Fabrication, Assembly and Application of DNA Based 1D Nanostructures

Download Fabrication, Assembly and Application of DNA Based 1D Nanostructures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fabrication, Assembly and Application of DNA Based 1D Nanostructures by : Rong Li

Download or read book Fabrication, Assembly and Application of DNA Based 1D Nanostructures written by Rong Li and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Structural DNA Nanotechnology

Download Structural DNA Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521764483
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (217 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Structural DNA Nanotechnology by : Nadrian C. Seeman

Download or read book Structural DNA Nanotechnology written by Nadrian C. Seeman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the founder of the field, this is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to structural DNA nanotechnology.

Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Smart and Advanced Materials

Download Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Smart and Advanced Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498722490
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Smart and Advanced Materials by : Xu Hou

Download or read book Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Smart and Advanced Materials written by Xu Hou and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-06-22 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces various advanced, smart materials and the strategies for the design and preparation for novel uses from macro to micro or from biological, inorganic, organic to composite materials. Selecting the best material is a challenging task, requiring tradeoffs between material properties and designing functional smart materials. The de

Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials

Download Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323417353
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials by : Alexandru Grumezescu

Download or read book Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials written by Alexandru Grumezescu and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-01-06 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials presents the most recent findings regarding the fabrication and self-assembly of nanomaterials for different biomedical applications. Respected authors from around the world offer a comprehensive look at how nanobiomaterials are made, enabling knowledge from current research to be used in an applied setting. Recent applications of nanotechnology in the biomedical field have developed in response to an increased demand for innovative approaches to diagnosis, exploratory procedures and therapy. The book provides the reader with a strong grounding in emerging biomedical nanofabrication technologies, covering numerous fabrication routes for specific applications are described in detail and discussing synthesis, characterization and current or potential future use. This book will be of interest to professors, postdoctoral researchers and students engaged in the fields of materials science, biotechnology and applied chemistry. It will also be highly valuable to those working in industry, including pharmaceutics and biotechnology companies, medical researchers, biomedical engineers and advanced clinicians. - An up-to-date and highly structured reference source for practitioners, researchers and students working in biomedical, biotechnological and engineering fields - A valuable guide to recent scientific progress, covering major and emerging applications of nanomaterials in the biomedical field - Proposes novel opportunities and ideas for developing or improving technologies in fabrication and self-assembly

Applications of Nanomaterials in Sensors and Diagnostics

Download Applications of Nanomaterials in Sensors and Diagnostics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642360254
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applications of Nanomaterials in Sensors and Diagnostics by : Adisorn Tuantranont

Download or read book Applications of Nanomaterials in Sensors and Diagnostics written by Adisorn Tuantranont and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent progress in the synthesis of nanomaterials and our fundamental understanding of their properties has led to significant advances in nanomaterial-based gas, chemical and biological sensors. Leading experts around the world highlight the latest findings on a wide range of nanomaterials including nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, molecularly imprinted nanostructures or plastibodies, nanometals, DNA-based structures, smart nanomaterials, nanoprobes, magnetic nanomaterials, organic molecules like phthalocyanines and porphyrins, and the most amazing novel nanomaterial, called graphene. Various sensing techniques such as nanoscaled electrochemical detection, functional nanomaterial-amplified optical assays, colorimetry, fluorescence and electrochemiluminescence, as well as biomedical diagnosis applications, e.g. for cancer and bone disease, are thoroughly reviewed and explained in detail. This volume will provide an invaluable source of information for scientists working in the field of nanomaterial-based technology as well as for advanced students in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, electrochemistry, material science, micro- and nanotechnology.

Nanofabrication

Download Nanofabrication PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812790896
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (127 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanofabrication by : Ampere A. Tseng

Download or read book Nanofabrication written by Ampere A. Tseng and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the devices and systems used in modern industry are becoming progressively smaller and have reached the nanoscale domain. Nanofabrication aims at building nanoscale structures, which can act as components, devices, or systems, in large quantities at potentially low cost. Nanofabrication is vital to all nanotechnology fields, especially for the realization of nanotechnology that involves the traditional areas across engineering and science. This is the first book solely dedicated to the manufacturing technology in nanoscale structures, devices, and systems and is designed to satisfy the growing demands of researchers, professionals, and graduate students. Both conventional and non-conventional fabrication technologies are introduced with emphasis on multidisciplinary principles, methodologies, and practical applications. While conventional technologies consider the emerging techniques developed for next generation lithography, non-conventional techniques include scanning probe microscopy lithography, self-assembly, and imprint lithography, as well as techniques specifically developed for making carbon tubes and molecular circuits and devices. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Atom, Molecule, and Nanocluster Manipulations for Nanostructure Fabrication Using Scanning Probe Microscopy (3,320 KB). Contents: Atomic Force Microscope Lithography (N Kawasegi et al.); Nanowire Assembly and Integration (Z Gu & D H Gracias); Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (H Kinoshita); Electron Projection Lithography (T Miura et al.); Electron Beam Direct Writing (K Yamazaki); Electron Beam Induced Deposition (K Mitsuishi); Focused Ion Beams and Interaction with Solids (T Ishitani et al.); Nanofabrication of Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS): Emerging Techniques (K L Ekinci & J Brugger); and other papers. Readership: Researchers, professionals, and graduate students in the fields of nanoengineering and nanoscience.

