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Experimental Two Phase Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program
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Book Synopsis Experimental Two-Phase Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program by : M. Petrick
Download or read book Experimental Two-Phase Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program written by M. Petrick and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An extensive series of experiments were performed in which the measured efficiency of two-phase liquid-metal MHD generators has been significantly increased by reducing dissipative boundary-layer current shunts. A series of experiments were performed in which a thin layer (0.0305 cm) of nitrogen was injected along the insulated walls of a constant-moving, conducting, liquid boundary layer. Preliminary water-nitrogen experiments were performed to study the effects of injector port geometry on boundary-layer control. Results of the experiments indicate that the liquid boundary-layer can be effectively displaced from the wall by the injection of nitrogen parallel to the insulator wall.
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-Phase Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program by : M. Petrick
Download or read book Experimental Two-Phase Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program written by M. Petrick and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Testing of the second diverging-channel generator with the revised ambient-temperature NaK-N2 facility has been completed. The primary goal of the revised facility, demonstrating reduced slip ratio (ratio of gas velocity to liquid velocity) with higher liquid velocity (flow rate), was accomplished. The reduction in slip ratio was dramatically demonstrated by a series of consecutive runs with varying flow rate (from 6 kg/s to 12 kg/s for the liquid). Substantial increases in generator efficiency were obtained with higher liquid flow rates. Experiments to demonstrate that good liquid-to-gas heat transfer exists in the generator were successfully completed. Good heat transfer is essential because it is the almost constant temperature expansion of the gas (vapor) in the generator that yields higher system efficiencies for liquid-metal MHD power cycles. The feasibility of generating relatively-stable bubbles, hence, a foam, in liquid metals has been demonstrated. Photographic documentation of these phenomena, both motion and still pictures, was made. Surface tension measurements and foaming experiments have shown that viscosity is also a factor in promoting bubble formation and persistence. Wetting and contact angle measurements have been made for stainless steel and carbon steel immersed in eutectic NaK.
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program by : Argonne National Laboratory. Engineering Division
Download or read book Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program written by Argonne National Laboratory. Engineering Division and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Annual Report. [NaK-nitrogen Generator]. by :
Download or read book Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Annual Report. [NaK-nitrogen Generator]. written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new diverging-channel liquid-metal MHD generator with gas injection along the insulating walls was built and placed in operation in late 1974. This generator yielded nearly-constant liquid velocity along the channel for near-design conditions, as desired for best performance. Extensive measurements of the generator terminal and internal parameters were made over a range of gas and liquid flow rates, magnetic field strengths, and load resistance values. Data are given for generator efficiency and load voltages, and the variations along the channel of liquid and gas velocities, pressure, local load factor, void fraction, and slip ratio. Comparisons are made with theoretical predictions. Tests made to evaluate the effectiveness of the gas injection indicated that the generator performance improved slightly as the amount of gas injected was decreased, and that the injected gas was not forming the desired pure-gas wall layer. Following this, air-water tests indicated that this was to be expected, and a one-dimensional computer model indicated that performance should be better without the partial flow obstruction of the gas injection ports. The gas injection ports were removed, and substantial improvement was obtained in generator performance--by far the best to date. Data comparable to that for gas injection is presented for this case. The future directions of the program, including the role of gas injection, and the modifications to the NaK-nitrogen facility are described.
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-Phase Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program Annual Report January 1975 by :
Download or read book Experimental Two-Phase Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program Annual Report January 1975 written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Final Report, October 1977-September 1978 by :
Download or read book Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Final Report, October 1977-September 1978 written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The experimental results presented satisfy one major goal in demonstrating the technical feasibility of two-phase LMMHD (liquid-metal MHD), id est, operating an MHD generator at power densities equal to or above that anticipated for practical power systems. Power densities of up to 32 MWe/m/sup 3/ and efficiencies higher than 0.6 at high void fractions were attained for a small 20-kWe generator. Slip ratio data, and more-extensive pressure distribution and voltage profile data are also given. Barium has been identified as an attractive additive for the generation of foams with NaK, and bismuth is a back-up for barium. A guiding hypothesis for understanding the phenomena contributing to foamability in liquid metal systems has been developed, and basic data on surface tension obtained. A computer code has been developed that will calculate the electrical end loss for any insulating vane geometry and magnetic flux density distribution, a significant accomplishment. Initial studies with this code have shown that generator efficiencies in excess of 0.8 are attainable. Initial measurements of local flow parameters in a NaK-nitrogen two-phase liquid-metal MHD generator, using hot-film and resistivity probes, are reported. Although the results are preliminary, there is evidence that large electromagnetic force densities have a significant effect on the sixze and distribution of the gas bubbles or voids. All results are very encouraging for the development of large high-efficiency LMMHD generators.
