From Micro To Nanotechnology

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Micro- and Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development

Author : Mariusz Skwarczynski
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323400299
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro- and Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development by : Mariusz Skwarczynski

Download or read book Micro- and Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development written by Mariusz Skwarczynski and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-09-20 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of how use of micro- and nanotechnology (MNT) has allowed major new advance in vaccine development research, and the challenges that immunologists face in making further progress. MNT allows the creation of particles that exploit the inherent ability of the human immune system to recognize small particles such as viruses and toxins. In combination with minimal protective epitope design, this permits the creation of immunogenic particles that stimulate a response against the targeted pathogen. The finely tuned response of the human immune system to small particles makes it unsurprising that many of the lead adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems currently under investigation are based on nanoparticles. - Provides a comprehensive and unparalleled overview of the role of micro- and nanotechnology in vaccine development - Allows researchers to quickly familiarize themselves with the broad spectrum of vaccines and how micro- and nanotechnologies are applied to their development - Includes a combination of overview chapters setting out general principles, and focused content dealing with specific vaccines, making it useful to readers from a variety of disciplines

Applied Nanotechnology

Author : Jeremy Ramsden
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0815520247
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Nanotechnology by : Jeremy Ramsden

Download or read book Applied Nanotechnology written by Jeremy Ramsden and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2009-10-12 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied Nanotechnology: The Conversion of Research Results to Products examines the commercial and social aspects of nanotechnology. The book is organized into four parts. Part 1 presents an overview of nanotechnology. It discusses the definition of nanotechnology; the relationship between wealth, technology, and science; the relationship between nanotechnology and innovation; and the question of why one might wish to introduce nanotechnology. Part 2 explains the nanotechnology business and the applications of nanotechnology in a wide range of industries, including engineering, aerospace, automotive, food, textiles, information technologies, and health. Part 3 deals with specific commercial and financial aspects. These include business models for nanotechnology enterprises, demand assessment for nanotechnology products, and the design of nanotechnology products. Part 4 looks at the future of nanotechnology. It examines how nanotechnology can contribute to the big challenges faced by humanity, such as climate change and terrorism. Ethical issues are also considered, including risk, uncertainty, and regulation.

Nanotechnology

Author : Jeremy Ramsden
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0080964478
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanotechnology by : Jeremy Ramsden

Download or read book Nanotechnology written by Jeremy Ramsden and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an overview of the rapidly growing and developing field of nanotechnology, focusing on key essentials structured around a robust anatomy of the subject. Micro and nano technology's bewildering range of principles, theory and practice are presented in an organized and broad yet authoritative introduction to the possibilities and limitations of this field.

Micromanufacturing and Nanotechnology

Author : Nitaigour P. Mahalik
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540293396
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Micromanufacturing and Nanotechnology by : Nitaigour P. Mahalik

Download or read book Micromanufacturing and Nanotechnology written by Nitaigour P. Mahalik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-16 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Micromanufacturing and Nanotechnology is an emerging technological infrastructure and process that involves manufacturing of products and systems at the micro and nano scale levels. Development of micro and nano scale products and systems are underway due to the reason that they are faster, accurate and less expensive. Moreover, the basic functional units of such systems possesses remarkable mechanical, electronic and chemical properties compared to the macro-scale counterparts. Since this infrastructure has already become the prefered choice for the design and development of next generation products and systems it is now necessary to disseminate the conceptual and practical phenomenological know-how in a broader context. This book incorporates a selection of research and development papers. Its scope is the history and background, underlynig design methodology, application domains and recent developments.

Advanced Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Technologies

Author : Shrikrishna Nandkishor Joshi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811636451
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Technologies by : Shrikrishna Nandkishor Joshi

Download or read book Advanced Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Technologies written by Shrikrishna Nandkishor Joshi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-01 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the fundamentals and advancements in micro and nanomanufacturing technologies applied in the biomedical and biochemical domain. The contents of this volume provide comprehensive coverage of the physical principles of advanced manufacturing technologies and the know-how of their applications in the fabrication of biomedical devices and systems. The book begins by documenting the journey of miniaturization and micro-and nano-fabrication. It then delves into the fundamentals of various advanced technologies such as micro-wire moulding, 3D printing, lithography, imprinting, direct laser machining, and laser-induced plasma-assisted machining. It also covers laser-based technologies which are a promising option due to their flexibility, ease in control and application, high precision, and availability. These technologies can be employed to process several materials such as glass, polymers: polycarbonate, polydimethylsiloxane, polymethylmethacrylate, and metals such as stainless steel, which are commonly used in the fabrication of biomedical devices, such as microfluidic technology, optical and fiber-optic sensors, and electro-chemical bio-sensors. It also discusses advancements in various MEMS/NEMS based technologies and their applications in energy conversion and storage devices. The chapters are written by experts from the fields of micro- and nano-manufacturing, materials engineering, nano-biotechnology, and end-users such as clinicians, engineers, academicians of interdisciplinary background. This book will be a useful guide for academia and industry alike.

