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Fluorescence Spectroscopy As A Potential Tool For In Situ Monitoring Of Dissolved Organic Matter In Surface Water Systems
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Book Synopsis Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for In-Situ Monitoring of Dissolved Organic Matter in Surface Water Systems by : Elfrida M. Carstea
Download or read book Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for In-Situ Monitoring of Dissolved Organic Matter in Surface Water Systems written by Elfrida M. Carstea and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for In-Situ Monitoring of Dissolved Organic Matter in Surface Water Systems.
Book Synopsis Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence by : Paula G. Coble
Download or read book Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence written by Paula G. Coble and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A core text on principles, laboratory/field methodologies, and data interpretation for fluorescence applications in aquatic science, for advanced students and researchers.
Book Synopsis Outstanding Topics in Ocean Optics by : Dariusz Stramski
Download or read book Outstanding Topics in Ocean Optics written by Dariusz Stramski and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean optics is a branch of oceanography which is firmly embedded in studies of a great variety of ocean science and engineering questions. The interactive nature between radiative transfer of light and various dissolved and particulate constituents of seawater is at the core of ocean optics science and applications. The transfer of radiant solar energy has vital implications to life and climate on Earth, and the large variety of subjects of ocean optics ranges from the subtle problems of physical optics to optical remote sensing towards a better understanding of ocean biology, biogeochemistry and ecosystems and their roles in the Earth's system processes. The intention of this book is to present a collection of papers that generally share a common denominator of frontier topics in ocean optics which are unique, uncommon or outstanding in the literature, and to provide a balanced view of the extraordinary breadth of research in this field. Topics as diverse as measurements and modeling of radiative transfer, light fields, light scattering and polarization, ocean color, benthic optical properties, and the use of optics for characterizing seawater constituents are addressed in this book. The book is expected to be of interest and useful to a broad audience of professional ocean scientists, engineers and advanced students with an interest in ocean optics and applications of optical methods in oceanography.
Book Synopsis Instrumentation and Measurement Technologies for Water Cycle Management by : Anna Di Mauro
Download or read book Instrumentation and Measurement Technologies for Water Cycle Management written by Anna Di Mauro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-23 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims at presenting a unified framework for the description of working principles, recent advances and applications of cutting-edge measurement technologies for the water sector. Instrumentation and measurement technologies are currently playing a key role in the monitoring, assessment and protection of environmental resources. Measurement techniques and sensing methods for the observation of water systems are rapidly evolving and are requiring an increased multi-disciplinary participation. The whole water sector is characterised by multiple technological contexts concerning the monitoring of the resource, given the broad coverage that includes water from its natural domains to the men-made infrastructures. In particular, instrumentation and measurement technologies have a pervasive presence in all the necessary aspects for the assessment, monitoring and control of the water resource and of its relationship with the various environmental stressors, including the anthropic pressures. Therefore, the book aims at presenting how the diagnostics/monitoring methodologies and the related technologies can give an answer to the issues raised by the complex scenario characterising the water cycle management (WCM). The book is structured in five topical sections, grouped by similarity of their technological and/or applicative contexts.
Book Synopsis Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence by : Paula G. Coble
Download or read book Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence written by Paula G. Coble and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive text on the theory and practice of aquatic organic matter fluorescence analysis, written by the experts who pioneered the research area. This book covers the topic in the broadest possible terms, providing a common reference for making measurements that are comparable across disciplines, and allowing consistent interpretation of data and results. The book includes the fundamental physics and chemistry of organic matter fluorescence, as well as the effects of environmental factors. All aspects of sample handling, data processing, and the operation of both field and laboratory instrumentation are included, providing the practical advice required for successful fluorescence analyses. Advanced methods for data interpretation and modeling, including parallel factor analysis, are also discussed. The book will interest those establishing field, laboratory, or industrial applications of fluorescence, including advanced students and researchers in environmental chemistry, marine science, environmental geosciences, environmental engineering, soil science, and physical geography.
Download or read book Water Pollution written by Nuray Balkis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-02-24 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water pollution is a major global problem that requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (from international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. Most water pollutants are eventually carried by rivers into the oceans.
