Ge/Si Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices

Download Ge/Si Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659124402
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (244 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ge/Si Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices by : Atanu Bag

Download or read book Ge/Si Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices written by Atanu Bag and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-06 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth of semiconductor nanostructures and the study of their properties have been very active areas of research nano-device application. These novel nanostructures offer interesting prospects for the development of new electronic and photonic devices. Silicon micro photonics, a technology that merges photonics and silicon microelectronic components, is rapidly evolving. The main challenge is to develop efficient light sources out of silicon or silicon based materials. This allows one to combine the information-processing and information transport capabilities of electrons and photons on a Si-chip. The extension of research interests to germanium based nanostructures is rather straightforward, due to its higher carrier mobilities, higher excitonic Bohr radius and capability in forming group-IV heterostructures on Si substrates. During the course of this book, we have undertaken a systematic study on the synthesis and characteristics of Si/Ge based nanostructures for optical and electronic device applications.

Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) Nanostructures

Download Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) Nanostructures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857091425
Total Pages : 649 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) Nanostructures by : Y. Shiraki

Download or read book Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) Nanostructures written by Y. Shiraki and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-02-26 with total page 649 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanostructured silicon-germanium (SiGe) opens up the prospects of novel and enhanced electronic device performance, especially for semiconductor devices. Silicon-germanium (SiGe) nanostructures reviews the materials science of nanostructures and their properties and applications in different electronic devices. The introductory part one covers the structural properties of SiGe nanostructures, with a further chapter discussing electronic band structures of SiGe alloys. Part two concentrates on the formation of SiGe nanostructures, with chapters on different methods of crystal growth such as molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapour deposition. This part also includes chapters covering strain engineering and modelling. Part three covers the material properties of SiGe nanostructures, including chapters on such topics as strain-induced defects, transport properties and microcavities and quantum cascade laser structures. In Part four, devices utilising SiGe alloys are discussed. Chapters cover ultra large scale integrated applications, MOSFETs and the use of SiGe in different types of transistors and optical devices. With its distinguished editors and team of international contributors, Silicon-germanium (SiGe) nanostructures is a standard reference for researchers focusing on semiconductor devices and materials in industry and academia, particularly those interested in nanostructures. Reviews the materials science of nanostructures and their properties and applications in different electronic devices Assesses the structural properties of SiGe nanostructures, discussing electronic band structures of SiGe alloys Explores the formation of SiGe nanostructuresfeaturing different methods of crystal growth such as molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapour deposition

Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications

Download Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 9781580537520
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications by : Todd D. Steiner

Download or read book Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications written by Todd D. Steiner and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2004 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Tiny structures measurable on the nanometer scale (one-billionth of a meter) are known as nanostructures, and nanotechnology is the emerging application of these nanostructures into useful nanoscale devices. As we enter the 21st century, more and more professional are using nanotechnology to create semiconductors for a variety of applications, including communications, information technology, medical, and transportation devices. Written by today's best researchers of semiconductor nanostructures, this cutting-edge resource provides a snapshot of this exciting and fast-changing field. The book covers the latest advances in nanotechnology and discusses the applications of nanostructures to optoelectronics, photonics, and electronics.

Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Devices

Download Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642224806
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Devices by : Gyu-Chul Yi

Download or read book Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Devices written by Gyu-Chul Yi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-13 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the fabrication of optoelectronic nanodevices. The structures considered are nanowires, nanorods, hybrid semiconductor nanostructures, wide bandgap nanostructures for visible light emitters and graphene. The device applications of these structures are broadly explained. The book deals also with the characterization of semiconductor nanostructures. It appeals to researchers and graduate students.

Fundamental Studies of Model Electronic Devices Incorporating Self-Organized Quantum Dot Nanostructures

Download Fundamental Studies of Model Electronic Devices Incorporating Self-Organized Quantum Dot Nanostructures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fundamental Studies of Model Electronic Devices Incorporating Self-Organized Quantum Dot Nanostructures by :

Download or read book Fundamental Studies of Model Electronic Devices Incorporating Self-Organized Quantum Dot Nanostructures written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research program was to perform fundamental studies to establish the utility of self-organizing Si/Ge nanostructures for eventual use in quantum-dot (QD) electronic devices. These studies consist of three major components: a) optimize the size and distribution of the three-dimensional pyramidal clusters that form in SiGe/Si(001) films and multilayers under defined growth conditions; b) design and simulate basic device building blocks and test structures for semiconductor devices that incorporate SiGe QDs, and c) make electronic and optoelectronic properties measurements and correlate these to structural and compositional ones to test the utility of arrays of pyramidal clusters for QD electronic devices.

