Evaluation De La Frequence Dutilisation Des Echelles De Qualite De Vie Au Cours Des Essais Therapeutiques Concernant Les Sept Pathologies Chroniques Les Plus Frequentes En Medecine Generale

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Évaluation de la fréquence d'utilisation et de l'efficacité présumée des « remèdes de famille » par les patients

Author : Camille Rohan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis Évaluation de la fréquence d'utilisation et de l'efficacité présumée des « remèdes de famille » par les patients by : Camille Rohan

Download or read book Évaluation de la fréquence d'utilisation et de l'efficacité présumée des « remèdes de famille » par les patients written by Camille Rohan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTRODUCTION : Les médecines traditionnelles constituent une part importante des soins de santé. L'intérêt des patients pour ce type de soins est croissant et beaucoup déclarent avoir recours pour leur santé à des « remèdes familiaux ». Ils se disent cependant mal informés à ce sujet et souhaiteraient un dialogue plus ouvert avec leurs médecins, qui eux s'estiment peu compétents faute d'information scientifique fiable. Notre étude propose d'évaluer la fréquence d'utilisation par les patients de remèdes de famille et d'évaluer leur efficacité. METHODOLOGIE : Une étude observationnelle descriptive transversale a été réalisée auprès d'une population de patients issus de cabinets de médecine générale des départements de l'Isère, de la Savoie et de la Haute-Savoie. Un questionnaire a été proposé aux patients dans les salles d'attente de 17 cabinets médicaux entre août 2020 et janvier 2021. Il interrogeait les patients sur leur utilisation des remèdes de famille (RDF) en général, sur la fréquence d'utilisation et l'efficacité présumée d'une liste de remèdes (n=301) utilisés pour diverses indications. RESULTATS : Trois cents soixante patients ont participé à l'étude, en majorité des femmes (60,8%). La prévalence d'utilisation des RDF était de 68,9% (IC95% [64,2 - 73,6]). Les plus couramment utilisés étaient le miel contre les maux de gorge (30,3%) ou lors d'un rhume (25%), l'application de froid ou eau froide sur une brûlure (26,7%), le riz ou son eau de cuisson en cas de diarrhée (24,7%), l'application de froid après contusion (21,9%). Le sexe féminin était associé à une prévalence d'utilisation plus élevée (OR 1,94, IC95% [1,23-3,06], p = 0,004), tout comme l'âge inférieur à 50 ans (OR 1,77, IC95% [1,12-2,79], p = 0,014). Parmi les utilisateurs, 67,3% pensaient qu'il est du rôle du médecin généraliste (MG) de les informer sur ces remèdes. Seuls 25,7% ont abordé ce sujet avec leur MG, en grande majorité de leur propre initiative (81,5%). CONCLUSION : Cette étude montre un usage de RDF répandu chez les patients : leur utilisation pour traiter un grand nombre de maux courants en soins primaires mérite une attention particulière. Il serait intéressant que les RDF les plus fréquemment utilisés puissent faire l'objet d'essais solides d'évaluation de leur efficacité et sécurité. Etendre la base des connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine permettrait aux médecins généralistes de s'emparer de cette question des remèdes de famille à des fins thérapeutiques, éducatives, d'auto-soins accompagnés mais aussi de qualité dans la relation soignant-soigné.

Observance des traitements anticonvulsivants et qualité de vie des enfants épileptiques

Author : Hélène Vincent
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (117 download)

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Book Synopsis Observance des traitements anticonvulsivants et qualité de vie des enfants épileptiques by : Hélène Vincent