Book Synopsis Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Track Membrane Fouling, Failure, and Contaminants in Water and Wastewater Systems by :
Download or read book Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Track Membrane Fouling, Failure, and Contaminants in Water and Wastewater Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to growing scarcity of fresh water resources, the water industry is increasingly exploring the option of water reuse to meet the need for potable water supplies. However, water reuse projects are still facing challenges with public acceptance due to unfavorable perceptions regarding the reuse of wastewater and lack of advanced water quality monitoring tools. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been recommended for water quality and insitu monitoring. The overall goals of this study, therefore, were 1) to evaluate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy to track small changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during membrane filtration due to fouling and 2) to detect the presence of other contaminants using a 3D bench-top fluorometer in comparison with an insitu C3 submersible fluorometer. In membrane fouling experiments with different water types, the percentage removal of protein-like fluorescent organic matter was greater than the removal of humic-like organic matter, indicating preferential retention of protein-like compounds by ultrafiltration membrane. In addition, the percentage removal of DOM fluorescent peaks was always highest just after the backwash process. These results demonstrate that water quality drops with fouling. Results from the assessment of temperature effect on DOM fluorescence showed that temperature greatly affects DOM fluorescence intensities, and this effect is increasingly more pronounced at higher DOM fluorescence intensities. An equation relating measured and reference temperatures and fluorescence intensities with a temperature correction constant constant (-0.0155) was shown to be widely applicable for correcting temperature for CDOM fluorescence but not for tryptophan-like (TRP) fluorescence. Results demonstrate that the root mean squared error (RMSE) method investigated here produced the best fit to the reference temperature for both CDOM and TRP fluorescence. For instances in which insitu fluorescence data are sparse or data are unavailable at the reference temperature (20°C), specific correction constants were recommended. In contaminant addition experiments, the TRP fluorescence sensor had a linear and significantly positive relationship with contaminant concentration. Results using the insitu fluorometer compared well with those of the bench-top fluorometer. Overall, results suggest fluorescence is well suited to monitoring water quality of high quality permeate or product water in water reuse facilities and contaminants.
Book Synopsis Assessing a Fluorescence Spectroscopy Method for In-Situ Microbial Drinking Water Quality by :
Download or read book Assessing a Fluorescence Spectroscopy Method for In-Situ Microbial Drinking Water Quality written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waterborne disease is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease, in particular among high-risk populations in developing nations. State-of-the-art methods for the enumeration of microbial pathogens in drinking water sources have important limitations, including high initial cost, 24-48 hour delays in results, high staffing and facility requirements, and training requirements which all become especially problematic in the developing nation context. A number of alternative approaches to microbial water quality testing have been proposed, with the goal of decreasing the required testing time, decreasing overall costs, leveraging appropriate technology approaches, or improving sensitivity or specificity of the water quality testing method. One approach that may offer solutions to some of these limitations involves the deployment of sensor networks using fluorescent spectroscopy to detect intrinsic protein fluorescence in water samples as a proxy for microbial activity. In recent years, a number of researchers have found significant and meaningful correlations between indicator bacteria species and the protein fluorescence of drinking water samples. Additionally, advances in the semiconductor industry could be used to drive down the cost of such sensors. This technology may also be extensible to other water quality parameters, including dissolved organic matter or the presence of fluorescent pollutants. In this thesis, a literature review describes the fundamentals of fluorescence spectroscopy, historical and recent work regarding the fluorescence of the amino acid tryptophan and associated bacterial fluorescence, possible mechanisms for this association, and potential applications of this technology for drinking water quality monitoring and waste water process control. Extensibility of the technology is also discussed. Next, experimental methodology in reproduction of similar results is described. Samples were taken from seven (7) surface water sources and tested using membrane filtration and an off-the-shelf fluorescence spectrometer to help examine the association between the presence of indicator bacteria and the tryptophan fluorescence of the water sample. The results, showing an association of R2 = 0.560, are compared to the results of recent similar experiments. Finally, two prototypes are described, including their design requirements and data from prototype testing. The results of the testing are briefly discussed, and next steps are outlined with the goal of developing a low-cost, in-situ microbial water quality sensor using fluorescence spectroscopy principles.