Annual Review of Nano Research

Download Annual Review of Nano Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812790225
Total Pages : 674 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (127 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Annual Review of Nano Research by : Guozhong Cao

Download or read book Annual Review of Nano Research written by Guozhong Cao and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second volume of the Annual Review of Nano Research focuses mainly on nanofabrication, nanomaterials and nanostructures, and energy application of nanomaterials. All of the review chapters are contributed by well-published scientists and bring the most recent advancements in selected topics to the readers. This review volume will perfectly serve dual purposes: either as an excellent introduction to scientists whose expertise lies in different fields but who are interested in learning about nanotechnology, or as a quick reference for experts active in the field of nanotechnology and nanoscience.

Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures

Download Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0128135166
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures by : Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf

Download or read book Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures written by Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2018-03-22 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures: Current Prospects and Future Trends discusses the most important current applications of nanoparticles and architecture nanostructures in a comprehensive, detailed manner. The book covers major applications of nanoparticles and architecture nanostructures, taking into account their unusual shapes and high surface areas. In particular, coverage is given to applications in aerospace, automotive, batteries, sensors, smart textile design, energy conversion, color imaging, printing, computer chips, medical implants, pharmacy, cosmetics, and more. In addition, the book discusses the future of research in these areas. This is a valuable reference for both materials scientists, chemical and mechanical engineers working both in R&D and academia who want to learn more on how nanoparticles and nanomaterials are commercially applied. - Provides an in-depth look at the properties of nanoparticles and architecture nanostructures in terms of their applicability for industrial uses - Analyzes the most recent advances and industrial applications of different types of nanoparticles and architecture nanostructures, taking into account their unusual structures and compositions - Identifies novel nanometric particles and architectures that are of particular value for applications and the techniques required to use them effectively

Self-Assembled Bio-Nanomaterials

Download Self-Assembled Bio-Nanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 303928536X
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self-Assembled Bio-Nanomaterials by : Gang Wei

Download or read book Self-Assembled Bio-Nanomaterials written by Gang Wei and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomolecular self-assembly provides a green, facile, and highly effective method to synthesize various functional nanomaterials that have exhibited considerable potential in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science, biomedicine, tissue engineering, food science, energy storage, and environmental science. In this collection of articles, we presented recent advance in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of self-assembled bio-nanomaterials. In a comprehensive review article, the controlled self-assembly of biomolecules including DNA, protein, peptide, enzymes, virus, and biopolymers via internal interactions and external simulations is introduced and discussed in detail. In other research articles, the self-assembly of DNA, protein, peptide, bio-drugs, liquid crystal polycarbonates, and diblock copolymers to various biomimetic/bioinspired nanomaterials and their potential applications in nanopatterning, sensors/biosensors, drug delivery, anti-parasite, and water purification are demonstrated.

Bio-Nanotechnology

Download Bio-Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118451937
Total Pages : 1118 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bio-Nanotechnology by : Manashi Bagchi

Download or read book Bio-Nanotechnology written by Manashi Bagchi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-11-26 with total page 1118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-nanotechnology is the key functional technology of the 21st century. It is a fusion of biology and nanotechnology based on the principles and chemical pathways of living organisms, and refers to the functional applications of biomolecules in nanotechnology. It encompasses the study, creation, and illumination of the connections between structural molecular biology, nutrition and nanotechnology, since the development of techniques of nanotechnology might be guided by studying the structure and function of the natural nano-molecules found in living cells. Biology offers a window into the most sophisticated collection of functional nanostructures that exists. This book is a comprehensive review of the state of the art in bio-nanotechnology with an emphasis on the diverse applications in food and nutrition sciences, biomedicine, agriculture and other fields. It describes in detail the currently available methods and contains numerous references to the primary literature, making this the perfect “field guide” for scientists who want to explore the fascinating world of bio-nanotechnology. Safety issues regarding these new technologies are examined in detail. The book is divided into nine sections – an introductory section, plus: Nanotechnology in nutrition and medicine Nanotechnology, health and food technology applications Nanotechnology and other versatile applications Nanomaterial manufacturing Applications of microscopy and magnetic resonance in nanotechnology Applications in enhancing bioavailability and controlling pathogens Safety, toxicology and regulatory aspects Future directions of bio-nanotechnology The book will be of interest to a diverse range of readers in industry, research and academia, including biologists, biochemists, food scientists, nutritionists and health professionals.