Download or read book Observance des traitements anticonvulsivants et qualité de vie des enfants épileptiques written by Hélène Vincent and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTRODUCTION : L'adhésion thérapeutique est essentielle pour le contrôle des crises d'épilepsie et un enjeu important dans cette pathologie chronique fréquente. Son évaluation reste souvent difficile en pratique clinique. Notre objectif principal était d'évaluer l'observance aux anticonvulsivants. Notre objectif secondaire était l'impact de l'épilepsie sur sa qualité de vie. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES : Notre étude prospective monocentrique a inclus 75 enfants épileptiques, âgés de 5 à 17 ans et leurs parents, entre novembre 2018 et juin 2019, au CHRU de Nancy. Nous avons utilisé la Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8 (MMAS-8) pour mesurer l'observance au traitement et l'Impact of Pediatric Epilespy Scale (IPES) pour évaluer la qualité de vie, des échelles rapides, reproductibles et validées. RÉSULTATS : Notre étude a montré que 12% des enfants étaient bien observants versus 73% moyennement et 15% faiblement. Nous avons observé une meilleure compliance thérapeutique chez les patients présentant des intervalles sans crise plus longs. L'observance aux traitements antiépileptiques étaient plus faible chez les adolescents. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative entre nos groupes concernant les autres données descriptives de l'épilepsie. Celui avec un impact élevé sur la qualité de vie (score IPES global) représentait 53% des enfants, corrélé de façon significative à une durée de la pathologie plus longue (OR=1.9 ; IC 95% : 1.3-2.8) et des crises plus fréquentes (OR=105 pour les crises mensuelles ; IC 95% : 9.3-1179). Les crises absences n'étaient pas associées à un impact élevé sur la qualité de vie (OR=0.1 ; IC 95% : 0-0.6). CONCLUSION : L'observance aux anticonvulsivants est difficile pour les enfants épileptiques, 88% d'entre eux avaient une compliance considérée insatisfaisante. Nous devrions être plus vigilants en consultation médicale en l'évaluant régulièrement. Connaitre l'impact de l'épilepsie sur la qualité de vie pourrait être une aide dans l'évaluation clinique afin de dépister précocement des troubles associés. Les échelles MMAS-8 et IPES sont rapides à utiliser en routine clinique et pourraient être intégrées dans la prise en charge globale de l'enfant épileptique pour évaluer et améliorer ces deux problématiques : la compliance et la qualité de vie.

Spinal Cord Injury Pain

Author : International Association for the Study of Pain. Research Symposium
Publisher : Progress in Pain Research and
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spinal Cord Injury Pain by : International Association for the Study of Pain. Research Symposium

Download or read book Spinal Cord Injury Pain written by International Association for the Study of Pain. Research Symposium and published by Progress in Pain Research and. This book was released on 2002 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Author : Neil L. Schechter
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9780781726443
Total Pages : 924 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents by : Neil L. Schechter

Download or read book Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents written by Neil L. Schechter and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2003 with total page 924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Second Edition is a significant revision of the leading text and clinical reference on pediatric pain. Written by an international group of experts from all relevant disciplines, this new edition is a vital reference for all pain practitioners, and for nurses, psychologists, PTs, anesthesiologists, and pediatricians dealing with acute and chronic pediatric pain. This edition includes new and expanded information on NSAIDs, opioids, and regional anesthesia. New chapters cover sedation, pain in the ICU, multidisciplinary pain services, palliative care, and the long-term consequences of pain. User-friendly new features include many more illustrations of techniques.

Assessing Mental Health and Psychosocial Needs and Resources

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241548533
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (485 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Mental Health and Psychosocial Needs and Resources by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Assessing Mental Health and Psychosocial Needs and Resources written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) is a term used to describe a wide range of actions that address social, psychological and psychiatric problems that are either pre-existing or emergency-induced. These actions are carried out in highly different contexts by organizations and people with different professional backgrounds, in different sectors and with different types of resources. All these different actors--and their donors--need practical assessments leading to recommendations that can be used immediately to improve people's mental health and well-being. Although a range of assessment tools exist, what has been missing is an overall approach that clarifies when to use which tool for what purpose. This document offers an approach to assessment that should help you review information that is already available and only collect new data that will be of practical use, depending on your capacity and the phase of the humanitarian crisis. This document is rooted in two policy documents, the IASC Reference Group s (2010) "Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should Humanitarian Health Actors Know?" and the "Sphere Handbook's Standard on Mental Health" (Sphere Project, 2011). It is written primarily for public health actors. As the social determinants of mental health and psychosocial problems occur across sectors, half of the tools in the accompanying toolkit cover MHPSS assessment issues relevant to other sectors as well as the health sector.