Book Synopsis Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Monitoring Technique for Membrane Bioreactor Water Reclamation Systems by : Jeffrey D. Scott
Download or read book Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Monitoring Technique for Membrane Bioreactor Water Reclamation Systems written by Jeffrey D. Scott and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shortage of clean, usable water is a global problem (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). As much as 80% of the world's population has been reported to be in areas of high water security risk due to a convergence of factors, such as watershed disturbance, pollution, water resource development and biotic factors (Voeroesmarty et al., 2010). Water reuse technologies are a potential solution to this problem. However, implementation of treatment technologies for improved water reuse require rapid, effective monitoring techniques capable of insuring treatment quality. Fluorescence spectroscopy has shown potential for wastewater treatment monitoring due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and capacity to be employed in-situ. Online fluorescence data and full fluorescence excitation-emission matrices coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) were employed to evaluate the treatment performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) at Fort Riley, KS. Specific research goals were to evaluate the effectiveness of fluorescence for monitoring wastewater treatment and to determine the contamination detection limit of fluorescence techniques in a non-potable reuse scenario. Study results revealed a two-stage startup period, the first 60 days indicated membrane cake layer formation and the first 90 days showed signs of oxic tank maturation. Fluorescence was found to be effective at monitoring carbon concentration trends throughout the MBR system, showed preferential removal of protein-like dissolved organic matter (DOM), and an increase in biodegradation of DOM as the oxic tank matured. A ratio of the humic-like fluorescent components to the protein-like fluorescent components correlated to TOC removal (R2 = .845, p
Book Synopsis Monitoring of Organic Matter in Drinking Water Treatment Systems Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy by :
Download or read book Monitoring of Organic Matter in Drinking Water Treatment Systems Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is difficult the monitor organic matter concentrations and character during treatment processes due to its complexity. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been shown to be a promising technique in this regard and has the potential to be an online monitoring tool. In this study, fluorescence excitation emissions matrices (EEMs) were acquired for samples collected from all treatment stages of five drinking water treatment plants in diverse locations from subtropical to temperate regions. The treatment plants incorporated various water sources, treatment processes and organic matter removal efficiencies. Four common fluorescence components were identified using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and used for characterisation of OM and assessment of OM treatability. An online fluorescence monitoring protocol was developed and two drinking water plants.
Book Synopsis Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water by :
Download or read book Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: V.3 ... consists of individual chapters that describe 1) the conceptual background for radionuclides, including tritium, radon, strontium, technetium, uranium, iodine, radium, thorium, cesium, plutonium-americium and 2) data requirements to be met during site characterization.
Book Synopsis Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Environmental Chemistry by : Sarah A. Green
Download or read book Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Environmental Chemistry written by Sarah A. Green and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work presented in this thesis consists of three parts. The first is a photophysical study of the mechanism of fluorescence quenching by stable nitroxyl radicals, which are becoming an important analytical tool for the study of reactive transients in surface waters (1, 2). In part two, quenching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluorescence by nitroxides is employed to investigate the electrostatic propertie~ of DOM in aqueous solution, with the goal of elucidating the apparent ionic strength and pH dependence of metal-fulvic acid binding constants. In part three, the intrinsic optical properties (absorbance, fluorescence, and fluorescence efficiency) of DOM are examined in a coastal region to understand how these properties vary with source. age and sunlight exposure time. Nitroxide-fluorophore adducts were employed to investigate the mechanism by which nitroxyl radicals quench fluorescence (3). Fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes were measured for a series of adducts, and quenching rates were shown to be quite high (kq~108-1010 s-1), even at distances of ~12 A. Forster or Dexter energy transfer mechanisms are unable to account for the observed rates and lack of solvent dependence in quenching. An excellent correlation is observed between kq and the non-radiative relaxation rate. These results confirm that nitroxyl radicals are very non-selective in their quenching abilities, and suggest that the best analytical probe adducts will include a fluorophore with an appreciable non-radiative relaxation rate. Diffusional quenching by charged and neutral nitroxides was employed to explore the electrostatic properties of fulvic (FA) and humic (HA) acids. Cationic nitroxides were found to be up to 16 times more effective than neutral analogues in quenching the fluorescence of humic materials. This result is attributed to the enhanced coulombic attraction of cations to the anionic FA or HA surface, and is interpreted as an estimate of surface electrostatic potential. Reduction of molecular charge at low pH and shielding of charge at high ionic strength (I) produced diminished enhancements. consistent with this interpretation. The potential was found to be particularly sensitive to ionic strength. suggesting that this electrostatic effect should be of particular importance in transition zones. such as estuaries, where I increases from