Learning Bio-Micro-Nanotechnology

Author : Mel I. Mendelson
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 146659103X
Total Pages : 611 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Learning Bio-Micro-Nanotechnology by : Mel I. Mendelson

Download or read book Learning Bio-Micro-Nanotechnology written by Mel I. Mendelson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-01-04 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning Bio-Micro-Nanotechnology is a primer on micro/nanotechnology that teaches the vocabulary, fundamental concepts, and applications of micro/nanotechnology in biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, electronics, computers, biomedicine, microscopy, ethics, and risks to humankind. It provides an introduction into the small world with a low fo

Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems

Author : Sabu Thomas
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780128237274
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (372 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems by : Sabu Thomas

Download or read book Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems written by Sabu Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-10 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems outlines the basic principles of miniaturized analytical devices, such as spectrometric, separation, imaging and electrochemical miniaturized instruments. Concepts such as smartphone-enabled miniaturized detection systems and micro/nanomachines are also reviewed. Subsequent chapters explore the emerging application of these mobile devices for miniaturized analysis in various fields, including medicine and biomedicine, environmental chemistry, food chemistry, and forensic chemistry. This is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers wanting to understand how miniaturization techniques are being used to create a range of efficient, sustainable electronic and optical devices. Miniaturization describes the concept of manufacturing increasingly smaller mechanical, optical, and electronic products and devices. These smaller instruments can be used to produce micro- and nanoscale components required for analytical procedures. A variety of micro/nanoscale materials have been synthesized and used in analytical procedures, such as sensing materials, sorbents, adsorbents, catalysts, and reactors. The miniaturization of analytical instruments can be applied to the different steps of analytical procedures, such as sample preparation, analytical separation, and detection, reducing the total cost of manufacturing the instruments and the needed reagents and organic solvents. Outlines how miniaturization techniques can be used to create new optical and electronic micro- and nanodevices Explores major application areas, including biomedicine, environmental science and security Assesses the major challenges of using miniaturization techniques

Silk-based Drug Delivery Systems

Author : Elia Bari
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781839162664
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis Silk-based Drug Delivery Systems by : Elia Bari

Download or read book Silk-based Drug Delivery Systems written by Elia Bari and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering spider silk and silk worm cocoons, the editors elucidate the extraction, structure and properties of silk sericin and silk fibroin.

Micro and Nano Techniques for the Handling of Biological Samples

Author : Jaime Castillo-León
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439827435
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro and Nano Techniques for the Handling of Biological Samples by : Jaime Castillo-León

Download or read book Micro and Nano Techniques for the Handling of Biological Samples written by Jaime Castillo-León and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-08-25 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several micro- and nanomanipulation techniques have emerged in recent decades thanks to advances in micro- and nanofabrication. For instance, the atomic force microscope (AFM) uses a nano-sized tip to image, push, pull, cut, and indent biological material in air, liquid, or vacuum. Using micro- and nanofabrication techniques, scientists can make manipulation tools, such as microgrippers and nanotweezers, on the same length scale as the biological samples. Micro and Nano Techniques for the Handling of Biological Samples reviews the different techniques available to manipulate and integrate biological materials in a controlled manner, either by sliding them along a surface (2-D manipulation), or by gripping and moving them to a new position (3-D manipulation). The advantages and drawbacks are mentioned together with examples that reflect the state-of-the-art in manipulation techniques for biological samples. Thanks to the advances in micro- and nanomanipulation techniques, the integration of biomaterials with physical transducers has been possible, giving rise to new and highly sensitive biosensing devices. Although great progress has been made, challenges are still present. To understand the complex interactions between and inside biological samples, scientists will always be working on improving technologies to manipulate, transport, sort, and integrate samples in different environments. Balanced between simplicity for the beginner and hardcore theory for the more advanced readers, this book is the ideal launching point for sharpening the scientific tools required to address these challenges.

