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Gravity Currents Propagating Upslope In Uniform And Two Layer Stratified Ambients
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Book Synopsis Gravity Currents Propagating Upslope in Uniform and Two-layer Stratified Ambients by : Larissa J. Marleau
Download or read book Gravity Currents Propagating Upslope in Uniform and Two-layer Stratified Ambients written by Larissa J. Marleau and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bottom propagating gravity currents resulting from full- and partial-depth lock-release experiments are investigated as they propagate up a rising slope in uniform and two-layer stratified ambients. In the case of uniform ambients, the gravity current front decelerates in a nearly uniform manner along the slope at a rate that agrees with theoretical predictions. The shape of the gravity current as it decelerates over relatively steep slopes is found to be self-similar with a nearly linear decrease of the head height between the start of the slope and up to 80\% of the distance to the nose. Some deviation from self-similar behaviour is found in cases with small slopes because of the comparatively large volume of fluid in the gravity current tail that flows downslope while the front continues to advance upwards. In the case of two-layer ambients, the initial gravity current front speed is found to be consistent with a theory adapted from \cite{shin_dalziel_linden2004}. The subsequent evolution depends on the gravity current speed relative to the speed of the interfacial disturbance it creates. The deceleration of supercritical gravity currents, which travel faster than the interfacial disturbance, is gradual and agrees well with the relationship developed for upslope gravity currents in uniform density ambients and modified for a two-layer ambient. In most subcritical cases the gravity current suddenly comes to rest as a consequence of interactions with the interfacial disturbance. The disturbance amplitude, speed, and width are found to be nearly constant during its evolution. In cases for which the ambient interface intersected the tank bottom, the amplitude, speed, and width are nearly constant up to the point where the lower layer shallowed and the disturbance transformed into an upslope propagating gravity current.
Book Synopsis Gravity Currents in Two-layer Stratified Media by : Alan W. Tan
Download or read book Gravity Currents in Two-layer Stratified Media written by Alan W. Tan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gravity-driven Intrusions in Stratified Fluids by : Benjamin Dudley Maurer
Download or read book Gravity-driven Intrusions in Stratified Fluids written by Benjamin Dudley Maurer and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All natural fluids stratify. Stable stratifications, in which isobars and isopycnals are parallel, are capable of supporting internal wave motion. Unstable stratification, in which density and pressure gradients are not aligned, results in gravity-driven flow. Gravity currents are a subset of these flows in which horizontal density gradients sharpen and propagate horizontally, transporting mass, momentum, and energy. If the density of the gravity current is within the density extrema of the stably stratified ambient fluid, it propagates as an intrusion at an intermediate height. Through laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, this dissertation explores the influence of stratification on the dynamics of gravity-driven intrusions. Intrusions require stable stratification in the ambient fluid, which is capable of transporting momentum and energy away from the current in the form of internal waves. We investigate the constant velocity propagation of well-mixed intrusions propagating into a linearly stratified ambient fluid. Varying the level of neutral buoyancy, we quantify the corresponding variation in structure, momentum, and energy of the upstream wave field. Adjacent stable stratifications of differing vertical density structure necessarily entail horizontal density gradients. These gradients determine the hydrostatic pressure differences driving the ensuing gravity current. We examine the mid-depth, constant velocity propagation of one linearly stratified fluid into another more strongly linearly stratified fluid. Working from the available potential energy of the system and measurements of the intrusion thickness, we develop an energy model to describe the speed of the intrusion in terms of the ratio of the two buoyancy frequencies. Distinct from adjacent linear stratifications, adjacent discrete stratifications may create flow consisting of interleaving intrusions. Single intrusions into a two-layer ambient fluid are well understood. Limiting our study to an idealized system of multiple intrusions, we attempt to extend the two-layer model to describe the interleaving process. We show that this simple extension fails when the average densities of the two stratifications are unequal, and suggest that this failure is due to the coupling of interfacial waves across constant density layers.