The Patient Will See You Now

Author : Eric Topol
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465094473
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis The Patient Will See You Now by : Eric Topol

Download or read book The Patient Will See You Now written by Eric Topol and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2016-10-25 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essential guide by one of America's leading doctors to how digital technology enables all of us to take charge of our health A trip to the doctor is almost a guarantee of misery. You'll make an appointment months in advance. You'll probably wait for several hours until you hear "the doctor will see you now"-but only for fifteen minutes! Then you'll wait even longer for lab tests, the results of which you'll likely never see, unless they indicate further (and more invasive) tests, most of which will probably prove unnecessary (much like physicals themselves). And your bill will be astronomical. In The Patient Will See You Now, Eric Topol, one of the nation's top physicians, shows why medicine does not have to be that way. Instead, you could use your smartphone to get rapid test results from one drop of blood, monitor your vital signs both day and night, and use an artificially intelligent algorithm to receive a diagnosis without having to see a doctor, all at a small fraction of the cost imposed by our modern healthcare system. The change is powered by what Topol calls medicine's "Gutenberg moment." Much as the printing press took learning out of the hands of a priestly class, the mobile internet is doing the same for medicine, giving us unprecedented control over our healthcare. With smartphones in hand, we are no longer beholden to an impersonal and paternalistic system in which "doctor knows best." Medicine has been digitized, Topol argues; now it will be democratized. Computers will replace physicians for many diagnostic tasks, citizen science will give rise to citizen medicine, and enormous data sets will give us new means to attack conditions that have long been incurable. Massive, open, online medicine, where diagnostics are done by Facebook-like comparisons of medical profiles, will enable real-time, real-world research on massive populations. There's no doubt the path forward will be complicated: the medical establishment will resist these changes, and digitized medicine inevitably raises serious issues surrounding privacy. Nevertheless, the result-better, cheaper, and more human health care-will be worth it. Provocative and engrossing, The Patient Will See You Now is essential reading for anyone who thinks they deserve better health care. That is, for all of us.

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

Author : Alan D. Lopez
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821362631
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors by : Alan D. Lopez

Download or read book Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors written by Alan D. Lopez and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-04-02 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategic health planning, the cornerstone of initiatives designed to achieve health improvement goals around the world, requires an understanding of the comparative burden of diseases and injuries, their corresponding risk factors and the likely effects of invervention options. The Global Burden of Disease framework, originally published in 1990, has been widely adopted as the preferred method for health accounting and has become the standard to guide the setting of health research priorities. This publication sets out an updated assessment of the situation, with an analysis of trends observed since 1990 and a chapter on the sensitivity of GBD estimates to various sources of uncertainty in methods and data.

Spinal Cord Injury Pain

Author : Christine N. Sang
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128186631
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Spinal Cord Injury Pain by : Christine N. Sang

Download or read book Spinal Cord Injury Pain written by Christine N. Sang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spinal Cord Injury Pain presents the basis for preclinical and clinical investigations, along with strategies for new approaches in the treatment of central neuropathic pain. Contributors from the private sector and academia provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art research in this challenging space. Topics include Epidemiology of Chronic Pain Following SCI, experimental models and mechanisms of chronic pain in SCI, and new targets and technologies. This book serves as a resource for continued translational research that will result in novel approaches and treatments that improve function and quality of life for individuals with CNP/SCI. Despite a better understanding of the complexity of mechanisms of CNP/SCI, improved medical and surgical management of SCI, and the subsequent acceleration of the identification of new targets and the development of novel analgesics, there is still a great unmet clinical need in the area of CNP following SCI. Hence, this book is a welcomed addition to current research and developments. Provides a comprehensive resource for novel approaches and treatments that improve function and quality of life for individuals with CNP/SCI Includes contributors from the private sector and academia Covers epidemiology of chronic pain following SCI, experimental models, mechanisms of chronic pain in SCI, and new targets and technologies

Diabetes atlas

Author : International Diabetes Federation
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Diabetes atlas by : International Diabetes Federation

Download or read book Diabetes atlas written by International Diabetes Federation and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine

Author : Nathan I. Cherny
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199656096
Total Pages : 1281 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine by : Nathan I. Cherny

Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine written by Nathan I. Cherny and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 1281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasising the multi-disciplinary nature of palliative care the fourth edition of this text also looks at the individual professional roles that contribute to the best-quality palliative care.

