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Examining Equity In Out Of Pocket Expenditures And Utilization Of Healthcare Services In Malawi
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Book Synopsis Examining Equity in Out-of-pocket Expenditures and Utilization of Healthcare Services in Malawi by : Ruth Mwandira
Download or read book Examining Equity in Out-of-pocket Expenditures and Utilization of Healthcare Services in Malawi written by Ruth Mwandira and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Best international health practice requires that all people benefit equally from health care services regardless of their socio-economic status and that healthcare payments be based on ability to pay. Although recent household surveys in Malawi show progress in a number of health indicators population averages, many inequalities in health outcomes still exist or are widening among households stratified by socioeconomic and geographical location variables. Inequalities in out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs) for healthcare and how they influence utilization of healthcare services are of particular interest to policy makers as they ultimately affect overall health of households. The rationale for this study is that analysis of inequities in healthcare between socioeconomic groups can help to unmask intra-group and between groups' inequities hidden in national population averages. The study's three main papers examined equity in households' out-of-pocket healthcare payments and utilization of medical care. The study adopted the widely used economic frameworks and techniques developed by O'Donnell et al (2008) for analyzing health equity using household data. These economic frameworks focus on the notion of equal treatment for equal need and that payment for healthcare should be according to ability to pay. The Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2(2005) (MIHS2) was the main dataset used in the analysis. The MIHS2 is currently the only dataset that presents inequalities in healthcare expenditures at the household level in Malawi. However, the MIHS2 report does not examine the extent to which these inequalities are inequities. It is in this context that the first study focused on assessing, first, the progressivity of OOPEs for healthcare and second, the redistributive effect of OOPEs for healthcare as a source of finance in the Malawi health system. The progressivity results indicate that OOPEs for healthcare are relatively regressive in Malawi with the poor shouldering the highest financial burden relative to their ability to pay. The study found no evidence of redistributive effect of OOPEs on income inequalities in Malawi. The second study focused on linking OOPEs to use of healthcare using the recommended two-part model (Probit and OLS). The concentration indices were decomposed into contributing factors after standardizing for health need factors, which include age, sex, self-assessed health, chronic illness and disabilities. Probability of use of healthcare and OOPEs were both found to be concentrated among the non-poor while the poor who have higher health need have less use of healthcare. The last study assessed the socioeconomic factors associated with horizontal equity in use of medical facilities and predicted use using logistic regression. General medical facilities use was found to be more concentrated among the non-poor despite the poor having a higher health need. The results showed no significant inequalities in use of public medical facilities and self-treatment between the poor and the non-poor. Overall, inequalities in healthcare utilization and out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures in Malawi are mainly influenced by socioeconomic factors, which are non-need factors than health need factors. Inequalities due to non-need factors suggest presence of inequities, which are avoidable and unjust. This study can help policy makers have a better understanding of the possible effects of OOPEs and help in explaining the factors contributing to inequities in medical care utilization in Malawi. Such information is necessary so that highest priority should be given to the health problems or challenges disproportionately affecting households with varying levels of socioeconomic privilege.
Book Synopsis Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data by : Adam Wagstaff
Download or read book Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data written by Adam Wagstaff and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007-11-02 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Have gaps in health outcomes between the poor and better off grown? Are they larger in one country than another? Are health sector subsidies more equally distributed in some countries than others? Are health care payments more progressive in one health care financing system than another? What are catastrophic payments and how can they be measured? How far do health care payments impoverish households? Answering questions such as these requires quantitative analysis. This in turn depends on a clear understanding of how to measure key variables in the analysis, such as health outcomes, health expenditures, need, and living standards. It also requires set quantitative methods for measuring inequality and inequity, progressivity, catastrophic expenditures, poverty impact, and so on. This book provides an overview of the key issues that arise in the measurement of health variables and living standards, outlines and explains essential tools and methods for distributional analysis, and, using worked examples, shows how these tools and methods can be applied in the health sector. The book seeks to provide the reader with both a solid grasp of the principles underpinning distributional analysis, while at the same time offering hands-on guidance on how to move from principles to practice.
Book Synopsis Effect of Wealth on Health Care Seeking Behavior and Out of Pocket Health Expenditure in Malawi by : Alero Agberen
Download or read book Effect of Wealth on Health Care Seeking Behavior and Out of Pocket Health Expenditure in Malawi written by Alero Agberen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Under-five mortality continues to be a source of concern globally, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Exploring the association between wealth, health seeking behavior and out-of-pocket expenditure is necessary in order to pinpoint the areas to which resources should be channeled so as to make maximum inpact in reduction of under-five mortality. Methods: This study aims to highlight the disparity in seeking for healthcare and personal spending for healthcare across the different socioeconomic levels in Malawi. We performed a cross sectional population-based household survey in 2015. The survey contained data for children 2-59 months with a reported history of symptoms of non-severe pneumonia, malaria and diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to construct a wealth index (the predictor of interest) into quintiles. We carried out a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression of the predictor of interest, wealth index, and the outcome variables, health seeking behavior and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP). Results: The sample included 1,150 children between the ages of 2-59 months whose parents reported cough, diarrhea or fever in the past two weeks. In the unadjusted bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis adjusting for education, age of caregiver, area of residence and number of people in the household, there was no observed trend in seeking for treatment across the wealth quintiles. In the unadjusted bivariate analysis, the odds of seeking for care in government facilities among participants in the lowest wealth quintile was 26% less when compared to those in the highest wealth quintile (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.39). There were no observed trends when comparing the odds of incurring OOP expenditure among participants across the different wealth quintiles. Comparing dollar amount spent among participants who incurred OOP, participants in the highest wealth quintile were likely to spend 2.28 times more money when compared to those in the lowest wealth quintile, with statistical significance. Conclusion: In a population with marginal differences in socioeconomic status, the concept of wealth may be inconsequential to their health seeking behavior or out-of-pocket expenditure. Ensuring a constant supply of medications and enforcing the non-payment of service fees in government health facilities may be a solution to improving health seeking behavior and reducing under-five mortality in Malawi.