Book Synopsis Development of Fluorescence-based Tools for Characterization of Natural Organic Matter and Development of Membrane Fouling Monitoring Strategies for Drinking Water Treatment Systems by : Ramila Hishantha Peiris
Download or read book Development of Fluorescence-based Tools for Characterization of Natural Organic Matter and Development of Membrane Fouling Monitoring Strategies for Drinking Water Treatment Systems written by Ramila Hishantha Peiris and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research was to develop fluorescence-based tools that are suitable for performing rapid, accurate and direct characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) and colloidal/particulate substances present in natural water. Most available characterization methods are neither suitable for characterizing all the major NOM fractions such as protein-, humic acid-, fulvic acid- and polysaccharide-like substances as well as colloidal/particulate matter present in natural water nor are they suitable for rapid analyses. The individual and combined contributions of these NOM fractions and colloidal/particulate matter present in natural water contribute to membrane fouling, disinfection by-products formation and undesirable biological growth in drinking water treatment processes and distribution systems. The novel techniques developed in this research therefore, provide an avenue for improved understanding of these negative effects and proactive implementation of control and/or optimization strategies. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) method was used for characterization of NOM and colloidal/particulate matter present in water. Unlike most NOM and colloidal/particulate matter characterization techniques, this method can provide fast and consistent analyses with high instrumental sensitivity. The feasibility of using this method for monitoring NOM at very low concentration levels was also demonstrated with an emphasis on optimizing the instrument parameters necessary to obtain reproducible fluorescence signals. Partial least squares regression (PLS) was used to develop calibration models by correlating the fluorescence EEM intensities of water samples that contained surrogate NOM fractions with their corresponding dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. These fluorescence-based calibration models were found to be suitable for identifying/monitoring the extent of the relative changes that occur in different NOM fractions and the interactions between polysaccharide- and protein-like NOM in water treatment processes and distribution systems. Principal component analysis (PCA) of fluorescence EEMs was identified as a viable tool for monitoring the performance of biological filtration as a pre-treatment step, as well as ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane systems. The principal components (PCs) extracted in this approach were related to the major membrane foulant groups such as humic substances (HS), protein-like and colloidal/particulate matter in natural water. The PC score plots generated using the fluorescence EEMs obtained after just one hour of UF or NF operation could be related to high fouling events likely caused by elevated levels of colloidal/particulate-like material in the biofilter effluents. This fluorescence EEM-based PCA approach was sensitive enough to be used at low organic carbon levels present in NF permeate and has potential as an early detection method to identify high fouling events, allowing appropriate operational countermeasures to be taken. This fluorescence EEM-based PCA approach was also used to extract information relevant to reversible and irreversible membrane fouling behaviour in a bench-scale flat sheet cross flow UF process consisting of cycles of permeation and back-washing. PC score-based analysis revealed that colloidal/particulate matter mostly contributed to reversible fouling, while HS and protein-like matter were largely responsible for irreversible fouling. This method therefore has potential for monitoring modes of membrane fouling in drinking water treatment applications. The above approach was further improved by utilizing the evolution of the PC scores over the filtration time and relating these to membrane fouling by the use of PC scores' balanced-based differential equations. Using these equations the proposed fluorescence-based modeling approach was capable of forecasting UF fouling behaviours with good accuracy based solely on fluorescence data obtained at time = 15 min from the initiation of the filtration process. In addition, this approach was tested experimentally as a basis for optimization by modifying the UF back-washing times with the objective of minimizing energy consumption and maximizing water production. Preliminary optimization results demonstrated the potential of this approach to reduce power consumption by significant percentages. This approach was also useful for identifying the fouling components of the NOM that were contributing to reversible and irreversible membrane fouling. Grand River water (Southwestern Ontario, Canada) was used as the natural water source for developing the techniques presented in this thesis. Future research focusing on testing these methods for monitoring of membrane fouling and treatment processes in large-scale drinking water treatment facilities that experience different sources of raw water would be useful for identifying the limitation of these techniques and areas for improvements.
