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Forests Under Pressure The Need For Interdisciplinary Approaches To Address Forest Vulnerability To Tree Mortality In Response To Drought
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Book Synopsis Forests under pressure: The need for interdisciplinary approaches to address forest vulnerability to tree mortality in response to drought by : Angelo Rita
Download or read book Forests under pressure: The need for interdisciplinary approaches to address forest vulnerability to tree mortality in response to drought written by Angelo Rita and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-03-14 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multiscale Approach to Assess Forest Vulnerability by : Giovanna Battipaglia
Download or read book Multiscale Approach to Assess Forest Vulnerability written by Giovanna Battipaglia and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Forest Health Under Climate Change: Effects on Tree Resilience, and Pest and Pathogen Dynamics by : Riikka Linnakoski
Download or read book Forest Health Under Climate Change: Effects on Tree Resilience, and Pest and Pathogen Dynamics written by Riikka Linnakoski and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Forest Management Alters Forest Water Use and Drought Vulnerability by : Christina (Naomi) Tague
Download or read book Forest Management Alters Forest Water Use and Drought Vulnerability written by Christina (Naomi) Tague and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-06-04 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis From the Cell to the Stand by : Jeffrey Lauder
Download or read book From the Cell to the Stand written by Jeffrey Lauder and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is expected to drive shifts in forest species distribution to track ideal climatic conditions. The relative capacity for a tree species to persist under climatic stress is dependent on life history traits, such as growth, survival, and reproduction. Trees that produce large amounts of seed may be better able to colonize newly suitable habitats, while those that survive stress at current locations may persist longer than nearby competitors. These traits each represent distinct resource sinks, however. What remains unknown is how physiological modification in response to drought influences both survival and reproductive capacity. I analyzed growth, tree ring anatomy, and reproductive capacity in Pinus ponderosa and P. jeffreyi in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, where the unprecedented 2012-2016 drought led to large-scale forest mortality. I found that trees that died during drought unexpectedly exhibited anatomical traits thought to confer drought tolerance, such as thicker walls in water-conducting xylem cells. Under drought, trees close stomata (pores in their leaf surface involved in gas exchange) to limit water loss, but at the expense of carbon (C) uptake. This leads to a theoretical expectation of C depletion in drought-stressed trees, particularly during prolonged (i.e., multi-year) drought. While direct evidence of this "C-starvation" has not been recorded in nature, my results point to a potential mechanism of the impact of C depletion on mortality. The sampled trees also experienced a high level of bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp.) attack, which is typically defended against in trees via the production of C-rich resin and other chemical defenses. Drought appears to have weakened sampled trees, and excessive allocation of available resources to drought defense may have depleted reserves necessary for fending off beetle attack. To quantify potential tradeoffs between drought defense and reproduction, I developed a novel technique to measure total lignin (a C-expensive material involved in xylem cell wall thickening) in tree rings, and found that trees that died had higher lignin content than living trees. To further explore these patterns, I modeled likelihood of tree mortality as a function of tree ring width (growth), xylem anatomy, competition, and climate. I first compared multiple commonly used drought metrics with ring widths from>800 trees from across the Sierra Nevada and found that drought metric choice influences interpretation of drought impacts. I then showed that trees that grew not only thicker-walled xylem cells, but also more variable growth rings and variable cells between years were more likely to die. Trees that grew the same amount each year, or grew rings with relatively constant xylem cell diameters and wall thicknesses, were more likely to survive drought, counter to hypothesized tradeoffs between growth and reproduction during drought. Finally, cone counts of measured trees show that ring width (growth) was the primary determinant of reproductive capacity, with trees that grew more producing more cones. These results demonstrate that tree response to drought is a function of variation in xylem anatomy and ring width, with the mechanism of mortality being associated with C depletion. Trees that are less responsive to climate and maintain fairly constant growth appear to be most likely to survive prolonged drought, and trees that grow large rings (with low variance between years) are more likely to reproduce. These results improve our understanding of whole-forest response to future climate change by demonstrating the importance of both cellular scale (xylem anatomy) and forest-scale (drought metrics and competition) variation in influencing drought-induced forest mortality
Book Synopsis Effects of Drought on Forests and Rangelands in the United States by : James M. Vose
Download or read book Effects of Drought on Forests and Rangelands in the United States written by James M. Vose and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This assessment provides input to the reauthorized National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) and the National Climate Assessment (NCA), and it establishes the scientific foundation needed to manage for drought resilience and adaptation. Focal areas include drought characterization; drought impacts on forest processes and disturbances such as insect outbreaks and wildfire; and consequences for forest and rangeland values. Drought can be a severe natural disaster with substantial social and economic consequences. Drought becomes most obvious when large-scale changes are observed; however, even moderate drought can have long-lasting impacts on the structure and function of forests and rangelands without these obvious large-scale changes. Large, stand-level impacts of drought are already underway in the West, but all U.S. forests are vulnerable to drought. Drought-associated forest disturbances are expected to increase with climatic change. Management actions can either mitigate or exacerbate the effects of drought. A first principal for increasing resilience and adaptation is to avoid management actions that exacerbate the effects of current or future drought. Options to mitigate drought include altering structural or functional components of vegetation, minimizing drought-mediated disturbance such as wildfire or insect outbreaks, and managing for reliable flow of water.
