Flame Retardants Trischloropropyl Phosphate And Tris2 Choloroetyl Phosphate

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Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309171938
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals by : National Research Council

Download or read book Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-06 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.

Atlas of Chick Development

Author : Ruth Bellairs
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080454755
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Atlas of Chick Development by : Ruth Bellairs

Download or read book Atlas of Chick Development written by Ruth Bellairs and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-09-15 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This outstanding work is the only modern book devoted to the chick embryo and has been an essential resource for geneticists, molecular and developmental biologists, and other life scientists who use the chick embryo as their research model. This new enlarged and updated second edition is published in response to continuing demand. The text provides a detailed description of development, from fertilization to hatching, with emphasis on the earlier stages though also covering individual organ systems in detail. There are reviews of the more recent molecular research and a new section highlighting the important landmarks in the history of chick embryology which have had an impact on our understanding of developmental processes. The book is beautifully illustrated with 74 text-figures and over 500 photographs, including nearly 200 new scanning electron micrographs. - Updated and expanded text to accompany diagrams - More than 200 new labelled scanning electron micrographs showing individual tissues in great detail - Reviews of recent molecular research - Discusses the roles of genes such as Hox genes, BMPs, and sonic hedgehog during early development - New sections on genetical anomalies, techniques, and the poultry industry

Flame Retardants

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher : Environmental Health Criteria
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Flame Retardants by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Flame Retardants written by World Health Organization and published by Environmental Health Criteria. This book was released on 1998 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to three flame retardants: tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). In view of their many similarities, TCPP and TDCPP are covered together. Data on all three flame retardants are extremely limited and largely confined to studies of environmental levels and adverse effects detected in experimental animals and in vitro test systems. The monograph on TCPP and TDCPP describes manufacturing processes and summarizes current uses. The vast majority of TCPP is used in rigid polyurethane foams, with main applications in insulation for buildings and in refrigerator casings. TDCPP is likewise added as a flame retardant to polyurethane foam and has some additional applications as a flame retardant for non-woven fabrics. For both chemicals, studies show that residues are found infrequently and at low concentrations in food items. For TCPP, traces have been detected in industrial and domestic effluents but not in surface water or drinking-water. Traces of TDCPP have been detected in sewage effluent, river water, seawater, drinking-water, and water sediment, and in fish. In view of the low volatility of both chemicals, the report concludes that human exposure from these sources will be very low and will not present an acute health hazard for the general population. Likewise, no adverse effects on the environment are anticipated from the use of either of these flame retardants. Experimental studies of TCPP in laboratory animals demonstrate low to moderate toxicity by the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. Tests indicate that the chemical is neither a skin nor an eye irritant. No studies were available to evaluate reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, or carcinogenic potential. In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity studies produced negative results. Toxicity studies of TDCPP show low to moderate acute toxicity by the oral route and low acute toxicity by the dermal route. The report found no evidence of teratogenicity or mutagenicity. A single carcinogenicity study found an increased occurrence of several tumours at all exposure levels tested in both male and female rats. In the absence of data on the mechanisms of carcinogenic action, the relevance of these findings to humans could not be assessed. The limited studies of occupationally exposed workers were judged inadequate for evaluation. The second monograph evaluates TCEP, a flame retardant with declining uses in the production of liquid polyester resins and in textile back-coating formulations. Traces have been detected in river water, seawater, drinking-water, sediment, fish and shellfish, and a few food items. Experimental studies show low to moderate acute oral toxicity. In repeat dose experiments, TCEP caused adverse effects on the brain, liver and kidneys. The report concludes that TCEP is not an irritant to the eye or skin and is not teratogenic, although some adverse effects on the fertility of male rats and mice have been demonstrated.

Chloro-organic Used as Flame Retardants

Author :
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 9789291207862
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Chloro-organic Used as Flame Retardants by :

Download or read book Chloro-organic Used as Flame Retardants written by and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 1995 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials

Author : Eli Pearce
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468421484
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials by : Eli Pearce

Download or read book Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials written by Eli Pearce and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flammability has been recognized as an increasingly important social and scientific problem. Fire statistics in the United States (Report of the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control. "America Burning:' 1973) emphasized the vast devastation to life and property--12.000 lives lost annually due to fire. and these deaths are usually caused by inhaling smoke or toxic gases: 300.000 fire injuries: 11.4 billion dollars in fire cost at which 2.7 billion dollars is related to property loss: a billion dollars to burn injury treatment: and 3.3 billion dollars in productivity loss. It is obvious that much human and economic misery can be attributed to fire situations. In relation to this. polymer flammability has been recognized as an in creasingly important social and scientific problem. The development of flame-retardant polymeric materials is a current example where the initia tive for major scientific and technological developments is motivated by sociological pressure and legislation. This is part of the important trend toward a safer environment and sets a pattern for future example. Flame retardancy deals with our basic everyday life situations-housing. work areas. transportation. clothing and so forth-the "macroenvironment" capsule within which "homosapiens" live. As a result. flame-retardant polymers are now emerging as a specific class of materials leading to new and diversified scientific and technological ventures.

