From Algorithms To Hardware Architectures

Download From Algorithms To Hardware Architectures full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online From Algorithms To Hardware Architectures ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

From Algorithms to Hardware Architectures

Author : Karim Abbas
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031086937
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis From Algorithms to Hardware Architectures by : Karim Abbas

Download or read book From Algorithms to Hardware Architectures written by Karim Abbas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-05 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book uses digital radios as a challenging design example, generalized to bridge a typical gap between designers who work on algorithms and those who work to implement those algorithms on silicon. The author shows how such a complex system can be moved from high-level characterization to a form that is ready for hardware implementation. Along the way, readers learn a lot about how algorithm designers can benefit from knowing the hardware they target and how hardware designers can benefit from a familiarity with the algorithm. The book shows how a high-level description of an algorithm can be migrated to a fixed-point block diagram with a well-defined cycle accurate architecture and a fully documented controller. This can significantly reduce the length of the hardware design cycle and can improve its outcomes. Ultimately, the book presents an explicit design flow that bridges the gap between algorithm design and hardware design. Provides a guide to baseband radio design for Wi-Fi and cellular systems, from an implementation-focused, perspective; Explains how arithmetic is moved to hardware and what the cost of each operation is in terms of delay, area and power; Enables strategic architectural decisions based on the algorithm, available processing units and design requirements.

Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks

Author : Vivienne Sze
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031017668
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks by : Vivienne Sze

Download or read book Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks written by Vivienne Sze and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a structured treatment of the key principles and techniques for enabling efficient processing of deep neural networks (DNNs). DNNs are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications, including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Therefore, techniques that enable efficient processing of deep neural networks to improve key metrics—such as energy-efficiency, throughput, and latency—without sacrificing accuracy or increasing hardware costs are critical to enabling the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems. The book includes background on DNN processing; a description and taxonomy of hardware architectural approaches for designing DNN accelerators; key metrics for evaluating and comparing different designs; features of DNN processing that are amenable to hardware/algorithm co-design to improve energy efficiency and throughput; and opportunities for applying new technologies. Readers will find a structured introduction to the field as well as formalization and organization of key concepts from contemporary work that provide insights that may spark new ideas.

Hardware Architectures for Post-Quantum Digital Signature Schemes

Author : Deepraj Soni
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030576825
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hardware Architectures for Post-Quantum Digital Signature Schemes by : Deepraj Soni

Download or read book Hardware Architectures for Post-Quantum Digital Signature Schemes written by Deepraj Soni and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores C-based design, implementation, and analysis of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms for signature generation and verification. The authors investigate NIST round 2 PQC algorithms for signature generation and signature verification from a hardware implementation perspective, especially focusing on C-based design, power-performance-area-security (PPAS) trade-offs and design flows targeting FPGAs and ASICs. Describes a comprehensive set of synthesizable c code base as well as the hardware implementations for the different types of PQC algorithms including lattice-based, code-based, and multivariate-based; Demonstrates the hardware (FPGA and ASIC) and hardware-software optimizations and trade-offs of the NIST round 2 signature-based PQC algorithms; Enables designers to build hardware implementations that are resilient to a variety of side-channels.

Introduction to Parallel Processing

Author : Behrooz Parhami
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306469642
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Parallel Processing by : Behrooz Parhami

Download or read book Introduction to Parallel Processing written by Behrooz Parhami and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE CONTEXT OF PARALLEL PROCESSING The field of digital computer architecture has grown explosively in the past two decades. Through a steady stream of experimental research, tool-building efforts, and theoretical studies, the design of an instruction-set architecture, once considered an art, has been transformed into one of the most quantitative branches of computer technology. At the same time, better understanding of various forms of concurrency, from standard pipelining to massive parallelism, and invention of architectural structures to support a reasonably efficient and user-friendly programming model for such systems, has allowed hardware performance to continue its exponential growth. This trend is expected to continue in the near future. This explosive growth, linked with the expectation that performance will continue its exponential rise with each new generation of hardware and that (in stark contrast to software) computer hardware will function correctly as soon as it comes off the assembly line, has its down side. It has led to unprecedented hardware complexity and almost intolerable dev- opment costs. The challenge facing current and future computer designers is to institute simplicity where we now have complexity; to use fundamental theories being developed in this area to gain performance and ease-of-use benefits from simpler circuits; to understand the interplay between technological capabilities and limitations, on the one hand, and design decisions based on user and application requirements on the other.