Book Synopsis Studying Tree Responses to Extreme Events by : Achim Bräuning
Download or read book Studying Tree Responses to Extreme Events written by Achim Bräuning and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trees are among the longest-living organisms. They are sensitive to extreme climatic events and document the effects of environmental changes in form of structural modifications of their tissues. These modifications represent an integrated signal of complex biological responses enforced by the environment. For example, temporal change in stem increment integrates multiple information of tree performance, and wood anatomical traits may be altered by climatic extremes or environmental stress. Recent developments in preparative tools and computational image analysis enable to quantify changes in wood anatomical features, like vessel density or vessel size. Thus, impacts on their functioning can be related to climatic forcing factors. Similarly, new developments in monitoring (cambial) phenology and mechanistic modelling are enlightening the interrelationships between environmental factors, wood formation and tree performance and mortality. Quantitative wood anatomy is a reliable indicator of drought occurrence during the growing season, and therefore has been studied intensively in recent years. The variability in wood anatomy not only alters the biological and hydraulic functioning of a tree, but may also influence the technological properties of wood, with substantial impacts in forestry. On a larger scale, alterations of sapwood and phloem area and their ratios to other functional traits provide measures to detect changes in a tree’s life functions, and increasing risk of drought-induced mortality with possible impacts on hydrological processes and species composition of plant communities. Genetic variability within and across populations is assumed to be crucial for species survival in an unpredictable future world. The magnitude of genetic variation and heritability of adaptive traits might define the ability to adapt to climate change. Is there a relation between genetic variability and resilience to climate change? Is it possible to link genetic expression and climate change to obtain deeper knowledge of functional genetics? To derive precise estimates of genetic determinism it is important to define adaptive traits in wood properties and on a whole-tree scale. Understanding the mechanisms ruling these processes is fundamental to assess the impact of extreme climate events on forest ecosystems, and to provide realistic scenarios of tree responses to changing climates. Wood is also a major carbon sink with a long-term residence, impacting the global carbon cycle. How well do we understand the link between wood growth dynamics, wood carbon allocation and the global carbon cycle? Papers contribution to this Research Topic will cover a wide range of ecosystems. However, special relevance will be given to Mediterranean-type areas. These involve coastal regions of four continents, making Mediterranean-type ecosystems extremely interesting for investigating the potential impacts of global change on growth and for studying responses of woody plants under extreme environmental conditions. For example, the ongoing trend towards warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation can increase the susceptibility to fire and pests. The EU-funded COST Action STREeSS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS) addresses such crucial tree biological and forest ecological issues by providing a collection of important methodological and scientific insights, about the current state of knowledge, and by opinions for future research needs.