Nanomaterials for Food Packaging

Author : Miguel Angelo Parente Ribei Cerqueira
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323512720
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanomaterials for Food Packaging by : Miguel Angelo Parente Ribei Cerqueira

Download or read book Nanomaterials for Food Packaging written by Miguel Angelo Parente Ribei Cerqueira and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-05-10 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology for Food Packaging: Materials, Processing Technologies, and Safety Issues showcases the latest research in the use of nanotechnology in food packaging, providing an in-depth and interdisciplinary overview of the field. Nanoscale advances in materials science, processing technology and analytical techniques have led to the introduction of new, cheaper and safer packaging techniques. Simultaneously, the increasing use of renewable nanomaterials has made food packaging more sustainable. Chapters provide a comprehensive review on materials used, their structure–function relationship, and new processing technologies for the application and production of nanotechnology-based packaging materials. In addition, the book discusses the use of functional materials for the development of active, smart and intelligent packaging, possible migration and toxicity of nanomaterials for foods and regulatory aspects, and commercial applications. - Provides detailed information on the use of nanomaterials and methodologies in food packaging, possible applications and regulatory barriers to commercialization - Presents an interdisciplinary approach that brings together materials science, bioscience, and the industrial and regulatory aspects of the creation and uses of food packaging - Helps those undertaking research and development in food packaging gain a cogent understanding on how nanotechnology is leading to the emergence of new packaging technologies

Nanotechnology and Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications

Author : Muhammad Bilal Tahir
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128211970
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanotechnology and Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications by : Muhammad Bilal Tahir

Download or read book Nanotechnology and Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications written by Muhammad Bilal Tahir and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology and Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications focuses on nanostructured control, synthesis methods, activity enhancement strategies, environmental applications, and perspectives of semiconductor-based nanostructures. The book offers future guidelines for designing new semiconductor-based photocatalysts, with low cost and high efficiency, for a range of products aimed at environmental protection. The book covers the fundamentals of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanotechnology, and the use of metal oxide, metal sulfide, and carbon-based nanomaterials in photocatalysis. The book also discusses the major challenges of using photocatalytic nanomaterials on a broad scale. The book then explores how photocatalytic nanomaterials and nanocomposites are being used for sustainable development applications, including environmental protection, pharmaceuticals, and air purification. The final chapter considers the recent advances in the field and outlines future perspectives on the technology. This is an important reference for materials scientists, chemical engineers, energy scientists, and anyone looking to understand more about the photocatalytic potential of nanomaterials, and their possible environmental applications. - Explains why the properties of semiconductor-based nanomaterials make them particularly good for environmental applications - Explores how photocatalytic nanomaterials and nanocomposites are being used for sustainable development applications, including environmental protection, pharmaceuticals, and air purification - Discusses the major challenges of using photocatalytic nanomaterials on a broad scale

Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems

Author : Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323527280
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems by : Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Download or read book Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems written by Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication presents the developments that have taken place in recent years in the field of micro- and nanoscale drug delivery systems. Particular attention is assigned to the fabrication and design of drug delivery systems in order to i) reduce the side effects of therapeutic agents, ii) increase their pharmacological effect, and iii) improve aqueous solubility and chemical stability of different therapeutic agents. This book is designed to offer a cogent, concise overview of current scholarship in this important area of research through its focus on the characterization and fabrication of a variety of nanomaterials for drug delivery applications. It is an invaluable reference source for both biomaterials scientists and biomedical engineers who want to learn more about how nanomaterials are engineered and used in the design of drug delivery nanosystems. - Shows how micro- and nanomaterials can be engineered to create more effective drug delivery systems - Summarizes current nanotechnology research in the field of drug delivery systems - Explores the pros and cons of using particular nanomaterials as therapeutic agents - Serves as a valuable reference for both biomaterials scientists and biomedical engineers who want to learn more about how nanomaterials are engineered and used in the design of drug delivery nanosystems

Fundamentals of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology, Three-Volume Set

Author : Marc J. Madou
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482274663
Total Pages : 1983 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology, Three-Volume Set by : Marc J. Madou

Download or read book Fundamentals of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology, Three-Volume Set written by Marc J. Madou and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-12-14 with total page 1983 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, Fundamentals of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology continues to provide the most complete MEMS coverage available. Thoroughly revised and updated the new edition of this perennial bestseller has been expanded to three volumes, reflecting the substantial growth of this field. It includes a wealth of theoretical and practical information on nanotechnology and NEMS and offers background and comprehensive information on materials, processes, and manufacturing options. The first volume offers a rigorous theoretical treatment of micro- and nanosciences, and includes sections on solid-state physics, quantum mechanics, crystallography, and fluidics. The second volume presents a very large set of manufacturing techniques for micro- and nanofabrication and covers different forms of lithography, material removal processes, and additive technologies. The third volume focuses on manufacturing techniques and applications of Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS. Illustrated in color throughout, this seminal work is a cogent instructional text, providing classroom and self-learners with worked-out examples and end-of-chapter problems. The author characterizes and defines major research areas and illustrates them with examples pulled from the most recent literature and from his own work.