Book Synopsis Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care by : Eddy K. A. van Doorslaer
Download or read book Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care written by Eddy K. A. van Doorslaer and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1993 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the results of research which has been facilitated by funding from the European Community and hopes to represent a significant contribution to knowledge about equity in the finance and delivery of health care in 10 countries.
Author :WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health Publisher :World Health Organization ISBN 13 :9241563702 Total Pages :257 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (415 download)
Book Synopsis Closing the Gap in a Generation by : WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health
Download or read book Closing the Gap in a Generation written by WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social justice is a matter of life and death. It affects the way people live, their consequent chance of illness, and their risk of premature death. We watch in wonder as life expectancy and good health continue to increase in parts of the world and in alarm as they fail to improve in others.
Book Synopsis Equity and Well-Being by : Hyun Hwa Son
Download or read book Equity and Well-Being written by Hyun Hwa Son and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Equity is an abstract concept covering philosophical issues such as fairness and social justice, making its definition and measurement complex. This volume tackles these complexities head-on. The book is enriched with many empirical analyses and provides a comprehensive analysis of equity ranging from concepts and measurements to empirical illustrations and policy implications. After an extensive discussion on equity in the introduction, this volume begins with a chapter on well-being where the concepts of functioning and capability are discussed. This is followed by a few chapters on what an equitable distribution is and how equity can be measured. The volume then provides a definition and a methodology to measure equitable growth, examining the relationship between growth, inequality, and poverty. It also presents various empirical illustrations and country-specific experiences with three country case studies which assess whether publicly provided health and education services are equitable in developing Asia, examining the extent to which these social services favor the poor as well as the policy challenges to a more equitable delivery of these services. Finally, these country studies provide evidence–based policy recommendations to improve equity in social service delivery in developing countries. Achieving social equity has long been an important policy goal. There are relatively few studies on equity. This book aims to help fill this gap with an in-depth analysis of the issues associated with equity, covering its concept, measurement, and policy practices and implications.
Book Synopsis Health Equity and Financial Protection by :
Download or read book Health Equity and Financial Protection written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two key policy goals in the health sector are equity and financial protection. New methods, data and powerful computers have led to a surge of interest in quantitative analysis that permits monitoring progress toward these objectives, and comparisons across countries. ADePT is a new computer program that streamlines and automates such work, ensuring that results are genuinely comparable and allowing them to be produced with a minimum of programming skills. This book provides a step-by-step guide to the use of ADePT for quantitative analysis of equity and financial protection in the health sect
Book Synopsis Handbook on Health Inequality Monitoring by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Handbook on Health Inequality Monitoring written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Handbook on health inequality monitoring: with a special focus on low- and middle-income countries is a resource that enables countries to do just that. It presents a comprehensive yet clear overview of health inequality monitoring in a user-friendly manner. The handbook succeeds in giving those involved in health inequality monitoring an appreciation of the complexities of the process, as well as building the practical knowledge and skills for systematic monitoring of health inequalities in low- and middle-income countries. The use of the handbook will enable countries to better monitor and evaluate their progress and performance with a high degree of accountability and transparency, and allow them to use the results to formulate evidenced-based policies, programmes and practices to tackle inequalities in an effective manner."--Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis Health at a Glance 2019 OECD Indicators by : OECD
Download or read book Health at a Glance 2019 OECD Indicators written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-11-07 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health at a Glance compares key indicators for population health and health system performance across OECD members, candidate and partner countries. It highlights how countries differ in terms of the health status and health-seeking behaviour of their citizens; access to and quality of health care; and the resources available for health. Analysis is based on the latest comparable data across 80 indicators, with data coming from official national statistics, unless otherwise stated.
Book Synopsis Impact of Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-income Countries by : Maria-Luisa Escobar
Download or read book Impact of Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-income Countries written by Maria-Luisa Escobar and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past twenty years, many low- and middle-income countries have experimented with health insurance options. While their plans have varied widely in scale and ambition, their goals are the same: to make health services more affordable through the use of public subsidies while also moving care providers partially or fully into competitive markets. Until now, however, we have known little about the actual effects of these dramatic policy changes. Understanding the impact of health insurance-based care is key to the public policy debate of whether to extend insurance to low-income populationsand if so, how to do itor to serve them through other means.