Book Synopsis Detecting Drought-induced Tree Mortality in Sierra Nevada Forests by : Sarah Ann Byer
Download or read book Detecting Drought-induced Tree Mortality in Sierra Nevada Forests written by Sarah Ann Byer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A five-year drought in California has led to a significant increase in tree mortality in the Sierra Nevada forests from 2012 to 2016. Landscape level monitoring of forest health and tree dieback is critical for vegetation and disaster management strategies. We examined the capability of multispectral imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in detecting and explaining the impacts of the recent severe drought in Sierra Nevada forests. Remote sensing metrics were developed to represent baseline forest health conditions and drought stress using time series of MODIS vegetation indices (VIs) and a water index. We used Random Forest algorithms, trained with forest aerial detection surveys data, to detect tree mortality based on the remote sensing metrics and topographical variables. Map estimates of tree mortality demonstrated that our two-stage Random Forest models were capable of detecting the spatial patterns and severity of tree mortality, with an overall producer’s accuracy of 96.3% for the classification Random Forest (CRF) and a RMSE of 7.19 dead trees per acre for the regression Random Forest (RRF). The overall omission errors of the CRF ranged from 19% for the severe mortality class to 27% for the low mortality class. Interpretations of the models revealed that forests with higher productivity preceding the onset of drought were more vulnerable to drought stress and, consequently, more likely to express tree mortality. This method highlights the importance of incorporating baseline forest health data and measurements of drought stress in understanding forest response to severe drought.
Book Synopsis Adaptation of Trees to Climate Change: Mechanisms Behind Physiological and Ecological Resilience and Vulnerability by : Andrea Ghirardo
Download or read book Adaptation of Trees to Climate Change: Mechanisms Behind Physiological and Ecological Resilience and Vulnerability written by Andrea Ghirardo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-16 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Climate Change and United States Forests by : Peterson David L.
Download or read book Climate Change and United States Forests written by Peterson David L. and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a scientific assessment of the effects of climatic variability and change on forest resources in the United States. Derived from a report that provides technical input to the 2013 U.S. Global Change Research Program National Climate Assessment, the book serves as a framework for managing U.S. forest resources in the context of climate change. The authors focus on topics having the greatest potential to alter the structure and function of forest ecosystems, and therefore ecosystem services, by the end of the 21st century. Part I provides an environmental context for assessing the effects of climate change on forest resources, summarizing changes in environmental stressors, followed by state-of-science projections for future climatic conditions relevant to forest ecosystems. Part II offers a wide-ranging assessment of vulnerability of forest ecosystems and ecosystem services to climate change. The authors anticipate that altered disturbance regimes and stressors will have the biggest effects on forest ecosystems, causing long-term changes in forest conditions. Part III outlines responses to climate change, summarizing current status and trends in forest carbon, effects of carbon management, and carbon mitigation strategies. Adaptation strategies and a proposed framework for risk assessment, including case studies, provide a structured approach for projecting and responding to future changes in resource conditions and ecosystem services. Part IV describes how sustainable forest management, which guides activities on most public and private lands in the United States, can provide an overarching structure for mitigating and adapting to climate change.
Author :Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher :Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 13 :9251311382 Total Pages :84 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (513 download)
Book Synopsis A review of existing approaches and methods to assess climate change vulnerability of forests and forest-dependent people by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Download or read book A review of existing approaches and methods to assess climate change vulnerability of forests and forest-dependent people written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until recently, considerably more attention was paid to using forests to mitigate climate change, through the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, than there was on considering the need to adapt forests to avoid the worst effects that climate change could have on them. The switch from a mitigation-heavy approach to one that considers adaptation in a more balanced manner underscores the need to have approaches to assess the vulnerability of forests to climate change. One reason for this more balanced focus may be due to the realization by the broader public, governmental organizations and the forest science community that the climate change that has already occurred is permanent in human terms, because it takes centuries for much of the CO2 emitted from fossil fuel sources to be removed from the atmosphere. There are already substantial impacts that are being seen in the world’s forests. These impacts are certain to continue increasing until CO2 emissions drop to lower levels. For that reason, adaptation of the world’s forests requires attention. The approaches to assessing vulnerability can be categorized according to the focus they each provide. Contextual vulnerability addresses current issues of climate and is usually evaluated using participatory techniques with people who live in, or work with, forests. Outcome vulnerability looks at the biophysical vulnerability of forests; it is often used to assess the cause-and-effect of climate change on a biological system. Vulnerability assessments can be highly technical and quantitative, using advanced computer programs and geographic information systems, or they can be based on social science approaches to obtaining qualitative information from people.
Book Synopsis Forests to Fight Poverty by : Ralph C. Schmidt
Download or read book Forests to Fight Poverty written by Ralph C. Schmidt and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The link between poverty and deforestation in developing countries is of increasing global concern. The authors of this clear, hope-filled book explore the diverse causes of tropical deforestation and offer remedies appropriate to the biology and culture of different regions. They show how modern forestry techniques enable us to alleviate poverty without destroying forests.