Dual Attraction

Author : Martin S. Weinberg
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019535690X
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Dual Attraction by : Martin S. Weinberg

Download or read book Dual Attraction written by Martin S. Weinberg and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1995-06-01 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past two generations, extensive research has been conducted on the determinants of homosexuality. But, until now, scant attention has been paid to what is perhaps the most mysterious--and potentially illuminating--variation of human sexual expression, bisexuality. Today, as ignorance and fear of AIDS makes greater awareness of all forms of sexual behavior an urgent matter of private and public consequence, leading sex researchers Martin Weinberg, Colin Williams, and Douglas Pryor provide us with the first major study of bisexuality. Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor explore the riddle of dual attraction in their study of 800 residents of San Francisco. Fieldwork, intensive interviews, and surveys provided a wealth of data about the nature of bisexual attraction, the steps that lead people to become bisexual, and how sexual preference can change over time. They found that heterosexuals, more often than homosexuals, become bisexual; that bisexual men and women differ markedly in their sexual behavior and romantic feelings; that most bisexuals ultimately settle into long-term relationships while continuing sexual activity outside those relationships; and they also explain why transsexuals often become bisexual. Moreover, the authors discovered that as the AIDS crisis unfolded, many bisexual men entered into monogamous relationships with women, and bisexual women into more lesbian relationships. Recent media accounts attest that a growing number of researchers and writers are narrowing the fundamental cause of sexual preference to a single factor, biology. But if, as this study shows, learning plays a significant part in helping people traverse the boundaries of gender, if past and present intimate relationships influence their changing preferences, and if bisexual activity is inseparable from a social environment which provides distinctive sexual opportunities, then a mosaic of factors far more complex than those previously considered must be entertained in explaining the fuller spectrum of sexual preferences. Dual Attraction is one of the most significant contributions to our understanding of sexuality since the original Kinsey reports and Bell and Weinberg's 1978 international bestseller, Homosexualities. It is must reading for all those interested in the study of sexual behavior--especially now, since the onset of AIDS.

Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care for Children

Author : Richard Hain
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019882131X
Total Pages : 535 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care for Children by : Richard Hain

Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care for Children written by Richard Hain and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of palliative care for children facing life threatening illness and their families is now widely acknowledged as an essential part of care, which should be available to all children and families, throughout the child's illness and at the end of life. The new edition of the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care for Children brings together the most up to date information, current knowledge, evidence, and developments of clinical practice in the field. The book is structured into four sections. 'Foundations of Care' describes core issues, the foundations on which paediatric palliative care is based. 'Child and Family Care' looks at different aspects of psychological, social, and cultural care for the sick child or young person, and their family. These chapters cover the time course of the illness, around the time of death and support for the bereaved family. 'Symptom Care' focuses on the uses of medication, specific symptoms, and their management. Finally, 'Delivery of Care' examines practical approaches to care in different environments and the needs of clinicians. Two new editors join the team from Canada and South Africa, reflecting our aims to contribute towards the development of care for children across the world, and to be a resource for both experienced clinicians and those new to the field. Comprehensive in scope, exhaustive in detail, and definitive in authority, this third edition has been thoroughly updated to cover new practices, current epidemiological data, and the evolving models that support the delivery of palliative medicine to children. This includes two new chapters, looking in detail at 'Decision Making' and 'Perinatal Care', and a new section highlighting the emerging importance of 'Palliative Care for Children in Humanitarian Crises'. This book is an essential resource for anyone who works with children worldwide.

