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Author : Kun Lu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (845 download)
Download or read book Fuel Cost Hedging in the U.S. Airline Industry written by Kun Lu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : David Carter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Does Fuel Hedging Make Economic Sense? The Case of the Us Airline Industry written by David Carter and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the fuel hedging behavior of firms in the US airline industry during 1994-2000 to examine whether such hedging is a source of value for these companies. The investment climate in the airline industry conforms well to the theoretic framework of Froot, Scharfstein, and Stein (1993). Specifically, airline industry investment opportunities correlate positively with jet fuel costs, while higher fuel costs are consistent with lower cash flow. Given that jet fuel costs are hedgeable, airlines with a desire for expansion may find value in hedging future purchases of jet fuel. The results show that jet fuel hedging is positively related to airline firm value. The coefficients on hedging indicator variables in regression analysis suggest that the hedging premium constitutes approximately a 12-16% increase in firm value. We find that the positive relation between hedging and value increases in capital investment. This result is consistent with the assertion that the principal benefit of jet fuel hedging by airlines comes from reduction of underinvestment costs.
Author : Britta Berghöfer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Fuel Hedging, Operational Hedging and Risk Exposure - Evidence from the Global Airline Industry written by Britta Berghöfer and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aviation industry is characterized by low profit margins and a constant struggle with skyrocketing fuel costs. Financial and operational hedging strategies serve aviation managers as a tool to counteract high and volatile fuel prices. While most research on fuel hedging has concentrated on the U.S. airline market, this paper is the first study to include airlines from Asia and Europe. We analyze 64 airlines over 10 years and find that Asian carriers are more negatively exposed than European airlines but less exposed than North American airlines. In contrast to Treanor, Simkins, Rogers and Carter (2012), this study finds less significant negative exposure coefficients among U.S. carriers. Using a fixed effects model we reject the hypothesis that financial hedging decreases risk exposure. One possibility is that the decreased volatility in jet fuel prices over the past few years has perhaps made airlines less exposed to fuel prices and hence, financial hedging less effective. However, operational hedging, defined by two proxies for fleet diversity, reduces exposure significantly. A one percent increase in fleet diversity, calculated with a dispersion index using different aircraft types, reduces the risk exposure coefficient by 2.99 percent. On the other hand, fleet diversity, calculated with different aircraft families, reduces exposure by 1.45 percent. Thus, aviation managers have to balance the fleet diversity between operational flexibility and entailed costs.
Author : Brian Hornung
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (127 download)
Download or read book Does Hedging Success Matter? written by Brian Hornung and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Airlines commonly employ hedging as a risk management strategy to protect themselves against sudden, unpredictable increases in the price of jet fuel. In a seminal paper by Carter, Rogers, and Simkins (2006), it is established that jet fuel hedging by airlines increases the firm value of the airline. This dissertation replicates their study using an expanded dataset over a greater period of time. This study finds a smaller "hedging premium" than Carter, Rogers, and Simkins (2006). It is shown that the leasing of aircraft plays an important role in the relationship between the hedging premium and capital expenditures. The measure of jet fuel hedging used in the previous studies, the percentage of next year's fuel requirements hedged, accounts for the amount of hedging done by the airline, but it does not consider the performance of the jet fuel hedges. This dissertation for the first time determines the effect of jet fuel hedging performance, as measured by the realized gains and losses from jet fuel hedging, on the value of the firm. The analyses find that the realized gains and losses have a negative relationship with firm value. However, after identifying outliers (such as the significant hedging losses in 2009 resulting from falling jet fuel prices during the financial crisis) using a simple box plot and removing them from the sample, realized gains and losses show a positive correlation with firm value. Furthermore, successful hedging may induce principal-agent issues such as buying market share behavior. When an airline experiences a run of hedging success, a manager may mistakenly believe that the cost of jet fuel is decreasing. This is not the case, however, as the cost of using jet fuel is the price that can be received selling it on the open market, not the price paid for the jet fuel. A manager may attempt to pass on the "savings" to consumers in the form of lower fares, lowering the price below its profit-maximizing level. This in turn can increase the airline's market share, although it comes at the expense of reduced profit. This dissertation tests the relationship between successful jet fuel hedging and market share. A positive and statistically significant correlation between successful hedging and market share is found for Southwest Airlines and American Airlines, two carriers known for successful hedging, but statistically insignificant results for smaller carriers Alaska Airlines and JetBlue Airways.
