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Experimental Evaluation Of Sorbents For The Capture Of Mercury In Flue Gases
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Book Synopsis Experimental Evaluation of Sorbents for the Capture of Mercury in Flue Gases by :
Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of Sorbents for the Capture of Mercury in Flue Gases written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The results and conclusions to date from the Argonne research program on air toxics (mercury) control can be summarized as follows: (1) Mercury emissions from coal-fired combustors are generally in the range of 10--70 [mu]g/m3 and are highly variable. (2) Existing FGC technologies are only partially effective in controlling mercury emissions. (3) Lime hydrates, either regular or high-surface-area, are not effective in removing mercury. (4) Mercury removals are enhanced by the addition of activated carbon. (5) Mercury removals with activated carbon decrease with increasing temperature, larger particle size, and decreasing mercury concentration in the gas. (6) Chemical pretreatment (with sulfur or CaCl2) can greatly increase the removal capacity of activated carbon.
Book Synopsis Experimental Evaluation of Sorbents for the Capture of Mercury in Flue Gases by : C. David Livengood
Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of Sorbents for the Capture of Mercury in Flue Gases written by C. David Livengood and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of a Sorbent-based Technology for Control of Mercury in Flue Gas by :
Download or read book Development of a Sorbent-based Technology for Control of Mercury in Flue Gas written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents results of research being, conducted at Argonne National Laboratory on the capture of elemental mercury in simulated flue gases by using dry sorbents. Experimental results from investigation of various sorbents and chemical additives for mercury control are reported. Of the sorbents investigated thus far, an activited-carbon-based sorbent impregnated with about 15% (by weight) of sulfur compound provided the best results. The key parameters affecting mercury control efficiency in a fixed-bed reactor, such as reactor loading, reactor temperature, sorbent size distribution, etc., were also studied, and the results ire presented. In addition to activated-carbon-based sorbents, a non-carbon-based sorbent that uses an inactive substrate treated with active chemicals is being developed. Preliminary, experimental results for mercury removal by this newly developed sorbent are presented.
Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of Nanoscale Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Warm Fuel Gas by : Raja A. Jadhav
Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Nanoscale Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Warm Fuel Gas written by Raja A. Jadhav and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several different types of nanocrystalline metal oxide sorbents were synthesized and evaluated for capture of mercury (Hg) from coal-gasifier warm fuel gas. Detailed experimental studies were carried out to understand the fundamental mechanism of interaction between mercury and nanocrystalline sorbents over a range of fuel gas conditions. The metal oxide sorbents evaluated in this work included those prepared by GTI's subcontractor NanoScale Materials, Inc. (NanoScale) as well as those prepared in-house. These sorbents were evaluated for mercury capture in GTI's Mercury Sorbent Testing System. Initial experiments were focused on sorbent evaluation for mercury capture in N{sub 2} stream over the temperature range 423-533 K. These exploratory studies demonstrated that NanoActive Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} along with its supported form was the most active of the sorbent evaluated. The capture of Hg decreased with temperature, which suggested that physical adsorption was the dominant mechanism of Hg capture. Desorption studies on spent sorbents indicated that a major portion of Hg was attached to the sorbent by strong bonds, which suggested that Hg was oxidized by the O atoms of the metal oxides, thus forming a strong Hg-O bond with the oxide. Initial screening studies also indicated that sulfided form of CuO/alumina was the most active for Hg capture, therefore was selected for detailed evaluation in simulated fuel gas (SFG). It was found that such supported CuO sorbents had high Hg-sorption capacity in the presence of H{sub 2}, provided the gas also contained H{sub 2}S. Exposure of supported CuO sorbent to H{sub 2}S results in the formation of CuS, which is an active sorbent for Hg capture. Sulfur atom in CuS forms a bond with Hg that results into its capture. Although thermodynamically CuS is predicted to form unreactive Cu{sub 2}S form when exposed to H{sub 2}, it is hypothesized that Cu atoms in such supported sorbents are in ''dispersed'' form, with two Cu atoms separated by a distance longer than required to form a Cu{sub 2}S molecule. Thus CuS remains in the stable reactive form as long as H{sub 2}S is present in the gas phase. It was also found that the captured Hg on such supported sorbents could be easily released when the spent sorbent is exposed to a H2-containing stream that is free of Hg and H{sub 2}S. Based on this mechanism, a novel regenerative process has been proposed to remove Hg from fuel gas at high temperature. Limited multicyclic studies carried out on the supported Cu sorbents showed their potential to capture Hg from SFG in a regenerative manner. This study has demonstrated that supported nanocrystalline Cu-based sorbents have potential to capture mercury from coal syngas over multiple absorption/regeneration cycles. Further studies are recommended to evaluate their potential to remove arsenic and selenium from coal fuel gas.