Book Synopsis Gravity Currents in Lakes, Reservoirs and Coastal Regions by : Juchiro Akiyama
Download or read book Gravity Currents in Lakes, Reservoirs and Coastal Regions written by Juchiro Akiyama and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gravity Currents Over Topography in a Two-layer Ambient by : Mitchell G. D. Nicholson
Download or read book Gravity Currents Over Topography in a Two-layer Ambient written by Mitchell G. D. Nicholson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Two-layer Stratified Flow Analysis of Gravity Currents and Turbidity Currents in Lakes, Reservoirs, and the Ocean by : Juichiro Akiyama
Download or read book Two-layer Stratified Flow Analysis of Gravity Currents and Turbidity Currents in Lakes, Reservoirs, and the Ocean written by Juichiro Akiyama and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling a Gravity Current in a Shallow Fluid System by : Paula Sharon Kulis
Download or read book Modeling a Gravity Current in a Shallow Fluid System written by Paula Sharon Kulis and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corpus Christi Bay in Texas is a wind driven system, and under most conditions winds over the bay mix the water column vertically. However, seasonal, episodic, bottom-water hypoxia has been observed in the bay in conjunction with vertical salinity stratification. This stratification may be caused by dense gravity currents entering the bay. Understanding and modeling the mechanisms that result in stratification in Corpus Christi Bay may help predict hypoxia, and for this reason that is the focus of this dissertation. An evaluation of existing gravity current modeling techniques shows that most currently available models are designed to capture either phenomena local to a gravity current, such as gravity current entrainment and spreading, or larger scale phenomena such as wind mixing and large-scale circulation, but not both. Because gravity current mixing in Corpus Christi Bay is enhanced by wind-induced turbulence, both local gravity current physics and wind mixing effects are critical elements governing gravity current propagation in Corpus Christi Bay. As existing models do not represent gravity current entrainment and wind mixing together, this dissertation develops a coupled model system that accounts explicitly for turbulent wind mixing of a bottom-boundary layer, in addition to representing other local features of dense gravity current propagation such as entrainment and spreading. The coupled model system consists of a 2D depth-averaged hydrodynamic model that calculates gravity current mixing and spreading, coupled with a 3D hydrodynamic model whose domain includes a lighter ambient fluid surrounding the gravity current. The coupled models have flexible boundary conditions that allow fluid exchange to represent mixing from both gravity current entrainment and wind mixing. The coupled model system's development, verification and application in Corpus Christi Bay advances understanding of gravity current mechanisms, and contributes to our scientific understanding of hypoxia in Corpus Christi Bay. This modeling technique has the flexibility to be applied to other density-stratified systems that are shallow and potentially wind-driven, such as shallow desalination brine disposal sites.
Book Synopsis Gravity Currents And Intrusions: Analysis And Prediction by : Marius Ungarish
Download or read book Gravity Currents And Intrusions: Analysis And Prediction written by Marius Ungarish and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The flow of gravity currents and intrusions is a subject of active research and engineering application. Currently, there are no formal teaching courses for this topic. Materials and information available in the market are scattered and dated. Researchers and engineers face difficulties in acquiring the 'state-of-the-art' knowledge. The book bridges this gap between the need and supply of the relevant insight and know-how.Written by a renowned author who is a recognized authority in the field, this unique compendium assembles the relevant knowledge into a systematic and unified framework. The presentation is gradual from the elementary to the frontier, and accessible to readers with only a basic background in fluid mechanics and applied mathematics. This will facilitate the systematic acquirement and application of available knowledge to both practical problems and further research.This must-have volume is a useful monograph — that can also serve as a textbook in advanced courses — for researchers, students, engineers and applied mathematicians in the fields of civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, mechanical engineering, ocean engineering and environmental engineering.
Book Synopsis Internal Gravity Waves by : Bruce R. Sutherland
Download or read book Internal Gravity Waves written by Bruce R. Sutherland and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-09-02 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of internal gravity waves provides many challenges: they move along interfaces as well as in fully three-dimensional space, at relatively fast temporal and small spatial scales, making them difficult to observe and resolve in weather and climate models. Solving the equations describing their evolution poses various mathematical challenges associated with singular boundary value problems and large amplitude dynamics. This book provides the first comprehensive treatment of the theory for small and large amplitude internal gravity waves. Over 120 schematics, numerical simulations and laboratory images illustrate the theory and mathematical techniques, and 130 exercises enable the reader to apply their understanding of the theory. This is an invaluable single resource for academic researchers and graduate students studying the motion of waves within the atmosphere and ocean, and also mathematicians, physicists and engineers interested in the properties of propagating, growing and breaking waves.
Book Synopsis The Atmospheric Boundary Layer by : J. R. Garratt
Download or read book The Atmospheric Boundary Layer written by J. R. Garratt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-04-21 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives a comprehensive and lucid account of the science of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). There is an emphasis on the application of the ABL to numerical modelling of the climate. The book comprises nine chapters, several appendices (data tables, information sources, physical constants) and an extensive reference list. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction, with chapters 2 and 3 dealing with the development of mean and turbulence equations, and the many scaling laws and theories that are the cornerstone of any serious ABL treatment. Modelling of the ABL is crucially dependent for its realism on the surface boundary conditions, and chapters 4 and 5 deal with aerodynamic and energy considerations, with attention to both dry and wet land surfaces and sea. The structure of the clear-sky, thermally stratified ABL is treated in chapter 6, including the convective and stable cases over homogeneous land, the marine ABL and the internal boundary layer at the coastline. Chapter 7 then extends the discussion to the cloudy ABL. This is seen as particularly relevant, since the extensive stratocumulus regions over the subtropical oceans and stratus regions over the Arctic are now identified as key players in the climate system. Finally, chapters 8 and 9 bring much of the book's material together in a discussion of appropriate ABL and surface parameterization schemes in general circulation models of the atmosphere that are being used for climate simulation.