Author : David Carter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Fuel Hedging in the Airline Industry written by David Carter and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Set in June 2001, the case places the student in the role of Scott Topping, Director of Corporate Finance at Southwest Airlines. Scott is responsible for the airline's fuel hedging program. The case describes the importance of jet fuel hedging in the airline industry, the volatility of jet fuel prices, hedging strategies available to manage jet fuel price risk, and related issues. [Note: The time period of the case allows the instructor to discuss additional issues not specifically addressed in the case such as the impact of September 11th, 2001 terror attacks on the airline's hedging strategy and the collapse of Enron (e.g., counterparty credit risk in hedging).]Southwest Airlines has a business model based on being a low cost provider and has been very successful at offering the lowest airfares in the industry. This business strategy has effectively resulted in a consistently increasing market share over the years. A dominant factor on the expense side of its business is the cost of fuel. Fuel is the second largest expense behind labor. Most recently, fuel costs have reached the highest annual average over the six-year period from 1994 to 2000 at $0.7869 per gallon in 2000. This fact has led to the increased importance of minimizing fuel cost for 2001 and beyond. To mitigate the sensitivity to fuel prices, Southwest has consistently hedged its fuel usage but wants to reevaluate the strategies it employs. As listed in the case, the student is asked to evaluate the following hedging strategies: (1) doing nothing, (2) hedge using plain vanilla swaps, (3) hedge using options, (4) hedge using zero cost collars, and (5) hedge using futures contracts.The case is intended for use in an advanced corporate finance course or risk management at the graduate level. However, the case can also be used in an undergraduate risk management course.
Author : Mengdong He
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)
Download or read book How Does Hedging Affect Firm Value {u2013} Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry written by Mengdong He and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT How Does Hedging Affect Firm Value – Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry Mengdong He This study examines the relation between jet fuel hedging and firm value using a sample of 36 publicly-traded U.S. airlines over the period 1992 to 2013. We find a positive hedging premium which suggests that jet fuel hedging adds value to airlines. We then focus our analyses on the specific ways in which jet fuel hedging by airlines can affect firm value. Specifically, we investigate the effect of jet fuel hedging on firm value based on different hedging levels, different levels of jet fuel exposures, different hedger types, different operating costs spent on jet fuel, and different levels of jet fuel price volatility. Our results suggest that airlines can maximize their firm value by increasing the hedged proportion of next year's jet fuel requirements hedged, particularly when they are at a medium level (between 11% and 36%). Next, we find evidence which suggests that selective hedging strategies can help increase an airline’s firm value. In addition, our results suggest that airlines can increase their firm value significantly by increasing the amount of jet fuel hedged if the amount of their operating costs spent on jet fuel is high (> 27%). Fourthly, our results show that investors appear to value jet fuel hedging more in periods of high jet fuel price volatility. For different levels of jet fuel exposures, we find no evidence that the effect of jet fuel hedging on firm value will show any significant differences based on different levels of jet fuel exposures.
Author : Simo M. Dafir
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119026733
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)
Download or read book Fuel Hedging and Risk Management written by Simo M. Dafir and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-11 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A hands-on guide to navigating the new fuel markets Fuel Hedging and Risk Management: Strategies for Airlines, Shippers and Other Consumers provides a clear and practical understanding of commodity price dynamics, key fuel hedging techniques, and risk management strategies for the corporate fuel consumer. It covers the commodity markets and derivative instruments in a manner accessible to corporate treasurers, financial officers, risk managers, commodity traders, structurers, as well as quantitative professionals dealing in the energy markets. The book includes a wide variety of key topics related to commodities and derivatives markets, financial risk analysis of commodity consumers, hedge program design and implementation, vanilla derivatives and exotic hedging products. The book is unique in providing intuitive guidance on understanding the dynamics of forward curves and volatility term structure for commodities, fuel derivatives valuation and counterparty risk concepts such as CVA, DVA and FVA. Fully up-to-date and relevant, this book includes comprehensive case studies that illustrate the hedging process from conception to execution and monitoring of hedges in diverse situations. This practical guide will help the reader: Gain expert insight into all aspects of fuel hedging, price and volatility drivers and dynamics. Develop a framework for financial risk analysis and hedge programs. Navigate volatile energy markets by employing effective risk management techniques. Manage unwanted risks associated with commodity derivatives by understanding liquidity and credit risk calculations, exposure optimization techniques, credit charges such as CVA, DVA, FVA, etc.