Deep Learning Systems

Author : Andres Rodriguez
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031017692
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Deep Learning Systems by : Andres Rodriguez

Download or read book Deep Learning Systems written by Andres Rodriguez and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes deep learning systems: the algorithms, compilers, and processor components to efficiently train and deploy deep learning models for commercial applications. The exponential growth in computational power is slowing at a time when the amount of compute consumed by state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) workloads is rapidly growing. Model size, serving latency, and power constraints are a significant challenge in the deployment of DL models for many applications. Therefore, it is imperative to codesign algorithms, compilers, and hardware to accelerate advances in this field with holistic system-level and algorithm solutions that improve performance, power, and efficiency. Advancing DL systems generally involves three types of engineers: (1) data scientists that utilize and develop DL algorithms in partnership with domain experts, such as medical, economic, or climate scientists; (2) hardware designers that develop specialized hardware to accelerate the components in the DL models; and (3) performance and compiler engineers that optimize software to run more efficiently on a given hardware. Hardware engineers should be aware of the characteristics and components of production and academic models likely to be adopted by industry to guide design decisions impacting future hardware. Data scientists should be aware of deployment platform constraints when designing models. Performance engineers should support optimizations across diverse models, libraries, and hardware targets. The purpose of this book is to provide a solid understanding of (1) the design, training, and applications of DL algorithms in industry; (2) the compiler techniques to map deep learning code to hardware targets; and (3) the critical hardware features that accelerate DL systems. This book aims to facilitate co-innovation for the advancement of DL systems. It is written for engineers working in one or more of these areas who seek to understand the entire system stack in order to better collaborate with engineers working in other parts of the system stack. The book details advancements and adoption of DL models in industry, explains the training and deployment process, describes the essential hardware architectural features needed for today's and future models, and details advances in DL compilers to efficiently execute algorithms across various hardware targets. Unique in this book is the holistic exposition of the entire DL system stack, the emphasis on commercial applications, and the practical techniques to design models and accelerate their performance. The author is fortunate to work with hardware, software, data scientist, and research teams across many high-technology companies with hyperscale data centers. These companies employ many of the examples and methods provided throughout the book.

Resource Efficient LDPC Decoders

Author : Vikram Arkalgud Chandrasetty
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128112565
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Resource Efficient LDPC Decoders by : Vikram Arkalgud Chandrasetty

Download or read book Resource Efficient LDPC Decoders written by Vikram Arkalgud Chandrasetty and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-12-05 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a practical hands-on approach to developing low complexity algorithms and transforming them into working hardware. It follows a complete design approach – from algorithms to hardware architectures - and addresses some of the challenges associated with their design, providing insight into implementing innovative architectures based on low complexity algorithms.The reader will learn: - Modern techniques to design, model and analyze low complexity LDPC algorithms as well as their hardware implementation - How to reduce computational complexity and power consumption using computer aided design techniques - All aspects of the design spectrum from algorithms to hardware implementation and performance trade-offs - Provides extensive treatment of LDPC decoding algorithms and hardware implementations - Gives a systematic guidance, giving a basic understanding of LDPC codes and decoding algorithms and providing practical skills in implementing efficient LDPC decoders in hardware - Companion website containing C-Programs and MATLAB models for simulating the algorithms, and Verilog HDL codes for hardware modeling and synthesis

Application-Specific Hardware Architecture Design with VHDL

Author : Bogdan Belean
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319650254
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Application-Specific Hardware Architecture Design with VHDL by : Bogdan Belean

Download or read book Application-Specific Hardware Architecture Design with VHDL written by Bogdan Belean and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book guides readers through the design of hardware architectures using VHDL for digital communication and image processing applications that require performance computing. Further it includes the description of all the VHDL-related notions, such as language, levels of abstraction, combinational vs. sequential logic, structural and behavioral description, digital circuit design, and finite state machines. It also includes numerous examples to make the concepts presented in text more easily understandable.