Book Synopsis Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics by : John Marshall
Download or read book Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics written by John Marshall and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1978-11-16 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography.* Written at a mathematical level that is appealing for undergraduates andbeginning graduate students* Provides a useful educational tool through a combination of observations andlaboratory demonstrations which can be viewed over the web* Contains instructions on how to reproduce the simple but informativelaboratory experiments* Includes copious problems (with sample answers) to help students learn thematerial.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology by : James R. Holton
Download or read book An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology written by James R. Holton and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1979 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography. * Written at a mathematical level that is appealing for undergraduates and beginning graduate students * Provides a useful educational tool through a combination of observations and laboratory demonstrations which can be viewed over the web * Contains instructions on how to reproduce the simple but informative laboratory experiments * Includes copious problems (with sample answers) to help students learn the material.
Book Synopsis Buoyancy Effects in Fluids by : John Stewart Turner
Download or read book Buoyancy Effects in Fluids written by John Stewart Turner and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1979-12-20 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The phenomena treated in this book all depend on the action of gravity on small density differences in a non-rotating fluid. The author gives a connected account of the various motions which can be driven or influenced by buoyancy forces in a stratified fluid, including internal waves, turbulent shear flows and buoyant convection. This excellent introduction to a rapidly developing field, first published in 1973, can be used as the basis of graduate courses in university departments of meteorology, oceanography and various branches of engineering. This edition is reprinted with corrections, and extra references have been added to allow readers to bring themselves up to date on specific topics. Professor Turner is a physicist with a special interest in laboratory modelling of small-scale geophysical processes. An important feature is the superb illustration of the text with many fine photographs of laboratory experiments and natural phenomena.
Book Synopsis Advanced Ocean Modelling by : Jochen Kämpf
Download or read book Advanced Ocean Modelling written by Jochen Kämpf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-04-30 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on motions of incompressible ?uids of a freely moving surface being in?uenced by both the Earth’s rotation and density strati?cation. In contrast to traditional textbooks in the ?eld of geophysical ?uid dynamics, such as those by by Cushman-Roisin (1994) and Gill (1982), this book uses the method of proce- oriented hydrodynamic modelling to illustrate a rich variety of ?uid phenomena. To this end, the reader can adopt the model codes, found on the Springer server accompanying this book, to reproduce most graphs of this book and, even better, to create animation movies. The reader can also employ the codes as templates for own independent studies. This can be done by a lay person as a hobby activity, undergraduate or postgraduate students as part of their education, or professional scientists as part of research. Exercises of this book are run with open-source software that can be freely downloaded from the Internet. This includes the FORTRAN 95 compiler “G95” used for execution of model simulations, the data visualisation program “SciLab”, and “ImageMagick” for the creation of graphs and GIF animations, which can be watched with most Internet browsers.
Book Synopsis Fluid Mechanics by : Pijush K. Kundu
Download or read book Fluid Mechanics written by Pijush K. Kundu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 919 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Suitable for both a first or second course in fluid mechanics at the graduate or advanced undergraduate level, this book presents the study of how fluids behave and interact under various forces and in various applied situations - whether in the liquid or gaseous state or both.
Book Synopsis Geomorphological Fluid Mechanics by : N.J. Balmforth
Download or read book Geomorphological Fluid Mechanics written by N.J. Balmforth and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-01-11 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geomorphology deals with some of the most striking patterns of nature. From mountain ranges and mid-ocean ridges to river networks and sand dunes, there is a whole family of forms, structures, and shapes that demand rationalization as well as mathematical description. In the various chapters of this volume, many of these patterns are explored and discussed, and attempts are made to both unravel the reasons for their very existence and to describe their dynamics in quantitative terms. Particular focus is placed on lava and mud flows, ice and snow dynamics, river and coastal morphodynamics and landscape formation. Combining a pedagogical approach with up-to-date reviews of forefront research, this volume will serve both postgraduate students and lecturers in search of advanced textbook material, and experienced researchers wishing to get acquainted with the various physical and mathematical approaches in a range of closely related research fields.
Book Synopsis Added Masses of Ship Structures by : Alexandr I. Korotkin
Download or read book Added Masses of Ship Structures written by Alexandr I. Korotkin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-12 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge of added body masses that interact with fluid is necessary in various research and applied tasks of hydro- and aeromechanics: steady and unsteady motion of rigid bodies, total vibration of bodies in fluid, local vibration of the external plating of different structures. This reference book contains data on added masses of ships and various ship and marine engineering structures. Also theoretical and experimental methods for determining added masses of these objects are described. A major part of the material is presented in the format of final formulas and plots which are ready for practical use. The book summarises all key material that was published in both Russian and English-language literature. This volume is intended for technical specialists of shipbuilding and related industries. The author is one of the leading Russian experts in the area of ship hydrodynamics.