Fire Retardant Materials

Author : A. Richard Horrocks
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781855734197
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Fire Retardant Materials by : A. Richard Horrocks

Download or read book Fire Retardant Materials written by A. Richard Horrocks and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2001-02-16 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This authoritative reference work will provide a comprehensive source of information for readers concerned with the highly diverse subject of fire retardance. The emphasis is on the burning behaviour and flame retarding properties of polymeric materials. It covers combustion, flame retardants, smoke and toxic products generally and goes on to concentrate on more material-specific aspects of combustion in relation to textiles, composites and bulk polymers. A wide range of fire retardant materials are covered including research in the new field of nanocomposites."--Knovel.

A Class Approach to Hazard Assessment of Organohalogen Flame Retardants

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309491185
Total Pages : 103 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis A Class Approach to Hazard Assessment of Organohalogen Flame Retardants by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book A Class Approach to Hazard Assessment of Organohalogen Flame Retardants written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-08-19 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1970s, flame retardants began to be added to synthetic materials to meet strict flammability standards. Over the years, diverse flame retardants have been manufactured and used in various products. Some flame retardants have migrated out of the products, and this has led to widespread human exposure and environmental contamination. There also is mounting evidence that many flame retardants are associated with adverse human health effects. As a result, some flame retardants have been banned, restricted, or voluntarily phased out of production and use. This publication develops a scientifically based scoping plan to assess additive, nonpolymeric organohalogen flame retardants as a class for potential chronic health hazards under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, including cancer, birth defects, and gene mutations.

Emerging Pollutants

Author : Francisco G. Calvo-Flores
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527338764
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Pollutants by : Francisco G. Calvo-Flores

Download or read book Emerging Pollutants written by Francisco G. Calvo-Flores and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An excellent, concise, and interdisciplinary overview of different classes of emerging pollutants arising, for example, from pharmaceuticals, pesticides, personal care products, and industrial chemicals and their impact on water, soil, and air. Following an introduction to chemical pollutants, with special attention focused on organic compounds and their properties, the book goes on to describe major emerging pollutants grouped according to their applications in different sectors of industrial or economic activity. For each type of compound, the chemical structure, main properties, and source are presented, along with their fate in the environment as pollutants, the latest analytical methods for detection, possible health or ecology consequences, as well as current regulatory laws. New developments, such as nanotechnology as a pollution source, are also included. The book closes with a chapter devoted to conclusions and future perspectives.

Utech 94

Author : David Reed
Publisher : iSmithers Rapra Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781859570043
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Utech 94 by : David Reed

Download or read book Utech 94 written by David Reed and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 1994 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Personal Care Compounds in the Environment

Author : Kai Bester
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9783527315673
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (156 download)

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Book Synopsis Personal Care Compounds in the Environment by : Kai Bester

Download or read book Personal Care Compounds in the Environment written by Kai Bester and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-04-09 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here, the most important classes of toxic chemicals from personal care compounds are systematically covered, from cosmetics to plastics additives to pharmaceuticals. For each substance, data on toxicity and bioaccumulation in various ecosystems are given. This first comprehensive treatment of personal care environmental toxins is rounded off by a discussion of strategies in wastewater treatment to control and remove these substances.