Computer Arithmetic

Author : Mircea Vlăduţiu
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364218314X
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computer Arithmetic by : Mircea Vlăduţiu

Download or read book Computer Arithmetic written by Mircea Vlăduţiu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-13 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subject of this book is the analysis and design of digital devices that implement computer arithmetic. The book's presentation of high-level detail, descriptions, formalisms and design principles means that it can support many research activities in this field, with an emphasis on bridging the gap between algorithm optimization and hardware implementation. The author provides a unified view linking the domains of digital design and arithmetic algorithms, based on original formalisms and hardware description languages. A feature of the book is the large number of examples and the implementation details provided. While the author does not avoid high-level details, providing for example gate-level designs for all matrix/combinational arithmetic structures. The book is suitable for researchers and students engaged with hardware design in computer science and engineering. A feature of the book is the large number of examples and the implementation details provided. While the author does not avoid high-level details, providing for example gate-level designs for all matrix/combinational arithmetic structures. The book is suitable for researchers and students engaged with hardware design in computer science and engineering.

Cryptography Arithmetic

Author : Amos R. Omondi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030341429
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cryptography Arithmetic by : Amos R. Omondi

Download or read book Cryptography Arithmetic written by Amos R. Omondi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern cryptosystems, used in numerous applications that require secrecy or privacy - electronic mail, financial transactions, medical-record keeping, government affairs, social media etc. - are based on sophisticated mathematics and algorithms that in implementation involve much computer arithmetic. And for speed it is necessary that the arithmetic be realized at the hardware (chip) level. This book is an introduction to the implementation of cryptosystems at that level. The aforementioned arithmetic is mostly the arithmetic of finite fields, and the book is essentially one on the arithmetic of prime fields and binary fields in the context of cryptography. The book has three main parts. The first part is on generic algorithms and hardware architectures for the basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The second part is on the arithmetic of prime fields. And the third part is on the arithmetic of binary fields. The mathematical fundamentals necessary for the latter two parts are included, as are descriptions of various types of cryptosystems, to provide appropriate context. This book is intended for advanced-level students in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Practitioners too will find it useful, as will those with a general interest in "hard" applications of mathematics.

Parallel Computers 2

Author : R.W Hockney
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780852748114
Total Pages : 662 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Parallel Computers 2 by : R.W Hockney

Download or read book Parallel Computers 2 written by R.W Hockney and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of the first edition, parallel computing technology has gained considerable momentum. A large proportion of this has come from the improvement in VLSI techniques, offering one to two orders of magnitude more devices than previously possible. A second contributing factor in the fast development of the subject is commercialization. The supercomputer is no longer restricted to a few well-established research institutions and large companies. A new computer breed combining the architectural advantages of the supercomputer with the advance of VLSI technology is now available at very attractive prices. A pioneering device in this development is the transputer, a VLSI processor specifically designed to operate in large concurrent systems. Parallel Computers 2: Architecture, Programming and Algorithms reflects the shift in emphasis of parallel computing and tracks the development of supercomputers in the years since the first edition was published. It looks at large-scale parallelism as found in transputer ensembles. This extensively rewritten second edition includes major new sections on the transputer and the OCCAM language. The book contains specific information on the various types of machines available, details of computer architecture and technologies, and descriptions of programming languages and algorithms. Aimed at an advanced undergraduate and postgraduate level, this handbook is also useful for research workers, machine designers, and programmers concerned with parallel computers. In addition, it will serve as a guide for potential parallel computer users, especially in disciplines where large amounts of computer time are regularly used.