Author :Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher :Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 13 :9251310947 Total Pages :73 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (513 download)
Book Synopsis Climate change for forest policy-makers by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Download or read book Climate change for forest policy-makers written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-02-18 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The critical role of forests in climate change mitigation and adaptation is now widely recognized. Forests contribute significantly to climate change mitigation through their carbon sink and carbon storage functions. They play an essential role in reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing adaptation of people and ecosystems to climate change and climate variability, the negative impacts of which are becoming increasingly evident in many parts of the world. In many countries climate change issues have not been fully addressed in national forest policies, forestry mitigation and adaptation needs at national level have not been thoroughly considered in national climate change strategies, and cross-sectoral dimensions of climate change impacts and response measures have not been fully appreciated. This publication seeks to provide a practical approach to the process of integrating climate change into national forest programmes. The aim is to assist senior officials in government administrations and the representatives of other stakeholders, including civil society organizations and the private sector, prepare the forest sector for the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change. This document complements a set of guidelines prepared by FAO in 2013 to support forest managers incorporate climate change considerations into forest management plans and practices.
Book Synopsis Forest Management for Climate Change Mitigation by : Yixiang Wang
Download or read book Forest Management for Climate Change Mitigation written by Yixiang Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Climate Change, Forests and REDD by : Joyeeta Gupta
Download or read book Climate Change, Forests and REDD written by Joyeeta Gupta and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This books explores how an analysis of past forest governance patterns from the global through to the local level, can help us to build institutions which more effectively deal with forests within the climate change regime. The book assesses the options under REDD to reduce emissions from deforestation in developing countries in the context of other forest policies. Based on an assessment of existing multi-level institutional forestry arrangements, the book questions how policy frameworks can be better designed in order to effectively and equitably govern the challenges of deforestation and land degradation under the global climate change regime.
Author :Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher :Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 13 :9251319812 Total Pages :101 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (513 download)
Book Synopsis Climate change vulnerability assessment of forests and forest-dependent people by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Download or read book Climate change vulnerability assessment of forests and forest-dependent people written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-11-29 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Negative impacts of climate change on forests threaten the delivery of crucial wood and non-wood goods and environmental services on which an estimated 1.6 billion people fully or partly depend. Assessment of the vulnerability of forests and forest-dependent people to climate change is a necessary first step for identifying the risks and the most vulnerable areas and people, and for developing measures for adaptation and targeting them for specific contexts. This publication provides practical technical guidance for forest vulnerability assessment in the context of climate change. It describes the elements that should be considered for different time horizons and outlines a structured approach for conducting these assessments. The framework will guide practitioners in conducting a step-by-step analysis and will facilitate the choice and use of appropriate tools and methods. Background information is provided separately in text boxes, to assist readers with differing amounts of experience in forestry, climate change and assessment practices. The publication will provide useful support to any vulnerability assessment with a forest- and tree-related component.
Book Synopsis Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options by : James M. Vose
Download or read book Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options written by James M. Vose and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-12-05 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest land managers face the challenges of preparing their forests for the impacts of climate change. However, climate change adds a new dimension to the task of developing and testing science-based management options to deal with the effects of stressors on forest ecosystems in the southern United States. The large spatial scale and complex interactions make traditional experimental approaches difficult. Yet, the current progression of climate change science offers new insights from recent syntheses, models, and experiments, providing enough information to start planning now for a future that will likely include an increase in disturbances and rapid changes in forest conditions. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options: A Guide for Natural Resource Managers in Southern Forest Ecosystems provides a comprehensive analysis of forest management options to guide natural resource management in the face of future climate change. Topics include potential climate change impacts on wildfire, insects, diseases, and invasives, and how these in turn might affect the values of southern forests that include timber, fiber, and carbon; water quality and quantity; species and habitats; and recreation. The book also considers southern forest carbon sequestration, vulnerability to biological threats, and migration of native tree populations due to climate change. This book utilizes the most relevant science and brings together science experts and land managers from various disciplines and regions throughout the south to combine science, models, and on-the-ground experience to develop management options. Providing a link between current management actions and future management options that would anticipate a changing climate, the authors hope to ensure a broader range of options for managing southern forests and protecting their values in the future.