Book Synopsis Fundamental Understanding of Mercury Removal from Coal Combustion by : Erdem Sasmaz
Download or read book Fundamental Understanding of Mercury Removal from Coal Combustion written by Erdem Sasmaz and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal-fired power plants are a major anthropogenic source of worldwide mercury (Hg) emissions. Since mercury is considered to be one of the most toxic metals found in the environment, Hg emissions from coal-fired power plants is of major environmental concern. Mercury in coal is vaporized into its gaseous elemental form throughout the coal combustion process. Elemental Hg can be oxidized in subsequent reactions with other gaseous components (homogeneous) and solid materials (heterogeneous) in coal-fired flue gases. While oxidized Hg in coal-fired flue gases is readily controlled by its adsorption onto fly ash and/or its dissolution into existing solution-based sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubbers, elemental Hg is not controlled. The extent of elemental Hg formed during coal combustion is difficult to predict since it is dependent on the type of coal burned, combustion conditions, and existing control technologies installed. Therefore, it is important to understand heterogeneous Hg reaction mechanisms to predict the speciation of Hg emissions from coal-fired power plants to design and effectively determine the best applicable control technologies. In this work, theoretical and experimental investigations have been performed to investigate the adsorption and in some cases the oxidation, of Hg on solid surfaces, e.g., calcium oxide (CaO), noble metals and activated carbon (AC). The objective of this research is to identify potential materials that can be used as multi-pollutant sorbents in power plants by carrying out both high-level density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations and experiments to understand heterogeneous chemical pathways of Hg. This research uses a fundamental science-based approach to understand the environmental problems caused by coal-fired energy production and provides solutions to the power generation industry for emissions reductions. Understanding the mechanism associated with Hg and SO2 adsorption on CaO will help to optimize the conditions or material to limit Hg emissions from the flue gas desulfurization process. Plane-wave DFT calculations were used to investigate the binding mechanism of Hg species and SO2 on the CaO(100) surface. The binding strengths on the high-symmetry CaO adsorption sites have been investigated for elemental Hg, SO2, mercury chlorides (HgCl and HgCl2) and mercuric oxide (HgO). It has been discovered that HgCl, HgCl2, and SO2 chemisorb on the CaO(100) surface at 0.125 ML coverage. Binding energies of elemental Hg are minimal indicating a physisorption mechanism. Noble metals such as palladium (Pd), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) have been proposed to capture elemental Hg. Plane-wave DFT calculations have been carried out to investigate the mercury interactions with Pd binary alloys and overlays in addition to pure Pd, Au, Ag, and Cu surfaces. It has been determined that Pd has the highest mercury binding energy in comparison to other noble metals. In addition, Pd is found to be the primary surface atom responsible for increasing the adsorption of Hg with the surface in both Pd binary alloys and overlays. Deposition of Pd overlays on Au and Ag has been found to enhance the reactivity of the surface by shifting the d-states of surface atoms up in energy. The possible binding mechanisms of elemental Hg onto virgin, brominated and sulfonated AC fiber and brominated powder AC sorbents have been investigated through packed-bed experiments in a stream of air and simulated flue gas conditions, including SO2, hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitrogen oxide (NO) nitrogen dioxide (NO2). A combination of spectroscopy and plane-wave DFT calculations was used to characterize the sorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface and bulk chemical compositions of brominated AC sorbents reacted with Hg0. Through XPS surface characterization studies it was found that Hg adsorption is primarily associated with halogens on the surface. Elemental Hg is oxidized on AC surfaces and the oxidation state of adsorbed Hg is found to be Hg2+. Though plane-wave DFT and density of states (DOS) calculations indicate that Hg is more stable when it is bound to the edge carbon atom interacting with a single bromine bound atop of Hg, a model that includes an interaction between the Hg and an additional Br atom matches best with experimental data obtained from extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The flue gas species such as HCl and bromine (Br2) enhance the Hg adsorption, while SO2 is found to decrease the Hg adsorption significantly by poisoning the active sites on the AC surface. The AC sorbents represent the most market-ready technology for Hg capture and therefore have been investigated by both theory and experiment in this work. Future work will include similar characterization and bench-scale experiments to test the metal-based materials for the sorbent and oxidation performance.
Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of Nanoscale Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Warm Fuel Gas. Evaluation of Binary Metal Oxides for Mercury Capture by : Howard Meyer
Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Nanoscale Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Warm Fuel Gas. Evaluation of Binary Metal Oxides for Mercury Capture written by Howard Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas Technology Institute (GTI), in collaboration with Nanoscale Materials, Inc. (NanoScale), is developing and evaluating several nanocrystalline sorbents for capture of mercury from coal gasifier (such as IGCC) warm fuel gas. The focus of this study is on the understanding of fundamental mechanism of interaction between mercury and nanocrystalline sorbents over a range of fuel gas conditions. Detailed chemical and structural analysis of the sorbents will be carried out using an array of techniques, such as XPS, SEM, XRD, N{sub 2}-adsorption, to understand the mechanism of interaction between the sorbent and mercury. The proposed nanoscale oxides have significantly higher reactivities as compared to their bulk counterparts, which is a result of high surface area, pore volume, and nanocrystalline structure. These metal oxides/sulfides will be evaluated for their mercury-sorption potential in an experimental setup equipped with state-of-the-art analyzers. Initial screening tests will be carried out in N{sub 2} atmosphere, and two selected sorbents will be evaluated in simulated fuel gas containing H{sub 2}, H{sub 2}S, Hg and other gases. The focus will be on development of sorbents suitable for higher temperature (420-640 K) applications. In this Task, several formulations of binary metal oxide-based sorbents were prepared and evaluated for capture of mercury (Hg) in simulated fuel gas (SFG) atmosphere at temperatures in the range 423-533 K. The binary metal oxides with high surface area were found to be more effective, confirming the role of sorbent surface in mercury capture. These binary sorbents were found to be effective in capturing Hg at 473 and 533 K, with Hg capture decreasing at higher temperature. Based on the desorption studies, physical adsorption was found to be the dominant capture mechanism with lower temperatures favoring capture of Hg.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of Low-cost Sorbents for Removal of Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion Flue Gas by :
Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Low-cost Sorbents for Removal of Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion Flue Gas written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Determining how physical and chemical properties of sorbents affect vapor-phase mercury adsorption has led to potential approached for tailoring the properties of sorbents for more effective mercury removal. ... Objectives: to determine how physical and chemical properties of sorbents affect mercury adsoprtion; to develop more cost-effective sorbents"--P. v.
Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of Nanoscale Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Warm Fuel Gas by :
Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Nanoscale Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Warm Fuel Gas written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Coal Fired Flue Gas Mercury Emission Controls by : Jiang Wu
Download or read book Coal Fired Flue Gas Mercury Emission Controls written by Jiang Wu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-17 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals, harmful to both the environment and human health. Hg is released into the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources and its emission control has caused much concern. This book introduces readers to Hg pollution from natural and anthropogenic sources and systematically describes coal-fired flue gas mercury emission control in industry, especially from coal-fired power stations. Mercury emission control theory and experimental research are demonstrated, including how elemental mercury is oxidized into oxidized mercury and the effect of flue gas contents on the mercury speciation transformation process. Mercury emission control methods, such as existing APCDs (air pollution control devices) at power stations, sorbent injection, additives in coal combustion and photo-catalytic methods are introduced in detail. Lab-scale, pilot-scale and full-scale experimental studies of sorbent injection conducted by the authors are presented systematically, helping researchers and engineers to understand how this approach reduces the mercury emissions in flue gas and to apply the methods in mercury emission control at coal-fired power stations. Readers will arrive at a comprehensive understanding of various mercury emission control methods that are suitable for industrial applications. The book is intended for scientists, researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of energy science and technology, environmental science and technology and chemical engineering.
Book Synopsis Industrial Chemistry by : Harold H. Trimm
Download or read book Industrial Chemistry written by Harold H. Trimm and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection presents to the reader a broad spectrum of chapters in the various branches of industrial chemistry, which demonstrate key developments in these rapidly changing fields.
Book Synopsis Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook by : Chang H. Oh
Download or read book Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook written by Chang H. Oh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-06-27 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With detailed photos and schematic system diagrams, the Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook provides the latest information on current technologies in the market. Intended as a reference for scientists, engineers, and engineering students, it covers waste-related thermal and non-thermal technologies, separation techniques, and stabilization technologies. It provides an overview of recent waste technologies, for both hazardous chemical wastes and radioactive wastes. By implementing the techniques presented in this book, readers will be able to decide which appropriate technology to use and how to design the equipment for their particular needs.