Modern Computer Architecture and Organization

Author : Jim Ledin
Publisher : Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 183898710X
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (389 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Modern Computer Architecture and Organization by : Jim Ledin

Download or read book Modern Computer Architecture and Organization written by Jim Ledin and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A no-nonsense, practical guide to current and future processor and computer architectures, enabling you to design computer systems and develop better software applications across a variety of domains Key Features Understand digital circuitry with the help of transistors, logic gates, and sequential logic Examine the architecture and instruction sets of x86, x64, ARM, and RISC-V processors Explore the architecture of modern devices such as the iPhone X and high-performance gaming PCs Book DescriptionAre you a software developer, systems designer, or computer architecture student looking for a methodical introduction to digital device architectures but overwhelmed by their complexity? This book will help you to learn how modern computer systems work, from the lowest level of transistor switching to the macro view of collaborating multiprocessor servers. You'll gain unique insights into the internal behavior of processors that execute the code developed in high-level languages and enable you to design more efficient and scalable software systems. The book will teach you the fundamentals of computer systems including transistors, logic gates, sequential logic, and instruction operations. You will learn details of modern processor architectures and instruction sets including x86, x64, ARM, and RISC-V. You will see how to implement a RISC-V processor in a low-cost FPGA board and how to write a quantum computing program and run it on an actual quantum computer. By the end of this book, you will have a thorough understanding of modern processor and computer architectures and the future directions these architectures are likely to take.What you will learn Get to grips with transistor technology and digital circuit principles Discover the functional elements of computer processors Understand pipelining and superscalar execution Work with floating-point data formats Understand the purpose and operation of the supervisor mode Implement a complete RISC-V processor in a low-cost FPGA Explore the techniques used in virtual machine implementation Write a quantum computing program and run it on a quantum computer Who this book is for This book is for software developers, computer engineering students, system designers, reverse engineers, and anyone looking to understand the architecture and design principles underlying modern computer systems from tiny embedded devices to warehouse-size cloud server farms. A general understanding of computer processors is helpful but not required.

Verilog Digital Computer Design

Author : Mark Gordon Arnold
Publisher : Prentice Hall
ISBN 13 : 9780136392538
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Verilog Digital Computer Design by : Mark Gordon Arnold

Download or read book Verilog Digital Computer Design written by Mark Gordon Arnold and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shorten time to market with this top-down, real-world approach to Verilog HDLdesign.

Information Retrieval Architecture and Algorithms

Author : Gerald Kowalski
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441977163
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Information Retrieval Architecture and Algorithms by : Gerald Kowalski

Download or read book Information Retrieval Architecture and Algorithms written by Gerald Kowalski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents a theoretical and practical examination of the latest developments in Information Retrieval and their application to existing systems. By starting with a functional discussion of what is needed for an information system, the reader can grasp the scope of information retrieval problems and discover the tools to resolve them. The book takes a system approach to explore every functional processing step in a system from ingest of an item to be indexed to displaying results, showing how implementation decisions add to the information retrieval goal, and thus providing the user with the needed outcome, while minimizing their resources to obtain those results. The text stresses the current migration of information retrieval from just textual to multimedia, expounding upon multimedia search, retrieval and display, as well as classic and new textual techniques. It also introduces developments in hardware, and more importantly, search architectures, such as those introduced by Google, in order to approach scalability issues. About this textbook: A first course text for advanced level courses, providing a survey of information retrieval system theory and architecture, complete with challenging exercises Approaches information retrieval from a practical systems view in order for the reader to grasp both scope and solutions Features what is achievable using existing technologies and investigates what deficiencies warrant additional exploration

Artificial Intelligence Hardware Design

Author : Albert Chun-Chen Liu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119810477
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence Hardware Design by : Albert Chun-Chen Liu

