Gaas Based Components For Photonic Integrated Circuits

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GaAs-based components for photonic integrated circuits

Author : Bassem Arar
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736989768
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis GaAs-based components for photonic integrated circuits by : Bassem Arar

Download or read book GaAs-based components for photonic integrated circuits written by Bassem Arar and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2019-03-06 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Successful miniaturization of complex electro-optic devices is a prerequisite for bringing quantum optical sensors to work outside optical labs in a real-world application scenario. Monolithic, i.e. chip-scale integration, holds the promise of achieving the highest level of compactness, robustness, and reliability at the lowest production cost possible. This work focuses on modelling, simulation, design, manufacturing, and testing of functional building blocks for photonic integrated circuits. GaAs-based waveguides, NxM multi-mode interference couplers, and electro-optic phase modulators were developed for applications of rubidium precision spectroscopy at 780 nm for the first time. As an example for photonic integrated circuits a monolithic amplitude modulator based on a Mach-Zehnder-interferometer was demonstrated. Further, GaAs-based phase modulators were developed for applications at 1064 nm. For operation at 780 nm single-mode waveguides with an exceptionally small loss of 1.2 dB/cm and phase modulators with an efficiency as large as 16 deg/(Vxmm) were demonstrated. This work additionally advances the experimental methods available to investigate the electro-optic properties of phase modulators: a novel method based on the I&Q-demodulation of time domain modulation signals derived with a heterodyne interferometer does not only provide access to the phase but also to the (residual) amplitude modulation and allows to separate linear from quadratic phase modulation effects. This provides novel experimental insights into the physical effects governing phase modulation. In fact, it is shown that the current understanding according to which carrier-density related effects contribute solely to the linearly of phase modulation is questionable.

Perspectives in Optoelectronics

Author : Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9789810220228
Total Pages : 962 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Perspectives in Optoelectronics by : Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha

Download or read book Perspectives in Optoelectronics written by Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1995 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optoelectronics is a rapidly expanding field of research and development. In years to come, it is destined to play a primary role in the growing information industry. The basic philosophy behind the science and technology of optoelectronics is to create and develop photonic devices in which optical photons (light waves) instead of electronic carriers, are manipulated for the conventional task performed by microelectronics. Thanks to the availability of large bandwidth at optical frequencies, the development of cost-effective low-loss low-dispersion silica fibers for optical transmission, and the possibility of ultra-fast two-dimensional processing, the field of present-day microelectronics is moving steadily towards this new technology of optoelectronics and photonics.This volume presents reviews of different areas of optoelectronics written by international experts in the field, covering most of the topics of recent importance. It includes detailed discussions on semiconductor lasers and optical amplifiers; optical fiber transmission; photodetectors; optoelectronic and photonic integrated circuits; light-wave telecommunications; optical signal and image processing; optical computing; nonlinear and integrated optics; space-time Fourier optics; optical metrology and sensing and optical interconnects. All chapters are written in the style of a textbook containing tutorial sections which should be of great use to graduate students. The volume should serve as an excellent book for graduate level course on optoelectronics, modern optical engineering, and optical communications.

Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics

Author : Robert Hadfield
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319240919
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics by : Robert Hadfield

Download or read book Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics written by Robert Hadfield and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the basics and applications of superconducting devices in quantum optics. Over the past decade, superconducting devices have risen to prominence in the arena of quantum optics and quantum information processing. Superconducting detectors provide unparalleled performance for the detection of infrared photons in quantum cryptography, enable fundamental advances in quantum optics, and provide a direct route to on-chip optical quantum information processing. Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions provide a blueprint for scalable quantum information processing as well as opening up a new regime for quantum optics at microwave wavelengths. The new field of quantum acoustics allows the state of a superconducting qubit to be transmitted as a phonon excitation. This volume, edited by two leading researchers, provides a timely compilation of contributions from top groups worldwide across this dynamic field, anticipating future advances in this domain.

Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1993, Proceedings of the 20th INT Symposium, 29 August - 2 September 1993, Freiburg im Braunschweig, Germany

Download Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1993, Proceedings of the 20th INT Symposium, 29 August - 2 September 1993, Freiburg im Braunschweig, Germany PDF Online Free

Author : Günter Weimann
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780750302951
Total Pages : 880 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1993, Proceedings of the 20th INT Symposium, 29 August - 2 September 1993, Freiburg im Braunschweig, Germany by : Günter Weimann

Download or read book Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1993, Proceedings of the 20th INT Symposium, 29 August - 2 September 1993, Freiburg im Braunschweig, Germany written by Günter Weimann and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1993 covers III-V compounds from crystal growth of materials to their device applications. Focusing on the fields of optical communications and satellite broadcasting, the book describes the practical applications for GaAs and III-V compounds in devices and circuits, both conventional and those based on quantum effects. It also discusses ultrafast GaAs transistors and integrated circuits, novel laser diodes, and tunneling devices, and considers the direction for future technologies. In addition, this volume addresses the increasing demands of ultra high speed systems that require careful selection of III-V materials to optimize the performance of electronic and optoelectronic components. It is ideal reading for physicists, materials scientists, electrical, and electronics engineers investigating III-V compound materials, properties, and devices.

Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits

Author : Larry A. Coldren
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118148177
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits by : Larry A. Coldren

Download or read book Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits written by Larry A. Coldren and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-02 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Second Edition provides a comprehensive treatment of optical communication technology, its principles and theory, treating students as well as experienced engineers to an in-depth exploration of this field. Diode lasers are still of significant importance in the areas of optical communication, storage, and sensing. Using the the same well received theoretical foundations of the first edition, the Second Edition now introduces timely updates in the technology and in focus of the book. After 15 years of development in the field, this book will offer brand new and updated material on GaN-based and quantum-dot lasers, photonic IC technology, detectors, modulators and SOAs, DVDs and storage, eye diagrams and BER concepts, and DFB lasers. Appendices will also be expanded to include quantum-dot issues and more on the relation between spontaneous emission and gain.

A deep ultraviolet laser light source by frequency doubling of GaN based external cavity diode laser radiation

Author : Norman Ruhnke
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 373696613X
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis A deep ultraviolet laser light source by frequency doubling of GaN based external cavity diode laser radiation by : Norman Ruhnke

Download or read book A deep ultraviolet laser light source by frequency doubling of GaN based external cavity diode laser radiation written by Norman Ruhnke and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2022-05-13 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compact and portable laser light source emitting in the wavelength range between 210 nm and 230 nm would enable numerous applications outside of laboratory environments, such as sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment, water purification or gas and air analysis using absorption spectroscopy. Such a source is also highly attractive for the identification and quantification of proteins and biomolecules by means of laser-induced fluorescence or Raman spectroscopy. In this thesis, a novel concept to realize such a compact and portable laser light source with low power consumption and an emission around 222 nm is investigated. The developed concept is based on single-pass frequency doubling of a commercially available high-power GaN laser diode emitting in the blue spectral range. Due to the low frequency doubling conversion efficiencies in this wavelength range of about 10-4 W-1, a laser diode with high optical output power above 1 W is required as pump source. Moreover, it has to exhibit narrowband emission in the range of the acceptance bandwidth of the applied nonlinear BBO crystal. Since GaN-based high-power laser diodes typically show broad emission spectra of Δλ = 1…2 nm, stabilizing and narrowing their wavelength by using external wavelength-selective elements is investigated and presented for the first time. With the understanding for the novel concept gained in this work, a compact ultraviolet laser light source was realized. It has a power consumption of less than 10 W and is exceptionally robust due to its immoveable components. The demonstrated output power of 160 μW enables numerous industrial and everyday applications for which previous laser systems have been too complex and overly cost- and energy-intensive.