Book Synopsis Evaluating sorbents produced from waste to remove mercury in simulated flue gases from coal combustion by : Hemantha Revata Seneviratne
Download or read book Evaluating sorbents produced from waste to remove mercury in simulated flue gases from coal combustion written by Hemantha Revata Seneviratne and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hazardous Waste Incineration by : Stephen M. Roberts
Download or read book Hazardous Waste Incineration written by Stephen M. Roberts and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-11-19 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incineration: no other form of hazardous waste disposal has matched its efficiency at volume reduction, and the permanent destruction of organic wastes. That convenience may come at a price, as questions and concerns continue to surround the potential human health impacts and ecosystem effects allegedly caused by incineration. Hazardous Waste Incineration: Evaluating the Human Health and Environmental Risks addresses those concerns by summarizing recent research. Commissioned in part by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, this volume compiles reports and observations from specialists throughout the United States. Fourteen chapters respond to the key questions posed by the researchers: What is known about existing hazardous waste incinerators, and their impacts on human health? Can the impacts of a proposed facility be evaluated before it is built, and if so, how? What is the regulatory compliance record of existing commercial hazardous waste incinerators? What methods can be used to monitor a facility's impacts after it is built? Their response: the most complete treatment of the subject-a timely and controversial topic.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Sorbents for the Cleanup of Coal-derived Synthesis Gas at Elevated Temperatures by : David Joseph Couling
Download or read book Evaluation of Sorbents for the Cleanup of Coal-derived Synthesis Gas at Elevated Temperatures written by David Joseph Couling and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) with carbon dioxide capture is a promising technology to produce electricity from coal at a higher efficiency than with traditional subcritical pulverized coal (PC) power plants. As with any coal-based technology, however, it is of critical importance to develop efficient techniques to reduce the emissions of its many environmental pollutants, including not only carbon dioxide, but also sulfur and trace metals such as lead or mercury. One potential method to improve the efficiency for IGCC is through the use of solid sorbents that operate at elevated temperatures. Because many of these technologies are in their infancy and have yet to be commercially demonstrated, a strong desire exists to develop methods to critically evaluate these technologies more rapidly and inexpensively than can be done through experiments alone. In this thesis we applied computational techniques to investigate the feasibility of sorbents for the warm temperature removal of two key pollutants, carbon dioxide and mercury. We developed pressure swing adsorption models for the removal of carbon dioxide using both metal oxide and metal hydroxide sorbents and incorporated them into IGCC process simulations in Aspen Plus in order to evaluate the energy penalties associated with using these carbon dioxide capture technologies. We identified the optimal properties of CO2 sorbents for this application. Although warm CO2 capture using solid sorbents could lead to slight efficiency increases over conventional cold cleanup methods, the potential gains are much smaller than previously estimated. In addition, we used density functional theory to screen binary metal alloys, metal oxides, and metal sulfides as potential sorbents for mercury capture. We computed the thermochemistry of 40 different potential mercury sorbents to evaluate their affinity for mercury at the low concentrations and elevated temperatures found in the coal gas stream. We also evaluated the tendency of these sorbent materials to react with major components of the gas stream, such as hydrogen or steam. Finally, we tested the mercury adsorption characteristics of three of the most promising materials experimentally. Our experimental observations showed good qualitative agreement with our density functional theory calculations.