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence Hardware Design written by Albert Chun-Chen Liu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-23 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE HARDWARE DESIGN Learn foundational and advanced topics in Neural Processing Unit design with real-world examples from leading voices in the field In Artificial Intelligence Hardware Design: Challenges and Solutions, distinguished researchers and authors Drs. Albert Chun Chen Liu and Oscar Ming Kin Law deliver a rigorous and practical treatment of the design applications of specific circuits and systems for accelerating neural network processing. Beginning with a discussion and explanation of neural networks and their developmental history, the book goes on to describe parallel architectures, streaming graphs for massive parallel computation, and convolution optimization. The authors offer readers an illustration of in-memory computation through Georgia Tech’s Neurocube and Stanford’s Tetris accelerator using the Hybrid Memory Cube, as well as near-memory architecture through the embedded eDRAM of the Institute of Computing Technology, the Chinese Academy of Science, and other institutions. Readers will also find a discussion of 3D neural processing techniques to support multiple layer neural networks, as well as information like: A thorough introduction to neural networks and neural network development history, as well as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models Explorations of various parallel architectures, including the Intel CPU, Nvidia GPU, Google TPU, and Microsoft NPU, emphasizing hardware and software integration for performance improvement Discussions of streaming graph for massive parallel computation with the Blaize GSP and Graphcore IPU An examination of how to optimize convolution with UCLA Deep Convolutional Neural Network accelerator filter decomposition Perfect for hardware and software engineers and firmware developers, Artificial Intelligence Hardware Design is an indispensable resource for anyone working with Neural Processing Units in either a hardware or software capacity.

Digital Systems and Hardware/Firmware Algorithms

Author : Milos D. Ercegovac
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 872 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital Systems and Hardware/Firmware Algorithms by : Milos D. Ercegovac

Download or read book Digital Systems and Hardware/Firmware Algorithms written by Milos D. Ercegovac and published by . This book was released on 1985-05-14 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This modern treatment of digital system specification, analysis, and design covers all topics from gates and flip-flops to complex hardware and system software algorithms. An upper-level undergraduate/graduate text, it uses two complementary approaches--system model and algorithmic model--in dealing with structured analysis and design, and separates specification from implementation to allow for the ready application of concepts to practical system design. Extensive illustrations and 500 exercises.

Data-Intensive Computing

Author : Ian Gorton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139788507
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (397 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Data-Intensive Computing by : Ian Gorton

Download or read book Data-Intensive Computing written by Ian Gorton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-10-29 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is awash with digital data from social networks, blogs, business, science and engineering. Data-intensive computing facilitates understanding of complex problems that must process massive amounts of data. Through the development of new classes of software, algorithms and hardware, data-intensive applications can provide timely and meaningful analytical results in response to exponentially growing data complexity and associated analysis requirements. This emerging area brings many challenges that are different from traditional high-performance computing. This reference for computing professionals and researchers describes the dimensions of the field, the key challenges, the state of the art and the characteristics of likely approaches that future data-intensive problems will require. Chapters cover general principles and methods for designing such systems and for managing and analyzing the big data sets of today that live in the cloud and describe example applications in bioinformatics and cybersecurity that illustrate these principles in practice.

Cryptographic Algorithms on Reconfigurable Hardware

Author : Francisco Rodriguez-Henriquez
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387366822
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cryptographic Algorithms on Reconfigurable Hardware by : Francisco Rodriguez-Henriquez

Download or read book Cryptographic Algorithms on Reconfigurable Hardware written by Francisco Rodriguez-Henriquez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-04-03 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Software-based cryptography can be used for security applications where data traffic is not too large and low encryption rate is tolerable. But hardware methods are more suitable where speed and real-time encryption are needed. Until now, there has been no book explaining how cryptographic algorithms can be implemented on reconfigurable hardware devices. This book covers computational methods, computer arithmetic algorithms, and design improvement techniques needed to implement efficient cryptographic algorithms in FPGA reconfigurable hardware platforms. The author emphasizes the practical aspects of reconfigurable hardware design, explaining the basic mathematics involved, and giving a comprehensive description of state-of-the-art implementation techniques.