Handbook for Integrating Risk Analysis in the Economic Analysis of Projects

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook for Integrating Risk Analysis in the Economic Analysis of Projects by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Handbook for Integrating Risk Analysis in the Economic Analysis of Projects written by Asian Development Bank and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aiming to support the development of a framework for the analysis of risk in project design and economic analysis, this handbook outlines technical approaches to modeling risk. Also summarized is the nature and practice of sensitivity analysis in dealing with uncertain outcomes as well as the principles to consider in typical risk analysis situations sector by sector. Case studies are included to demonstrate the application of quantitative risk analysis using actual Asian Development Bank projects to help improve project design and quality. Handbook users will learn to identify factors that are the key determinants of project outcomes, determine the likelihood of an individual project's returns being unacceptable, and design measures to mitigate the risks arising from the identified key factors.

Applied Health Research Manual

Author : Anita Hardon
Publisher : Maklu
ISBN 13 : 9789055891917
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (919 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Health Research Manual by : Anita Hardon

Download or read book Applied Health Research Manual written by Anita Hardon and published by Maklu. This book was released on 2005-03 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on a number of important problem areas and issues, such as vaccination, reproductive health and AIDS, equity and community health financing, self-care and the use and distribution of pharmaceuticals, that confront health professionals and health planners. Public health staff at different levels are involved in providing health education and primary health care and are confronted with difficulties related to the socio-cultural context in which they work as they implement health programs. Anita Hardon is professor of anthropology of care and health, University of Amsterdam and dean of the Amsterdam School of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam. Pimpawun Boonmongkon is assistant professor of Medical Anthropology at Mahidol University in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Pieter Streefland is senior research fellow at the Royal Tropical Institute, full professor of applied development sociology, and professor of master medical anthropology and sociology, University of Amsterdam. Michael Lim Tan is medical anthropologist and lecturer, University of the Philippines, and director of Health Action Information Network. Thavitong Hongvivatana is professor of medical social science and director of the Center for Health Policy Studies, Mahidol University in Nakhon Pathom. Sjaak van der Geest is professor of medical anthropology, University of Amsterdam. Anneloes van Staa is medical doctor and medical anthropologist, and lecturer, Institute of Health Policy and Management at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. Corlien Varkevisser is a medical sociologist-anthropologist professor emeritus in Health System Research, University of Amsterdam. Cecilia Acuin, M.D., F.P.A.F.P, Department of Family Medicine of the De La Salle University in Manila. Mushtaque Chowdhury is visiting professor, Columbia University and deputy executive director of the research and evaluation division of BRAC in Bangladesh. Abbas Bhuiya is head of the Social and Behavioural Sciences Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Luechai Sringeryuang is associate professor of medical anthropology, Mahidol University in Nakhon Pathom. Els van Dongen is associate professor in medical anthropology, University of Amsterdam. Trudie Gerrits is a medical anthropologist and research fellow, Amsterdam School of Social Science Research.

Nature and Culture in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Nature and Culture in the Democratic Republic of Congo by :

Download or read book Nature and Culture in the Democratic Republic of Congo written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Managing Epidemics

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789240698345
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Epidemics by :

Download or read book Managing Epidemics written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER)

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER) by : World Health Organization

Download or read book The Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER) written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER) provides a quick, scientifically robust way of assessing the perceived serious needs of people affected by large-scale humanitarian emergencies, such as war, conflict or major natural disaster. Perceived needs are needs which are felt or expressed by people themselves and are problem areas with which they would like help. The HESPER Scale assesses a wide range of social, psychological and physical problem areas. However, it does not provide an answer as to whether, or how to, offer help. It simply identifies those serious problems that are common in a population. These problems should then be assessed and addressed in more detail. The HESPER Scale was developed by the World Health Organization and King's College London in order to fill several gaps in the humanitarian field. It enables needs assessments to be based directly on the views of people affected by humanitarian emergencies, and provides a more accurate picture of the serious problems with which the overall emergency-affected population wants help. This manual includes the HESPER Scale, as well as a detailed explanation of how to use the HESPER Scale, and how to organize, analyze and report on a HESPER survey.