Book Synopsis Advanced Adsorbents for Capture of Vapor-phase Mercury and Other Toxic Components from Flue Gas by : Juan He
Download or read book Advanced Adsorbents for Capture of Vapor-phase Mercury and Other Toxic Components from Flue Gas written by Juan He and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During coal combustion, mercury and arsenic are volatized and are present in multiple forms in the gas phase; similarly, the formation of nitrogen oxides in flue gas depends on nitrogen content of the coal and oxygen available to react with nitrogen. New approaches for cost-effective control of mercury and other pollutants are necessary. In this work, a group of room temperature ionic liquid coated nanostructured chelating adsorbents was developed and used for gas-phase mercury and arsenic adsorption; the simultaneous removal of mercury and nitrogen oxide using ceria-modified manganese oxide/titania materials was investigated. Three thermally robust adsorbents, 25 wt% [bmim]Cl coated-MPTS-Si, 25 wt% [bmim]Cl-MPTS-MCF and 25 wt% [bmim]Cl-Ambersep[superscript TM] GT74 were synthesized and demonstrated to be effective adsorbents for simultaneous capture of oxidized and elemental mercury at 160°C. Mercury from vapor phase dissolves in the [bmim]Cl ionic liquid layer;and subsequently bonds to the chelating ligands of MPTS or directly coordinates with the sulfur-containing groups from Ambersep[superscript TM]GT74 resin. In fixed-bed adsorption experiments, the 25 wt% [bmim]Cl-MPTS-Si exhibited the largest mercury (Hg2 and Hg0) capacity in an inert atmosphere. A mathematical model was developed to describe mercury removal based on the experimental data measured at laboratory-scale. To synthesize adsorbents for both mercury and arsenic capture, both [bmim]Cl and an amino acid-based RTIL, [TBP][Tau], were supported on a silica gel with high surface area and accessible mesopores. In both fixed-bed and batch adsorption modes, all of the RTIL-coated silica adsorbents can effectively remove Hg0 and As(III) simultaneously, and exhibited high As(III) capacities. Because of the high solubility of CO2 in the [TBP][Tau] RTIL, the presence of CO2 caused a negative effect on the Hg0 and As(III) adsorption performance of [TBP][Tau]-Si. High surface area ceria-titania materials are used as supports for manganese oxide for both warm-gas mercury capture and low temperature selective catalytic reduction. Remarkably, these materials exhibit high Hg0 adsorption capacities and excellent NO removal performance both in single-component tests and in combined NO and Hg0 removal experiments at 175°C. For the Hg0 adsorption, MnOx/CeO2-TiO2 adsorbents had large Hg0 capacities up to 37 mg g−1. SO2 inhibited Hg0 adsorption on the surface of MnOx, but the CeO2-TiO2 support retained most of its Hg0 capacity in the presence of 100 ppm SO2 The simultaneous capture of Hg0 and Hg2 at 175°C was observed using CeO2-TiO2 support. Both the NO adsorption and co-adsorption of NO + CO can be found over the surface of MnOx/CeO2-TiO2 materials. The results of XPS analysis suggest that the presence of lattice oxygen play important role on the mercury and NO adsorption, with great formation of HgO and nitrate species; in the presence of CO in the feed gas, mercury adsorption doesn't inhibit the SCR activity of NO. In summary, the nanostructured, RTILs coated chelating adsorbents and manganese supported on ceria-titania oxide materials were successfully developed and studied for removal of gas-phase mercury and other toxic components. The experimental results suggest these novel adsorbents could be technically feasible for multi-pollutants control in coal combustion.
Book Synopsis Mercury Reaction Chemistry in Combustion Flue Gases from Experiments and Theory by : Bihter Padak
Download or read book Mercury Reaction Chemistry in Combustion Flue Gases from Experiments and Theory written by Bihter Padak and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emissions from coal combustion processes constitute a significant amount of the elemental mercury released into the atmosphere today. Coal-fired power plants in the United States, with the capacity of just over 300GW, are the greatest anthropogenic source of mercury emissions. Mercury exists in coal combustion flue gas in a variety of forms depending on the coal type and combustion conditions; i.e., elemental, oxidized and particulate. Particulate mercury in the flue gas can be removed using air pollution control devices such as electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters. Oxidized mercury is easily captured by wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbers, while gaseous elemental mercury passes through the scrubbers readily. Activated carbon, when injected into the gas stream of coal-fired boilers, is effective in capturing both elemental and oxidized mercury through adsorption processes. However, the mechanism by which mercury adsorbs on activated carbon is not exactly known and its understanding is crucial to the design and fabrication of effective capture technologies for mercury. The objective of the current study is to apply theoretical-based cluster modeling to examine the possible binding mechanism of mercury on activated carbon. The effects of activated carbon's different surface functional groups and halogens on elemental mercury adsorption have been examined. Also, a thermodynamic approach is followed to examine the binding mechanism of mercury and its oxidized species such as HgCl and HgCl2 on a simulated carbon surface with and without Cl. Energies of different possible surface complexes and possible products are compared and dominant pathways are determined relatively. Since different methods are employed to capture varying forms of mercury, understanding mercury speciation during combustion and how the transformations occur between different forms is essential to developing an effective control mechanism for removing mercury from flue gas. In this study, homogeneous oxidation of mercury via chlorine is examined experimentally in a simulated flue gas environment. Mercury and chlorine are introduced into a laminar premixed methane-air flame. Cooled flue gas is sampled and sent to a custom-built electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer specially designed for mercury measurement on the order of parts per billion (ppb) in flue gas. The use of a mass spectrometer allows for distinguishing between the different forms of oxidized mercury (Hg+, Hg+2). By directly measuring mercury species accurately, one can determine the actual extent of mercury oxidation in the flue gas, which will aid in further developing mercury control technologies.