Transceiver Technologies for Millimeter-Wave Beam Steering Applications (Band 71)

Author : Yi-Fan Tsao
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736967020
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Transceiver Technologies for Millimeter-Wave Beam Steering Applications (Band 71) by : Yi-Fan Tsao

Download or read book Transceiver Technologies for Millimeter-Wave Beam Steering Applications (Band 71) written by Yi-Fan Tsao and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2022-11-08 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past years, wireless communication systems have been rapidly advancing to meet the high data-rate requirements of various emerging applications. However, the existing transceivers have typically been demonstrated using CMOS-compatible technologies that deliver a relatively low equivalent isotropic radiated power in a small unit cell. Moreover, the particular device characteristics are limiting the linear region for operation. Therefore, the main focus of this dissertation is to present and discuss new design methods for transceivers to solve these issues. To reduce the complexity of the transceiver module for further phased-array scaling, a low-noise power amplifier design approach is designed using a 0.15-μm GaN-on-SiC high-electron mobility transistor technology (HEMT). Utilizing a traded off interstage matching topology between loss and bandwidth, the conversion loss induced by the matching network could be effectively reduced. A stacked-FET configuration was adopted to enhance the power handling of the RF switch. Further improvement on the isolation bandwidth was investigated using theoretical analysis on the intrinsic effect of the passive HEMTs. With the successful implementation of the RF front-end circuits, transceiver modules were integrated on Rogers RO3010 substrate. The planar dual exponentially tapered slot antenna phased-array system showed a compact size with simple biasing network compared to the conventional transceiver approach. The presented T/R module was characterized with an over-the-air test at a distance of 1 m, overcoming the free space path loss of 64 dB. It also shows a high flexibility for further integration with a larger number of array systems, which is very promising for future 5G communication systems.

Fibre Optic Communication Devices

Author : Norbert Grote
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540669777
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (697 download)

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Book Synopsis Fibre Optic Communication Devices by : Norbert Grote

Download or read book Fibre Optic Communication Devices written by Norbert Grote and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-01-26 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optoelectronic devices and fibre optics are the basis of cutting-edge communication systems. This monograph deals with the various components of these systems, including lasers, amplifiers, modulators, converters, filters, sensors, and more.

Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering (Print) - Five Volume Set

Author : Craig Hoffman
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351247174
Total Pages : 3726 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering (Print) - Five Volume Set by : Craig Hoffman

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering (Print) - Five Volume Set written by Craig Hoffman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-09-22 with total page 3726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering provided a valuable reference concerning devices or systems that generate, transmit, measure, or detect light, and to a lesser degree, the basic interaction of light and matter. This Second Edition not only reflects the changes in optical and photonic engineering that have occurred since the first edition was published, but also: Boasts a wealth of new material, expanding the encyclopedia’s length by 25 percent Contains extensive updates, with significant revisions made throughout the text Features contributions from engineers and scientists leading the fields of optics and photonics today With the addition of a second editor, the Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering, Second Edition offers a balanced and up-to-date look at the fundamentals of a diverse portfolio of technologies and discoveries in areas ranging from x-ray optics to photon entanglement and beyond. This edition’s release corresponds nicely with the United Nations General Assembly’s declaration of 2015 as the International Year of Light, working in tandem to raise awareness about light’s important role in the modern world. Also Available Online This Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for researchers, students, and librarians, including: Citation tracking and alerts Active reference linking Saved searches and marked lists HTML and PDF format options Contact Taylor and Francis for more information or to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages. US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367; (E-mail) [email protected] International: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062; (E-mail) [email protected]

Encyclopedic Handbook of Integrated Optics

Author : Kenichi Iga
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351836838
Total Pages : 591 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedic Handbook of Integrated Optics by : Kenichi Iga