Book Synopsis Historical Perspectives on the State of Health and Health Systems in Africa, Volume II by : Mario J. Azevedo
Download or read book Historical Perspectives on the State of Health and Health Systems in Africa, Volume II written by Mario J. Azevedo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-24 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on Africa’s challenges, achievements, and failures over the past several centuries using an interdisciplinary approach that combines theory and fact and evidence-based practices and interventions in public health, and argues that most of the health problems in Africa are not a result of scarce or lack of resources, but of the misconceived and misplaced priorities that have left the continent behind every other on the globe in terms of health, education, and equitable distribution of opportunities and access to (quality) health as agreed by the United Nations member states at Alma-Ata in 1978.
Book Synopsis Paying for Health Care by : Adam Wagstaff
Download or read book Paying for Health Care written by Adam Wagstaff and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Egalitarian concepts of fairness in health care payments (requiring that payments be linked to ability to pay) are compared with minimum standards approaches (requiring that payments not exceed a prescribed share of prepayment income or not drive households into poverty). The arguments and methods are illustrated using data and out-of-pocket health spending in Vietnam in 1993 and 1998.
Book Synopsis Financing Health Services in Developing Countries by : John S. Akin
Download or read book Financing Health Services in Developing Countries written by John S. Akin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1987-01-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses several different approaches that support reforming health care services in developing countries. For some time now, health care services have been supported by government funds. As demands for improving health care services continue to increase additional demands will be placed on governments to respond. This, however, will not be easy. Slow economic growth and record budget deficits in the 1980's have forced reductions in public spending. Alternative approaches to finance health care services are needed. Such possible changes could involve: decentralization of federal government involvement; the promotion of nongovernment involvement; the imposition of user fees; and, establishing health insurance. Finally, the role of the Bank in pursuing new financing strategies is discussed.
Book Synopsis Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. Introduction and methods of work.-- 2. Alcohol: equity and social determinants.-- 3. Cardiovascular disease: equity and social determinants.-- 4. Health and nutrition of children: equity and social determinants.-- 5. Diabetes: equity and social determinants.-- 6. Food safety: equity and social determinants.-- 7. Mental disorders: equity and social determinants.-- 8. Neglected tropical diseases: equity and social determinants.-- 9. Oral health: equity and social determinants.-- 10. Unintended pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: equity and social determinants.-- 11. Tobacco use: equity and social determinants.-- 12. Tuberculosis: the role of risk factors and social determinants.-- 13. Violence and unintentional injury: equity and social determinants.-- 14. Synergy for equity.
Book Synopsis Health Care Reform in Greece: Progress and Reform Priorities by : Niki Kalavrezou
Download or read book Health Care Reform in Greece: Progress and Reform Priorities written by Niki Kalavrezou and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-07-16 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We review Greek public sector healthcare policies and health-related outcomes since 2010.We find that excess spending was successfully curtailed, elements of the institutional framework were modernized, and health outcomes have been relatively favorable. However, especially prior to Covid-19, public healthcare spending had been compressed to potentially unsustainable levels, with widening inequalities and large unmet needs, especially among the poor. Higher public spending and advancing structural healthcare reforms are needed to improve the efficiency and equity of the Greek healthcare system, including strengthening primary healthcare, reducing out-of-pocket payments, and eliminating remaining insurance gaps.
Book Synopsis Health Systems Financing by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Health Systems Financing written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This World Health Report was produced under the overall direction of Carissa Etienne ... and Anarfi Asamoa Baah ... The principal writers were David B. Evans ... [et al] -- t.p. verso.
Book Synopsis What's In, What's Out by : Amanda Glassman
Download or read book What's In, What's Out written by Amanda Glassman and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vaccinate children against deadly pneumococcal disease, or pay for cardiac patients to undergo lifesaving surgery? Cover the costs of dialysis for kidney patients, or channel the money toward preventing the conditions that lead to renal failure in the first place? Policymakers dealing with the realities of limited health care budgets face tough decisions like these regularly. And for many individuals, their personal health care choices are equally stark: paying for medical treatment could push them into poverty. Many low- and middle-income countries now aspire to universal health coverage, where governments ensure that all people have access to the quality health services they need without risk of impoverishment. But for universal health coverage to become reality, the health services offered must be consistent with the funds available—and this implies tough everyday choices for policymakers that could be the difference between life and death for those affected by any given condition or disease. The situation is particularly acute in low- and middle income countries where public spending on health is on the rise but still extremely low, and where demand for expanded services is growing rapidly. What’s In, What’s Out: Designing Benefits for Universal Health Coverage argues that the creation of an explicit health benefits plan—a defined list of services that are and are not available—is an essential element in creating a sustainable system of universal health coverage. With contributions from leading health economists and policy experts, the book considers the many dimensions of governance, institutions, methods, political economy, and ethics that are needed to decide what’s in and what’s out in a way that is fair, evidence-based, and sustainable over time.