Handbook of Self Assembled Semiconductor Nanostructures for Novel Devices in Photonics and Electronics

Download Handbook of Self Assembled Semiconductor Nanostructures for Novel Devices in Photonics and Electronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Science
ISBN 13 : 9780080463254
Total Pages : 841 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (632 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Self Assembled Semiconductor Nanostructures for Novel Devices in Photonics and Electronics by : Mohamed Henini

Download or read book Handbook of Self Assembled Semiconductor Nanostructures for Novel Devices in Photonics and Electronics written by Mohamed Henini and published by Elsevier Science. This book was released on 2008 with total page 841 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1969, Leo Esaki (1973 Nobel Laureate) and Ray Tsu from IBM, USA, proposed research on “man-made crystals” using a semiconductor superlattice (a semiconductor structure comprising several alternating ultra-thin layers of semiconductor materials with different properties). This invention was perhaps the first proposal to advocate the engineering of a new semiconductor material, and triggered a wide spectrum of experimental and theoretical investigations. However, the study of what are now called low dimensional structures (LDS) began in the late 1970's when sufficiently thin epitaxial layers were first produced following developments in the technology of epitaxial growth of semiconductors, mainly pioneered in industrial laboratories for device purposes. The LDS are materials structures whose dimensions are comparable with inter-atomic distances in solids (i.e. nanometre, nm). Their electronic properties are significantly different from the same material in bulk form. These properties are changed by quantum effects. At the inception of their investigation it was already clear that such structures were of great scientific interest and excitement and their novel properties caused by quantum effects offered potential for application in new devices. Moreover these complex LDS offer device engineers new design opportunities for tailor-made new generation electronic devices. The LDS could be considered as a new branch of condensed matter physics because of the large variety of possible structures and the changes in the physical processes. One of the promising fabrication methods to produce and study structures with a dimension less than two such as quantum wires and quantum dots, in order to realise novel devices that make use of low-dimensional confinement effects, is self-organisation. Self-assembled nanostructured materials offer a number of advantages over conventional material technologies in a wide-range of sectors. Clearly, future research work on self-assembled nanostructures will connect diverse areas of material science, physics, chemistry, electronics and optoelectronics. Key Features: - Contributors are world leaders in the field - Brings together all the factors which are essential in self-organisation of quantum nanostructures - Reviews the current status of research and development in self-organised nanostructured materials - Provides a ready source of information on a wide range of topics - Useful to any scientist who is involved in nanotechnology - Excellent starting point for workers entering the field - Serves as an excellent reference manual

3D GaN Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices

Download 3D GaN Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783843950367
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 3D GaN Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices by : Klaas Strempel

Download or read book 3D GaN Nanostructures for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices written by Klaas Strempel and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Neuroscience, Neurology and Psychiatry (ICONAP 2023)

Download Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Neuroscience, Neurology and Psychiatry (ICONAP 2023) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9464633107
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (646 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Neuroscience, Neurology and Psychiatry (ICONAP 2023) by : Mustafa M. Amin

Download or read book Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Neuroscience, Neurology and Psychiatry (ICONAP 2023) written by Mustafa M. Amin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-16 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. Homeostasis is upset by stress, which also triggers an adaptive reaction that shields an organism from harm. High allostatic load, on the other hand, might result from excessive stress or stress during a sensitive time, which eventually promotes or hastens maladaptive processes. Adverse childhood experiences, often known as ACEs, are early life stresses that individuals endure and are linked to the development of behavioural abnormalities and psychiatric problems in adulthood. Furthermore, there is evidence that people with early life stress have a more severe illness course and are less receptive to treatment for mood and anxiety disorders like depression. Stress throughout early childhood is linked to a modification of the brain's developmental trajectory, which can result in long-lasting behavioural alterations, but the consequences of stress in adulthood can be temporary and reversible. Behaviour problems brought on by ELS exposure can start in adulthood or during childhood or adolescence. A developing field of research, neuroscience, is expanding quickly. Neurology, psychiatry, and psychology are necessary for a deeper understanding of it. The purpose of this conference is to inform attendees of the most recent developments in the field of neuroscience education. The Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Sumatera Utara is hosting the 6th International Conference on Neuroscience, Neurology, and Psychiatry (ICoNaP) 2023 with the theme "The impact of early life stress on the neuroscience field" for psychiatrists, neurologists, general practitioners, and other interested specialists. Since 2018, ICoNAP has occurred annually. Speakers from many different nations are invited to the conference, both nationally and internationally. The committee has elected speakers from Malaysia, Singapore, Germany, Australia, India, Thailand, the United States, France, and Malaysia over the years. This year's conference will be hosted virtually and will have speakers from Singapore, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and Singapore. Researchers and specialists in the fields of neuroscience, neurology, and psychiatry can exchange ideas, experiences, and insights during the conference. Case studies and articles will have the opportunity to be published in international publications, and 920 researchers and professionals have so far taken part in previous ICoNAPs. More than 100 articles and case studies have also been released.

