and Nigeria), statistics from Saudi Arabian hajj authorities, as well as his personal experience as a pilgrim. The result is the most complete picture of the hajj available anywhere, and a wide-ranging work on Islam, politics, and power.

Architecture and Interpretation

Download Architecture and Interpretation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Boydell Press
ISBN 13 : 1843837811
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Architecture and Interpretation by : Jill A. Franklin

Download or read book Architecture and Interpretation written by Jill A. Franklin and published by Boydell Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays centred on the methods, pleasures, and pitfalls of architectural interpretation. Architecture affects us on a number of levels. It can control our movements, change our experience of our own scale, create a particular sense of place, focus memory, and act as a statement of power and taste, to name but a few. Yet the ways in which these effects are brought about are not yet well understood. The aim of this book is to move the discussion forward, to encourage and broaden debate about the ways in which architecture is interpreted, with aview to raising levels of intellectual engagement with the issues in terms of the theory and practice of architectural history. The range of material covered extends from houses constructed from mammoth bones around 15,000 years ago in the present-day Ukraine to a surfer's memorial in Carpinteria, California; other subjects include the young Michelangelo seeking to transcend genre boundaries; medieval masons' tombs; and the mythographies of early modern Netherlandish towns. Taking as their point of departure the ways in which architecture has been, is, and can be written about and otherwise represented, the editors' substantial Introduction provides an historiographical framework for, and draws out the themes and ideas presented in, the individual contributors' essays. Contributors: Christine Stevenson, T. A. Heslop, John Mitchell, Malcolm Thurlby, Richard Fawcett, Jill A. Franklin, StephenHeywood, Roger Stalley, Veronica Sekules, John Onians, Frank Woodman, Paul Crossley, David Hemsoll, Kerry Downes, Richard Plant, Jenifer Ní Ghrádraigh, Lindy Grant, Elisabeth de Bièvre, Stefan Muthesius, Robert Hillenbrand, AndrewM. Shanken, Peter Guillery.

Pilgrimage [2 volumes]

Download Pilgrimage [2 volumes] PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1576075435
Total Pages : 802 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (76 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pilgrimage [2 volumes] by : Linda Kay Davidson

Download or read book Pilgrimage [2 volumes] written by Linda Kay Davidson and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2002-11-17 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nationalistic meccas, shrines to popular culture, and sacred traditions for the world's religions from Animism to Zoroastrianism are all examined in two accessible and comprehensive volumes. Pilgrimage is a comprehensive compendium of the basic facts on Pilgrimage from ancient times to the 21st century. Illustrated with maps and photographs that enrich the reader's journey, this authoritative volume explores sites, people, activities, rites, terminology, and other matters related to pilgrimage such as economics, tourism, and disease. Encompassing all major and minor world religions, from ancient cults to modern faiths, this work covers both religious and secular pilgrimage sites. Compiled by experts who have authored numerous books on pilgrimage and are pilgrims in their own right, the entries will appeal to students, scholars, and general readers.