Book Synopsis Safe Drinking Water by : Steve E. Hrudey
Download or read book Safe Drinking Water written by Steve E. Hrudey and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-05-31 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drinking water provides an efficient source for the spread of gastrointestinal microbial pathogens capable of causing serious human disease. The massive death toll and burden of disease worldwide caused by unsafe drinking water is a compelling reason to value the privilege of having safe drinking water delivered to individual homes. On rare occasions, that privilege has been undermined in affluent nations by waterborne disease outbreaks traced to the water supply. Using the rich and detailed perspectives offered by the evidence and reports from the Canadian public inquiries into the Walkerton (2000) and North Battleford (2001) outbreaks to develop templates for understanding their key dimensions, over 60 waterborne outbreaks from 15 affluent countries over the past 30 years are explored as individual case studies. Recurring themes and patterns are revealed and the critical human dimensions are highlighted suggesting insights for more effective and more individualized preventive strategies, personnel training, management, and regulatory control. Safe Drinking Water aims to raise understanding and awareness of those factors that have most commonly contributed to or caused drinking-water-transmitted disease outbreaks - essentially a case-history analysis within the multi-barrier framework. It contains detailed analysis of the failures underlying drinking-water-transmitted disease epidemics that have been documented in the open literature, by public inquiry, in investigation reports, in surveillance databases and other reliable information sources. The book adopts a theme of 'converting hindsight into foresight', to inform drinking-water and health professionals including operators, managers, engineers, chemists and microbiologists, regulators, as well as undergraduates and graduates at specialty level. Key Features: Contains details and perspectives of major outbreaks not widely known or understood beyond those directly involved in the investigations. Technical and scientific background associated with case studies is offered in an accessible summary form. Does not require specialist training or experience to comprehend the details of the numerous outbreaks reviewed. By providing a broad-spectrum review using a consistent approach, several key recurring themes are revealed that offer insights for developing localized, tailor-made prevention strategies.
Book Synopsis Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms by : Babin, Marcel
Download or read book Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms written by Babin, Marcel and published by UNESCO. This book was released on 2008-06-05 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proliferation of harmful phytoplankton in marine ecosystems can cause massive fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, impact local and regional economies and dramatically affect ecological balance. Real-time observations are essential for effective short-term operational forecasting, but observation and modelling systems are still being developed. This volume provides guidance for developing real-time and near real-time sensing systems for observing and predicting plankton dynamics, including harmful algal blooms, in coastal waters. The underlying theory is explained and current trends in research and monitoring are discussed.Topics covered include: coastal ecosystems and dynamics of harmful algal blooms; theory and practical applications of in situ and remotely sensed optical detection of microalgal distributions and composition; theory and practical applications of in situ biological and chemical sensors for targeted species and toxin detection; integrated observing systems and platforms for detection; diagnostic and predictive modelling of ecosystems and harmful algal blooms, including data assimilation techniques; observational needs for the public and government; and future directions for research and operations.
Book Synopsis Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Imaging and Probes by : Ruud Kraayenhof
Download or read book Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Imaging and Probes written by Ruud Kraayenhof and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased use of fluorescence techniques is greatly enhanced by the improved instrumentation pioneered by inventive scientists and now made available commercially by several high-tech companies. Moreover, the design and development of many new molecular probes with higher selectivity for specific microenvironmental properties has stimulated many new researchers to employ fluorescence techniques for solving their problems. This topic book, the second in his series, reflects this exciting scientific progress and deals, among others, with new approaches and new probes in fluorescence spectroscopy, single molecule fluorescence, applications in biomembrane and enzyme studies and imaging of living cells.
Book Synopsis Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Aquatic Sciences: Methods and Applications by : David J. Suggett
Download or read book Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Aquatic Sciences: Methods and Applications written by David J. Suggett and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-08-23 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence have revolutionised global research of photosynthetic bacteria, algae and plants and in turn assessment of the status of aquatic ecosystems, a success that has partly been facilitated by the widespread commercialisation of a suite of chlorophyll fluorometers designed for almost every application in lakes, rivers and oceans. Numerous publications have been produced as researchers and assessors have simultaneously sought to optimise protocols and practices for key organisms or water bodies; however, such parallel efforts have led to difficulties in reconciling processes and patterns across the aquatic sciences. This book follows on from the first international conference on “chlorophyll fluorescence in the aquatic sciences” (AQUAFLUO 2007): to bridge the gaps between the concept, measurement and application of chlorophyll fluorescence through the synthesis and integration of current knowledge from leading researchers and assessors as well as instrument manufacturers.