State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XL : (SOTAPOCS XL) and Narrow Bandgap Optoelectronic Materials and Devices II

Download State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XL : (SOTAPOCS XL) and Narrow Bandgap Optoelectronic Materials and Devices II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The Electrochemical Society
ISBN 13 : 9781566774079
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XL : (SOTAPOCS XL) and Narrow Bandgap Optoelectronic Materials and Devices II by : D. N. Buckley

Download or read book State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XL : (SOTAPOCS XL) and Narrow Bandgap Optoelectronic Materials and Devices II written by D. N. Buckley and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2004 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Silicon Heterostructure Devices

Download Silicon Heterostructure Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420066919
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silicon Heterostructure Devices by : John D. Cressler

Download or read book Silicon Heterostructure Devices written by John D. Cressler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SiGe HBTs are the most mature of the Si heterostructure devices and not surprisingly the most completely researched and discussed in the technical literature. However, new effects and nuances of device operation are uncovered year-after-year as transistor scaling advances and application targets march steadily upward in frequency and sophistication. Providing a comprehensive treatment of SiGe HBTs, Silicon Heterostructure Devices covers an amazingly diverse set of topics, ranging from basic transistor physics to noise, radiation effects, reliability, and TCAD simulation. Drawn from the comprehensive and well-reviewed Silicon Heterostructure Handbook, this text explores SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), heterostructure FETs, various other heterostructure devices, as well as optoelectronic components. The book provides an overview, characteristics, and derivative applications for each device covered. It discusses device physics, broadband noise, performance limits, reliability, engineered substrates, and self-assembling nanostructures. Coverage of optoelectronic devices includes Si/SiGe LEDs, near-infrared detectors, photonic transistors for integrated optoelectronics, and quantum cascade emitters. In addition to this substantial collection of material, the book concludes with a look at the ultimate limits of SiGe HBTs scaling. It contains easy-to-reference appendices on topics including the properties of silicon and germanium, the generalized Moll-Ross relations, and the integral charge-control model, and sample SiGe HBT compact model parameters.

Nanotechnology and Photovoltaic Devices

Download Nanotechnology and Photovoltaic Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814463647
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology and Photovoltaic Devices by : Jan Valenta

Download or read book Nanotechnology and Photovoltaic Devices written by Jan Valenta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silicon is an abundant element and is produced in large quantities for the electronic industry. The falling price of this commodity also feeds the growth of solar photovoltaics (PV). However, solar cells (SCs) based on bulk semiconductors have quite limited maximum attainable performance. Therefore, new principles and materials are being investigat

GeSi Strained Nanostructure Self-assembly for Nano- and Opto-electronics

Download GeSi Strained Nanostructure Self-assembly for Nano- and Opto-electronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis GeSi Strained Nanostructure Self-assembly for Nano- and Opto-electronics by :

Download or read book GeSi Strained Nanostructure Self-assembly for Nano- and Opto-electronics written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strain-induced self-assembly during semiconductor heteroepitaxy offers a promising approach to produce quantum nanostructures for nanologic and optoelectronics applications. Our current research direction aims to move beyond self-assembly of the basic quantum dot towards the fabrication of more complex, potentially functional structures such as quantum dot molecules and quantum wires. This report summarizes the steps taken to improve the growth quality of our GeSi molecular beam epitaxy process, and then highlights the outcomes of this effort.