Environmental, Chemical and Medical Sensors

Download Environmental, Chemical and Medical Sensors PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811077517
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Environmental, Chemical and Medical Sensors by : Shantanu Bhattacharya

Download or read book Environmental, Chemical and Medical Sensors written by Shantanu Bhattacharya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-22 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the fundamentals of sensor technologies as well as the recent research for the development of environmental, chemical and medical sensor technologies. Chapters include current research on microflow cytometry, microfluidic devices, colorimetric sensors, and the development of low-cost optical densitometric sensors and paper based analytical devices for environmental and biomedical applications. Special focus has been given to nanotechnology and nanostructures- their fabrication, uses and utility in different fields of research such as for the design of tools for medical diagnostics, therapeutics, as well as for detection and estimation of pollutant levels in water and air quality monitoring. This book is intended as a resource for researchers working in the field of sensor development across the world.

Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology

Download Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191582808
Total Pages : 960 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology by : A. V. Narlikar

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology written by A. V. Narlikar and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2010-02-11 with total page 960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an agenda-setting and high-profile book that presents an authoritative and cutting-edge analysis of nanoscience and technology. The Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the major achievements in different aspects of this field. The Handbook comprises 3 volumes, structured thematically, with 25 chapters each. Volume I presents fundamental issues of basic physics, chemistry, biochemistry, tribology etc. of nanomaterials. Volume II focuses on the progress made with host of nanomaterials including DNA and protein based nanostructures. Volume III highlights engineering and related developments, with a focus on frontal application areas. All chapters are written by noted international experts in the field. The book should be useful for final year undergraduates specializing in the field. It should prove indispensable to graduate students, and serious researchers from academic and industrial sectors working in the field of Nanoscience and Technology from different disciplines including Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Medicine, Materials Science, Metallurgy, Ceramics, Information Technology as well as Electrical, Electronic and Computational Engineering.

1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures

Download 1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527837655
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures by : Arvind Kumar

Download or read book 1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures written by Arvind Kumar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures In-depth discussion on the physics, chemistry, and engineering beneath the construction of 1D semiconducting hybrid materials 1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications in Gas Sensing and Optoelectronics provides breakthrough research developments and trends in a variety of 1D hybrid nanostructures for chemi-resistive gas sensors and optoelectronics applications, including recent investigations and developments regarding the innovative designing approaches, fabrications, and methods used to characterize these hybrid nanostructures. The text also includes the surface and interface properties of 1D hybrid semiconducting nanostructured materials, as well as their optimization for applications in gas sensing and optoelectronics. This book further addresses the different issues of sensitivity, selectivity, and operating temperature of gas sensors based on hybrid 1D nanostructures. Moreover, it covers the novel and additional functional optoelectronic properties that originate at the interface of 1D semiconducting nanostructures combined with other low dimensional materials. Some of the specific sample topics covered in this book include: Gas sensing and optoelectronic applications of one-dimensional semiconducting hybrid nanostructures, plus synthesis and gas sensing application of 1D semiconducting hybrid nanostructures Room temperature gas sensing properties of metal oxide nanowire/graphene hybrid structures and highly sensitive room temperature gas sensors based on organic-inorganic nanofibers Synthesis and applications of 1D hybrid tin oxide nanostructures and recent advances in semiconducting nanowires-based hybrid structures for solar application Types of semiconducting hybrid nanostructures for optoelectronic devices and hybrid 1D semiconducting ZnO/GaN nanostructures Thanks to its comprehensive coverage of the subject from highly qualified authors who have significant experience in the field, 1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures is a must-have reference for senior undergraduate and graduate students, professionals, researchers, in the field of semiconductor physics, materials science, surface science, and chemical engineering.

Annual Review Of Nano Research, Volume 2

Download Annual Review Of Nano Research, Volume 2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814472069
Total Pages : 674 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Annual Review Of Nano Research, Volume 2 by : Guozhong Cao

Download or read book Annual Review Of Nano Research, Volume 2 written by Guozhong Cao and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008-03-19 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second volume of the Annual Review of Nano Research focuses mainly on nanofabrication, nanomaterials and nanostructures, and energy application of nanomaterials. All of the review chapters are contributed by well-published scientists and bring the most recent advancements in selected topics to the readers. This review volume will perfectly serve dual purposes: either as an excellent introduction to scientists whose expertise lies in different fields but who are interested in learning about nanotechnology, or as a quick reference for experts active in the field of nanotechnology and nanoscience.