Download or read book Encyclopedic Handbook of Integrated Optics written by Kenichi Iga and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As optical technologies move closer to the core of modern computer architecture, there arise many challenges in building optical capabilities from the network to the motherboard. Rapid advances in integrated optics technologies are making this a reality. However, no comprehensive, up-to-date reference is available to the technologies and principles underlying the field. The Encyclopedic Handbook of Integrated Optics fills this void, collecting the work of 53 leading experts into a compilation of the most important concepts, phenomena, technologies, and terms covering all related fields. This unique book consists of two types of entries: the first is a detailed, full-length description; the other, a concise overview of the topic. Additionally, the coverage can be divided into four broad areas: A survey of the basics of integrated optics, exploring theory, practical concerns, and the fundamentals behind optical devices Focused discussion on devices and components such as arrayed waveguide grating, various types of lasers, optical amplifiers, and optoelectronic devices In-depth examination of subsystems including MEMS, optical pickup, and planar lightwave circuits Finally, systems considerations such as multiplexing, demultiplexing, 3R circuits, transmission, and reception Offering a broad and complete treatment of the field, the Encyclopedic Handbook of Integrated Optics is the complete guide to the fundamentals, principles, and applications of integrated optics technology.

The 25th European Conference on Integrated Optics

Author : Jeremy Witzens
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031633784
Total Pages : 598 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis The 25th European Conference on Integrated Optics by : Jeremy Witzens

Download or read book The 25th European Conference on Integrated Optics written by Jeremy Witzens and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

AlN base layers for UV LEDs

Author : Sebastian Walde
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 373696451X
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis AlN base layers for UV LEDs by : Sebastian Walde

Download or read book AlN base layers for UV LEDs written by Sebastian Walde and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To enable the fabrication of high performance ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) this work aims at improving the quality of AlN base layers on sapphire substrates. The main issues for UV LEDs are still a limited internal quantum efficiency due to a high amount of threading dislocations along with a limited light extraction efficiency due to total internal reflection at the AlN/sapphire interface. Therefore, high-temperature annealing of AlN/sapphire layers and growth on nanopatterned sapphire substrates were comprehensively investigated. High-temperature annealing was applied to AlN layers of different strain and thickness grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The threading dislocation density could be successfully reduced by more than one order of magnitude down to 6 × 108 cm-2. Wave optical simulations of UV LEDs on nanopatterned sapphire substrates (NPSS) were conducted and showed a potential increase in light extraction efficiency compared to a planar substrate. The optimized MOVPE growth process on sapphire nanopillars and sapphire nanoholes resulted in a fully coalesced and atomically smooth AlN surface. The threading dislocation density was reduced to 1 ×109 cm-2 for AlN on both nanopillars and nanoholes. UVC LEDs emitting at 265 nm wavelength were grown on top of the developed templates. Increased internal efficiency was obtained by reduced dislocation density and more efficient light extraction was achieved on NPSS in case of a transparent heterostructure and reflective contacts. Thus, the developed templates yield considerable improvement in light output compared to conventional templates.

Silicon Photonics for Telecommunications and Biomedicine

Author : Sasan Fathpour
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439806381
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Silicon Photonics for Telecommunications and Biomedicine by : Sasan Fathpour

Download or read book Silicon Photonics for Telecommunications and Biomedicine written by Sasan Fathpour and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given silicon's versatile material properties, use of low-cost silicon photonics continues to move beyond light-speed data transmission through fiber-optic cables and computer chips. Its application has also evolved from the device to the integrated-system level. A timely overview of this impressive growth, Silicon Photonics for Telecommunications

Semiconductor Quantum Science and Technology

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128237740
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Semiconductor Quantum Science and Technology by :

Download or read book Semiconductor Quantum Science and Technology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-11-28 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semiconductor quantum science and technology is exploring the exciting and emerging prospects of integrating quantum functionality on semiconductor platforms to convert current information technology into quantum information technology. The past twenty years have led to incredible advances in this field. This book brings together the leading scientists who present the main achievements and challenges by reviewing and motivating the state-of-the-art at a tutorial level. The key challenges include creating quantum-light sources, quantum information processing via strong light-matter interaction, discovering new quantum materials as well as quasiparticles, and determining new quantum spectroscopic methodologies for superior control of quantum phenomena. As an important step, integration of these solutions on a semiconductor chip is discussed, and outlook for the future of semiconductor quantum science and technology is given. - Leading experts present their vision on semiconductor quantum science and technology - All aspects needed to realize semiconductor quantum science and technology are explained - Quantum semiconductors from overviewed a tutorial introduction to the state-of-the-art

Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Phenomena in High-Brightness Diode Lasers using Numerical Simulations

Author : Anissa Zeghuzi
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736962894
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Phenomena in High-Brightness Diode Lasers using Numerical Simulations by : Anissa Zeghuzi

Download or read book Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Phenomena in High-Brightness Diode Lasers using Numerical Simulations written by Anissa Zeghuzi and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2020-10-22 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Broad-area lasers are edge-emitting semiconductor lasers with a wide lateral emission aperture. This feature enables high output powers but also diminishes the lateral beam quality and results in their inherently non-stationary behavior. Research in the area is driven by application, and the main objective is to increase the brightness, which includes both output power and lateral beam quality. To understand the underlying spatio-temporal phenomena and to apply this knowledge in order to reduce costs for brightness optimization, a self-consistent simulation tool taking all essential processes into account is vital. Firstly, in this work a quasi-three-dimensional opto-electronic and thermal model is presented that describes essential qualitative characteristics of real devices well. Time-dependent traveling-wave equations are utilized to characterize the inherently non-stationary optical fields, which are coupled to dynamic rate equations for the excess carriers in the active region. This model is extended by an injection-current-density model to accurately include lateral current spreading and spatial hole burning. Furthermore, a temperature model is presented that includes short-time local heating near the active region as well as the formation of a stationary temperature profile. Secondly, the reasons of brightness degradation, i.e. the origins of power saturation and the spatially modulated field profile, are investigated. And lastly, designs that mitigate those effects limiting the lateral brightness under pulsed and continuous-wave operation are discussed. Amongst those designs a novel “chessboard laser” is presented that utilizes longitudinal-lateral gain-loss modulation and an additional phase tailoring to obtain a very low far-field divergence.

MEMS and MOEMS Technology and Applications

Author : P. Rai-Choudhury
Publisher : SPIE Press
ISBN 13 : 9780819437167
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (371 download)

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Book Synopsis MEMS and MOEMS Technology and Applications by : P. Rai-Choudhury

Download or read book MEMS and MOEMS Technology and Applications written by P. Rai-Choudhury and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The silicon age that led the computer revolution has significantly changed the world. The next 30 years will see the incorporation of new types of functionality onto the chip-structures that will enable the chip to reason, to sense, to act and to communicate. Micromachining technologies offer a wide range of possibilities for active and passive devices. Recent developments have produced sensors, actuators and optical systems. Many of these technologies are based on surface micromachining, which has evolved from silicon integrated circuit technology. This book is written by experts in the field. It contains useful details in design and processing and can be utilized as a reference book or as a textbook.

Applications of Photonic Technology 2

Author : George A. Lampropoulos
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475792506
Total Pages : 894 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Applications of Photonic Technology 2 by : George A. Lampropoulos

Download or read book Applications of Photonic Technology 2 written by George A. Lampropoulos and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 894 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a current review ofphotonic technologies and their applications. The papers published in this book are extended versions of the papers presented at the Inter national Conference on Applications ofPhotonic Technology (ICAPT'96) held in Montreal, Canada, on July 29 to August 1, 1996. The theme of this event was "Closing the Gap Between Theory, Developments and Applications. " The term photonics covers both optics and optical engineering areas of growing sci entific and commercial importance throughout the world. It is estimated that photonic tech nology-related applications to increase exponentially over the next few years and will play a significant role in the global economy by reaching a quarter of a trillion of US dollars by the year 2000. The global interest and advancements of this technology are represented in this book, where leading scientists of twenty-two countries with advanced technology in photon ics present their latest results. The papers selected herein are grouped to address six distinct areas ofphotonic tech nology. The reader will find throughout the book a combination of invited and contributed papers which reflect the state of the art today and provide some insight about the future of this technology. The first two papers are invited. They discuss business aspects ofphotonic engineer ing. One examines if chip-to-chip interconnections by means of optical technology are a good economic choice, while the other discusses the photonic technology from entre preneurial viewpoint. Papers related to materials and considered for photonic applications, e. g.