Author : Rachel A. Emrath
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (877 download)
Download or read book Fuel Hedging in the US Airline Industry written by Rachel A. Emrath and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Gjest Andreas Breistein
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 73 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (767 download)
Download or read book Is Jet Fuel Hedging in the Airline Industry Valuable? written by Gjest Andreas Breistein and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Negatively, with the level of activity in the commercial aviation industry will have severe effects on the value of jet fuel price hedging. The next part is a brief introduction to the practice of hedging commodity prices with different types of derivatives. This is a concise follow-through of the different aspects one has to consider when hedging commodity prices. Airlines who want to utilize financial commodity markets while minimizing the probability of losses need thorough knowledge about these markets. To end with, the characteristics of the crude oil and jet fuel prices and their implications for the airline industry are examined. This chapter is an extension of the previous one and is supposed to provide additional knowledge about the challenges of jet fuel price hedging. The two last sections give the reader an educated understanding of how some airlines have been able to utilize the commodity markets better than others.
Author : Rigas Doganis
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134887787
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)
Download or read book Flying Off Course written by Rigas Doganis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-03 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1991. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Author : Bijan Vasigh
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351158023
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)
Download or read book Foundations of Airline Finance written by Bijan Vasigh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foundations of Airline Finance: Methodology and Practice is a textbook that comprehensively covers, at a basic level, all aspects of the subject, bringing together many of the numerous and informative articles and institutional developments that have characterized the field of airline finance in the previous two decades. In the early chapters, the reader is introduced to the elementary theoretical foundations that underpin the role of finance in the airline industry. Critical topics, such as the time value of money, the notion of risk and return, and the complex nature of costs (fixed, semi-fixed, variable, and marginal) are discussed and illustrated with concrete examples. This is followed by an in-depth presentation of the role of accounting in airlines. Ratio analysis is used to further analyze airline financial statements. Airline industry specific metrics, such as cost per available seat mile (CASM) and revenue per revenue passenger mile (RRPM), are covered. The role of capital and asset management is then explained in the following chapters. The final chapters of the text present some important practical applications of the theoretical ideas presented earlier; these applications include hedging, the buy versus lease decision for aircraft and the question of the valuation of assets (mainly aircraft). Moreover, specific methods for actually calculating internal valuation are presented and evaluated. Foundations of Airline Finance: Methodology and Practice will be of greatest value to students who are contemplating entering financial management in the air transportation industry; however, the text will also serve as an accessible and comprehensive reference for industry professionals.
Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781422320464
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (24 download)
Download or read book Commercial Jet Fuel Supply: Impact & Cost on the United States Airline Industry: Congressional Hearing written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Peter S. Morrell
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351163140
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)
Download or read book Airline Finance written by Peter S. Morrell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air transport industry finance, with its complexity and special needs such as route rights, airport slots, aircraft leasing options and frequent flyer programmes, requires specific knowledge. While there are numerous financial management and corporate finance texts available, few of these provide explanations for the singularities of the airline industry with worked examples drawn directly from the industry itself. Revised and updated in its third edition, this internationally renowned and respected book provides the essentials to understanding all areas of airline finance. Designed to address each of the distinct areas of financial management in an air transport industry context, it also shows how these fit together, while each chapter and topic provides a detailed resource which can be also consulted separately. Supported at each stage by practical airline examples, it examines the financial trends and prospects for the airline industry as a whole, contrasting the developments for the major regions and airlines. Important techniques in financial analysis are applied to the airline industry, together with critical discussion of key issues. Thoroughly amended and updated throughout, the third edition reflects the many developments that have affected the industry since 2001. It features several important new topics, including Low Cost Carriers (LCCs), fuel hedging and US Chapter 11 provisions. The sections on financial statements and privatisation have been expanded, and a new chapter has been added on equity finance and IPOs. New case studies have been added, as well as the latest available financial data. The range and perspective is even greater than before, with significant expansion of material specific to the US and Asia. The book is a key resource for students of airline management, and a sophisticated and authoritative guide for analysts in financial institutions and consultancies, executives in airlines and related industries, and civil aviation departments.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Aviation
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)
Download or read book Commercial Jet Fuel Supply written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Aviation and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (934 download)
Download or read book Hedging of Fuel Price Risks in the Airline Industry written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Apostolos Serletis
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9789814390675
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)
Download or read book Oil Price Uncertainty written by Apostolos Serletis and published by World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated. This book was released on 2012 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between the price of oil and the level of economic activity is a fundamental issue in macroeconomics. There is an ongoing debate in the literature about whether positive oil price shocks cause recessions in the United States (and other oil-importing countries), and although there exists a vast empirical literature that investigates the effects of oil price shocks, there are relatively few studies that investigate the direct effects of uncertainty about oil prices on the real economy. The book uses recent advances in macroeconomics and financial economics to investigate the effects of oil price shocks and uncertainty about the price of oil on the level of economic activity.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Aviation
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Fuel Price Increases on Airlines and Passengers written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Aviation and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