Nanobiotechnology

Download Nanobiotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527605916
Total Pages : 491 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanobiotechnology by : Christof M. Niemeyer

Download or read book Nanobiotechnology written by Christof M. Niemeyer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-03-06 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology is the key technology of the 21st century. The possibility to exploit the structures and processes of biomolecules for novel functional materials, biosensors, bioelectronics and medical applications has created the rapidly growing field of nanobiotechnology. Designed as a broad survey of the field, this book combines contributions from bioorganic and bioinorganic chemistry, molecular biology, materials science and bioanalytics to fathom the full scope of current and future developments. It is divided into four main sections: * Interphase Systems * Protein-based Nanostructures * DNA-based Nanostructures * Nanoanalytics Each chapter describes in detail currently available methods and contains numerous references to the primary literature, making this the perfect "field guide" for chemists, biologists and materials scientists who want to explore the fascinating world of nanobiotechnology.

Materials Nanoarchitectonics

Download Materials Nanoarchitectonics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323994733
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Materials Nanoarchitectonics by : Katsuhiko Ariga

Download or read book Materials Nanoarchitectonics written by Katsuhiko Ariga and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-12-07 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials Nanoarchitectonics: From Integrated Molecular Systems to Advanced Devices provides the latest information on the design and molecular manipulation of self-organized hierarchically structured systems using tailor-made nanoscale materials as structural and functional units. The book is organized into three main sections that focus on molecular design of building blocks and hybrid materials, formation of nanostructures, and applications and devices. Bringing together emerging materials, synthetic aspects, nanostructure strategies, and applications, the book aims to support further progress, by offering different perspectives and a strong interdisciplinary approach to this rapidly growing area of innovation. This is an extremely valuable resource for researchers, advanced students, and scientists in industry, with an interest in nanoarchitectonics, nanostructures, and nanomaterials, or across the areas of nanotechnology, chemistry, surface science, polymer science, electrical engineering, physics, chemical engineering, and materials science. - Offers a nanoarchitectonic perspective on emerging fields, such as metal-organic frameworks, porous polymer materials, or biomimetic nanostructures - Discusses different approaches to utilizing "soft chemistry" as a source for hierarchically organized materials - Offers an interdisciplinary approach to the design and construction of integrated chemical nano systems - Discusses novel approaches towards the creation of complex multiscale architectures

Design, Principle and Application of Self-Assembled Nanobiomaterials in Biology and Medicine

Download Design, Principle and Application of Self-Assembled Nanobiomaterials in Biology and Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 032390985X
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design, Principle and Application of Self-Assembled Nanobiomaterials in Biology and Medicine by : Alok Pandya

Download or read book Design, Principle and Application of Self-Assembled Nanobiomaterials in Biology and Medicine written by Alok Pandya and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-08-04 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Design, Principle and Application of Self-Assembled Nanobiomaterials in Biology and Medicine discusses recent advances in science and technology using nanoscale units that show the novel concept of combining nanotechnology with various research disciplines within both the biomedical and medicine fields. Self-assembly of molecules, macromolecules, and polymers is a fascinating strategy for the construction of various desired nanofabrication in chemistry, biology, and medicine for advanced applications. It has a number of advantages: (1) It is involving atomic-level modification of molecular structure using bond formation advanced techniques of synthetic chemistry. (2) It draws from the enormous wealth of examples in biology for the development of complex, functional structures. (3) It can incorporate biological structures directly as components in the final systems. (4) It requires that the target self-assembled structures be thermodynamically most stable with relatively defect-free and self-healing. In this book, we cover the various emerging self-assembled nanostructured objects including molecular machines, nano-cars molecular rotors, nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanotubes, nanowires, nano-flakes, nano-cubes, nano-disks, nanorings, DNA origami, transmembrane channels, and vesicles. These self-assembled materials are used for sensing, drug delivery, molecular recognition, tissue engineering energy generation, and molecular tuning. - Provides a basic understanding of how to design, and implement various self-assembled nanobiomaterials - Covers principles implemented in the constructions of novel nanostructured materials - Offers many applications of self-assemblies in fluorescent biological labels, drug and gene delivery, bio-detection of pathogens, detection of proteins, probing of DNA structure, tissue engineering, and many more