Marine Anthropogenic Litter

Author : Melanie Bergmann
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319165100
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Marine Anthropogenic Litter by : Melanie Bergmann

Download or read book Marine Anthropogenic Litter written by Melanie Bergmann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how man-made litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.

Metallic Micro and Nano Materials

Author : Masumi Saka
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642154115
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Metallic Micro and Nano Materials by : Masumi Saka

Download or read book Metallic Micro and Nano Materials written by Masumi Saka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-04 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the metallic Nano- and Micro-materials (NMMs) fabricated by physical techniques such as atomic diffusion. A new technology for fabricating NMMs by atomic diffusion is presented. Two kinds of atomic diffusion are treated; one is a phenomenon caused by electron flow in high density and called electromigration and the other is stress migration which depends on a gradient of hydrostatic stress in a material. In three parts, the book describes the theory of atomic diffusion, the evaluation of physical properties and the treatment and applications of metallic NNMS. The new methods such as atomic diffusion are expected are expected to be crucial for the fabrication of NNMs in the future and to partially replace methods based on chemical reactions.

Laser Micro-Nano-Manufacturing and 3D Microprinting

Author : Anming Hu
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030593134
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Laser Micro-Nano-Manufacturing and 3D Microprinting by : Anming Hu

Download or read book Laser Micro-Nano-Manufacturing and 3D Microprinting written by Anming Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-28 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in laser techniques for micro-nano-manufacturing and an in-depth analysis of applications, such as 3D printing and nanojoining. Lasers have gained increasing significance as a precise tool for advanced manufacturing. Written by world leading scientists, the first part of the book presents the fundamentals of laser interaction with materials at the micro- and nanoscale, including multiphoton excitation and nonthermal melting, and allows readers to better understand advanced processing. In the second part, the authors focus on various advanced fabrications, such as laser peening, surface nanoengineering, and plasmonic heating. Finally, case studies are devoted to special applications, such as 3D printing, microfluidics devices, energy devices, and plasmonic and photonic waveguides. This book integrates both theoretical and experimental analysis. The combination of tutorial chapters and concentrated case studies will be critically attractive to undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the relevant fields. Readers will grasp the full picture of the application of laser for micro-nanomanufacturing and 3D printing.

Nano and Micro Engineered Membrane Technology

Author : CJM van Rijn
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080512348
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Nano and Micro Engineered Membrane Technology by : CJM van Rijn

Download or read book Nano and Micro Engineered Membrane Technology written by CJM van Rijn and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-02-05 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nano and Micro Engineered Membrane Technology is about Nano and micro engineered membrane technology, an emerging new technological area in membrane technology. Potential applications cover a broad spectrum of science, such as micro and nano filtration, gas separation, optics and nanophotonics, catalysis, microbiology, controlled drug delivery, nanopatterning, micro contact printing, atomisation, cross flow emulsification, etc. A brief overview of filtration membranes and pore structures is presented in chapter 1 and in the subsequent chapter 2 an overview is presented of conventional micro perforation methods, like laser drilling, electroforming, precision etching etc. With micro engineering techniques (chapter 3), originating from the semiconductor industry, it is relatively easy to downscale and form submicron pores (down to 100 nm) using photolithographic methods, with e.g. contact masks and wafer steppers. In chapter 4 some elementary fluid mechanics related to fluid flow in conducts and single and multiple orifices is presented covering analytical methods as well as computational fluid dynamics. Much effort has been put in strength and maximum pressure load analysis (chapter 5) of perforated and unperforated membranes. New analytical expressions were obtained that were verified by a number of computer simulations and many experiments. A separate chapter (chapter 6) has been devoted to the pioneering work of manufacturing polymeric perforated membranes because of its potential future economical impact. Large scale microfiltration applications on e.g. skim milk and lager beer are presented in chapter 7, whereas in chapter 8 a micro scale Lab-on-a-Chip microfiltration/fractionation demonstrator is discussed. Nanotechnology and nano engineered membranes is the fascinating topic of chapter 9, with typical examples as nanopatterning, nanophotonics and nanomembrane technology. This book closes with novel pioneering applications on atomization (chapter 10) for deep pulmonary inhale and cross flow emulsification (chapter 11) for the manufacturing of e.g. functional foods and nano/micro emulsions. - Overview on the implementation of nano and micro engineering techniques in membrane science; which is an upcoming new cross-road technology - Demonstration of feasibility with respect to micro and nano filtration, gas separation, photonic structures, catalysis, microbiology, controlled drug delivery, nanopatterning, micro contact printing, atomisation and emulsification techniques - Informative introductions with rules of thumb for fluid flow in micro channels, pressure strength of thin supported perforated and unperforated membranes, silicon micro machining techniques, membrane filtration technology, Rayleigh breakup and cross-flow emulsification