Functional Nanomaterials and Devices for Electronics, Sensors and Energy Harvesting

Download Functional Nanomaterials and Devices for Electronics, Sensors and Energy Harvesting PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319088041
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Functional Nanomaterials and Devices for Electronics, Sensors and Energy Harvesting by : Alexei Nazarov

Download or read book Functional Nanomaterials and Devices for Electronics, Sensors and Energy Harvesting written by Alexei Nazarov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-28 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains reviews of recent experimental and theoretical results related to nanomaterials. It focuses on novel functional materials and nanostructures in combination with silicon on insulator (SOI) devices, as well as on the physics of new devices and sensors, nanostructured materials and nano scaled device characterization. Special attention is paid to fabrication and properties of modern low-power, high-performance, miniaturized, portable sensors in a wide range of applications such as telecommunications, radiation control, biomedical instrumentation and chemical analysis. In this book, new approaches exploiting nanotechnologies (such as UTBB FD SOI, Fin FETs, nanowires, graphene or carbon nanotubes on dielectric) to pave a way between “More Moore” and “More than Moore” are considered, in order to create different kinds of sensors and devices which will consume less electrical power, be more portable and totally compatible with modern microelectronics products.

21st Century Nanoscience

Download 21st Century Nanoscience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351260553
Total Pages : 4153 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 21st Century Nanoscience by : Klaus D. Sattler

Download or read book 21st Century Nanoscience written by Klaus D. Sattler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 4153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 21st Century Nanoscience Handbook will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics, by the same editor, published in the fall of 2010, was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanoscience extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

Progress in Semiconductors II - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications: Volume 744

Download Progress in Semiconductors II - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications: Volume 744 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 712 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Progress in Semiconductors II - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications: Volume 744 by : B. D. Weaver

Download or read book Progress in Semiconductors II - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications: Volume 744 written by B. D. Weaver and published by . This book was released on 2003-04-16 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have witnessed dramatic success in the development of semiconductor materials and related quantum structures for applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Progress has also been made in manufacturable (low cost, high volume) growth and processing of semiconductor materials for such device structures. Novel approaches have been proposed to integrate compound semiconductor devices with conventional silicon processing. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the progress on growth, properties and processing of semiconductor materials and quantum structures, as well to underscore the progress on devices such as transistors, light sources, detectors and modulators. Brought to maturity, these devices will likely see widespread application in infrared imaging, chemical and biological sensing, surveillance, short links, space-based applications, solar cells, high-bandwidth communications, and more. Topics include: electronic devices; Si/Ge devices and technology; zinc oxide and related compounds; emitters, lasers and photovoltaics; nanostructures; innovative materials and devices; detectors; and III-nitride materials and devices.

Silicon Heterostructure Handbook

Download Silicon Heterostructure Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420026585
Total Pages : 1248 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Silicon Heterostructure Handbook by : John D. Cressler

Download or read book Silicon Heterostructure Handbook written by John D. Cressler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 1248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An extraordinary combination of material science, manufacturing processes, and innovative thinking spurred the development of SiGe heterojunction devices that offer a wide array of functions, unprecedented levels of performance, and low manufacturing costs. While there are many books on specific aspects of Si heterostructures, the Silicon Heterostructure Handbook: Materials, Fabrication, Devices, Circuits, and Applications of SiGe and Si Strained-Layer Epitaxy is the first book to bring all aspects together in a single source. Featuring broad, comprehensive, and in-depth discussion, this handbook distills the current state of the field in areas ranging from materials to fabrication, devices, CAD, circuits, and applications. The editor includes "snapshots" of the industrial state-of-the-art for devices and circuits, presenting a novel perspective for comparing the present status with future directions in the field. With each chapter contributed by expert authors from leading industrial and research institutions worldwide, the book is unequalled not only in breadth of scope, but also in depth of coverage, timeliness of results, and authority of references. It also includes a foreword by Dr. Bernard S. Meyerson, a pioneer in SiGe technology. Containing nearly 1000 figures along with valuable appendices, the Silicon Heterostructure Handbook authoritatively surveys materials, fabrication, device physics, transistor optimization, optoelectronics components, measurement, compact modeling, circuit design, and device simulation.

EMC 2008

Download EMC 2008 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540851569
Total Pages : 898 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis EMC 2008 by : Martina Luysberg

Download or read book EMC 2008 written by Martina Luysberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-29 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the14th European Microscopy Congress, held in Aachen, Germany, 1-5 September 2008. Jointly organised by the European Microscopy Society (EMS), the German Society for Electron Microscopy (DGE) and the local microscopists from RWTH Aachen University and the Research Centre Jülich, the congress brings together scientists from Europe and from all over the world. The scientific programme covers all recent developments in the three major areas of instrumentation and methods, materials science and life science.