Szycher's Handbook of Polyurethanes

Author : Ph.D, Michael Szycher
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482273985
Total Pages : 693 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Szycher's Handbook of Polyurethanes by : Ph.D, Michael Szycher

Download or read book Szycher's Handbook of Polyurethanes written by Ph.D, Michael Szycher and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-04-23 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Polyurethanes serves as the first source of information of useful polymers. This new book thoroughly covers the entire spectrum of polyurethanes - from current technology to buyer's information. Discussions include: block and heteroblock systems rubber plasticity structure-property relations mi

Draft toxicological profile for phosphate ester flame retardants

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Draft toxicological profile for phosphate ester flame retardants by :

Download or read book Draft toxicological profile for phosphate ester flame retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Early-life Environmental Exposure and Disease

Author : Yankai Xia
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811537976
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Early-life Environmental Exposure and Disease by : Yankai Xia

Download or read book Early-life Environmental Exposure and Disease written by Yankai Xia and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-09 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers valuable insights into the latest concepts and findings from epidemiologic, clinical and basic studies in the burgeoning area of early-life environmental exposure and diseases. The book is divided into five parts, starting with an overview of environmental exposure measurement and evaluation, followed by a review of the effects of exposure to various substances like tobacco smoke, pesticides and metals as well as stress on offspring’s health. It then discusses the developmental origins of a range of childhood diseases that affect growth, neural development and the immune system, and highlights the importance of longitudinal studies that measure exposure at potentially sensitive time points during childhood. It also provides up-to-date evidence of the intergenerational/transgenerational effects of early-life environmental exposure, especially via genetic and epigenetic pathways. Allowing readers to gain a thorough understanding of the predominating aspects of early-life environmental exposure and diseases, the book also provides a basis for developing environmental and health policies that could have wide and long-term impacts on human health.

Handbook Of Fillers For Plastics

Author : H.S. Katz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780442260248
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook Of Fillers For Plastics by : H.S. Katz

Download or read book Handbook Of Fillers For Plastics written by H.S. Katz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1987-11-30 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book should be of interest to manufacturers of plastics products and fillers, plastics designers, engineers and polymer chemists.

Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants in the Environment

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444643397
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants in the Environment by :

Download or read book Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants in the Environment written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-02-17 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants in the Environment Volume 88 in the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series, contains a wide range of topics on flame retardants in the environment, specifically focusing on halogenated flame retardants. New chapters in this release include an Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment, Analysis of emerging halogenated flame Retardants in environment, Toxicity of emerging halogenated organic chemicals, Occurrence and fate of emerging halogenated flame retardants in environment, Emerging halogenated flame retardants in indoor environment, Food contamination on emerging halogenated flame retardants, Human exposure to emerging halogenated flame retardants, and much more.

Handbook of Polymer Science and Technology

Author : Nicholas Cheremisinoff
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000938484
Total Pages : 766 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Polymer Science and Technology by : Nicholas Cheremisinoff

Download or read book Handbook of Polymer Science and Technology written by Nicholas Cheremisinoff and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-07-21 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook focuses on physical, structural, and compositional properties of elastomeric materials and plastics. It provides a broad overview of the physical and physicochemical properties of synthetic rubbers that are used in conventional cured applications.

Advances in the Determination of Xenobiotics in Foods

Author : Belen Gomara
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9811421579
Total Pages : 501 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (114 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in the Determination of Xenobiotics in Foods by : Belen Gomara

Download or read book Advances in the Determination of Xenobiotics in Foods written by Belen Gomara and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2019-10-04 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determining the presence of different types of toxic compounds (or xenobiotics) in food requires precise analytical methodologies. Examples of these techniques include separation techniques coupled to mass spectrometry, Variations in methods used depend on the physicochemical properties of each xenobiotic being tested for. Advances in the Determination of Xenobiotics in Foods explains recent developments in the field of xenobiotic determination in food. Readers are introduced to xenobiotic testing techniques through extensive reviews. Chapters also cover details about contaminants coming from food contact materials (such as plasticizers, food additives, polymer monomers/oligomers and non-intentionally added substances), substances used for food processing and sensing (nanoparticles), and residues of pesticides (that can also be present in the final food product). The book also includes information about specific xenobiotics that, due to their global distribution in the environment, are also likely to enter the food chain. Some of them are regulated (persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals) but there are many other types of contaminants (halogenated flame-retardants, perfluorinated compounds and micro- and nanoplastics) that must also be controlled. In addition, some xenobiotics could be present in the final food consumed because of food treatments (acrylamide, furan, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and glycidol esters). Finally, the concluding chapters of the book are devoted to the presence of natural contaminants such as mycotoxins and biogenic amines. The combination of extensive information of analytical techniques for xenobiotics along with a categorical treatment of food contaminants makes this volume a handy reference for food science and technology students and technicians involved in food safety and processing management roles. SERIES INTRODUCTION: This book series presents reviews, and reference monographs on all aspects of food science and technology. The series is essential reading for food chemists and technician in both professional and academic settings.