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Annual Report, October 1976--September 1977 by :
Download or read book Experimental Two-phase Liquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Annual Report, October 1976--September 1977 written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Testing of the second diverging-channel generator with the revised ambient-temperature NaK-N2 facility has been completed. The primary goal of the revised facility, demonstrating reduced slip ratio (ratio of gas velocity to liquid velocity) with higher liquid velocity (flow rate), was accomplished. The reduction in slip ratio was dramatically demonstrated by a series of consecutive runs with varying flow rate (from 6 kg/s to 12 kg/s for the liquid). Substantial increases in generator efficiency were obtained with higher liquid flow rates. Experiments to demonstrate that good liquid-to-gas heat transfer exists in the generator were successfully completed. Good heat transfer is essential because it is the almost-constant-temperature expansion of the gas (vapor) in the generator that yields the higher system efficiencies for liquid-metal MHD power cycles. The feasibility of generating relatively-stable bubbles, hence, a foam, in liquid metals has been demonstrated. Photographic documentation of these phenomena, both motion and still pictures, was made. Surface tension measurements and foaming experiments have shown that viscosity is also a factor in promoting bubble formation and persistence. Wetting and contact angle measurements have been made for stainless steel and carbon steel immersed in eutectic NaK. An analytical study of the liquid shunt (wall) layer sizes and losses has shown that these losses are not expected to be significant for large generators; less than 1.0 percent decrease in efficiency is anticipated. A two-phase pressure-gradient correlation developed for MHD flows has been shown to agree to within 20 percent with the generator data.
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-phase Liquid--metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Annual Report, August 1975--September 1976 by :
Download or read book Experimental Two-phase Liquid--metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program. Annual Report, August 1975--September 1976 written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revised ambient-temperature NaK-nitrogen facility is described. The maximum liquid flow rate and generator inlet pressure are 10.9 kg/s 200 gpm) and 1.48 MP/sub a/ absolute (200 psig), respectively, compared with the previous values of 6 kg/s (110 gpm) and 0.72 MPa absolute (90 psig). Satisfactory loop operation has been obtained, and new experiments with the second diverging-channel generator were completed. The principal experimental results were a higher power density for the same generator operating conditions, and an apparent tendency for the efficiency to improve more with increasing quality at higher velocities than lower velocities. An evaluation of an annular generator geometry is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the geometry are described, the equations developed, and solutions obtained for three cases--constant velocity and no armature reactions, laminar flow with no armature reaction, and armature reaction with constant velocity. Numerical examples show that: (1) the attainable terminal voltages appear to be very low, (2) flow reversal and large viscous loss occur at or below the desired power densities, and (3) armature reaction effects are important and compensation techniques appear impractical. Thus, this annular geometry does not appear attractive for either generator or pump operation. The initial steps in the program to produce and evaluate liquid-metal foams are described. The future directions of the expermental generator program, including foams, are discussed.
Book Synopsis Experimental Two-phase Piquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program by : M. Petrick
Download or read book Experimental Two-phase Piquid-metal Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Program written by M. Petrick and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics by : J.J. Lielpeteris
Download or read book Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics written by J.J. Lielpeteris and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid metal MHO is within the scope of two series of international conferences. One is the International Congress on "MHD Power Generation", held every four years, which includes technical and economical aspects as well as scientific questions. The other if the Beer-Sheva Seminar on "MHO Flows and Turbulence", held every three years in Israel. In addition to these well established meetings, an IUTAM Symposium was previously organized in Cambridge (UK) in 1982 on "Metallurgical Applications of MHD" by the late Arthur Shercliff. It was focussed on a very specific subject developing radiply from the middle of the 1970's. The magnetic field was generally AC, including frequencies high enough for the skin-depth to be much smaller than the typical length scale of the liquide pool. And the development of new technologies, or the improvement of existing ones, was the main justification of most of the researches presented and discussed. Only two participants from Eastern countries attended this Symposium. By the middle of the 1980's we felt that on this very same topic ideas had reached much more maturity than in 1982. We also realized that a line of research on MHD flows related to fusion reactors (tokamaks) was developing significantly, with particular emphasis on flows at large interaction parameter.
Book Synopsis Two-phase Liquid-metal MHD Generator Experiments and Pressure-gradient Correlations by :
Download or read book Two-phase Liquid-metal MHD Generator Experiments and Pressure-gradient Correlations written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The experimental results obtained from both single- and two-phase liquid-metal MHD studies conducted at two ANL facilities utilizing both circular and rectangular test-section geometries are presented. Single-phase pressure gradient data for the circular geometry are compared with existing MHD theory, and the two-phase results for both geometries are found to agree well with a two-phase MHD correlation developed herein.
Book Synopsis Local Measurements in Two-phase Liquid-metal MHD. by :
Download or read book Local Measurements in Two-phase Liquid-metal MHD. written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the inception of the development of a two-phase liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic (LMMHD) power generation system at Argonne National Laboratory, increasing emphasis has been placed on the relation between the characteristics of local two-phase flow structure and LMMHD generator efficiency. During the past year a local-measurements program has been undertaken to characterize the local flow structure occurring inside two-phase LMMHD mixers and generators. Continuing local-measurement experiments are in progress at ANL using (single and multiple) resistivity probes and (single) hot-film probes to determine local void fractions, velocities and turbulence intensities. The techniques which have been tested and proved successful in air-water mixtures are now being extended to NaK-nitrogen mixtures, in which some initial tests have been made.
Book Synopsis ERDA Energy Research Abstracts by : United States. Energy Research and Development Administration
Download or read book ERDA Energy Research Abstracts written by United States. Energy Research and Development Administration and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Performance Characteristics of a Liquid Metal MHD Generator by : Michael Petrick
Download or read book Performance Characteristics of a Liquid Metal MHD Generator written by Michael Petrick and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental study was made of the performance characteristics of a liquid metal MHD generator utilizing single-phase sodium-potassium and two-phase sodium-potassium-nitrogen fluids. The purpose of this study was to compare the generator performance with theory for single-phase flow and to determine the effects of the introduction of the gaseous phase on the generator output and efficiency.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 994 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes by :
Download or read book Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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