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Evaluating The Effects Of Paver Systems On Urban Development Using A Distributed Hydrological Model
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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Effects of Paver Systems on Urban Development Using a Distributed Hydrological Model by : Alyssa Catherine Politte
Download or read book Evaluating the Effects of Paver Systems on Urban Development Using a Distributed Hydrological Model written by Alyssa Catherine Politte and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cities are becoming increasingly more urbanized through the conversion of forest, pasture and croplands. By replacing the natural environment with impervious areas such as parking lots, roads, houses and other concrete structures, humans are causing an increase in storm water runoff problems with potentially deleterious environmental effects. Traditionally storm water runoff has been handled and controlled using Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control flood runoff events. An alternative approach is to use Low Impact Development (LID) options. LIDs have been proposed in an attempt to mimic the natural flow regime by controlling storm water at the source. LID practices such as rainwater harvesting, green roofs, and permeable pavement can be used to replace existing infrastructure with the goal of reducing runoff volumes and peak flows. A more specific type of permeable pavement which will be the focus of this paper, called Paver Systems uses permeable pavement and aggregate to deliver filtered water to aquifers and prevent initial runoff. A modeling approach to incorporate a type of permeable pavement, called paver systems, into an existing hydrological model will yield an estimation of the effects of paver systems on stream flow. The modeling approach has been applied to a watershed located in Houston, Texas in Brays Bayou called Harris Gully to predict the impact of paver systems on storm water runoff.
Book Synopsis A Distributed Modeling Approach for Evaluating Hydrological Effects of Rain Gardens in Urban Watersheds by : Waleska Echevarria
Download or read book A Distributed Modeling Approach for Evaluating Hydrological Effects of Rain Gardens in Urban Watersheds written by Waleska Echevarria and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Best management practices (BMPs) and low impact development (LID) are sustainable stormwater management practices used to mitigate the effects of urbanization such as excess runoff and water quality issues. Implementation of BMPs and LID have been limited and sometimes restricted because of the lack of recognized methodologies to estimate their hydrologic effects in urban watersheds under a continuous rainfall period. It is expected that rain gardens will have a significant effect in the reduction of peak discharge and volume for a range of different storms magnitudes including less frequent events. Rain gardens are small depressions covered by native vegetation, which receive the runoff coming from impervious areas. These practices are part of the sustainable LID and BMPs approach with the goal of reducing runoff coming from urban areas, promoting evapotranspiration and restoring some of the infiltration capability of the predevelopment site. These distributed stormwater management practices modifies the urban watershed0́9s hydrologic response by varying the size and quantity of these distributed stormwater practices. Hydrologic processes of BMPs can be complex and non linear. Uncertainty could arise when commonly simplified models are use to simulates the effects of BMPs on the hydrologic response of the watershed. This research used a methodology developed to understand the hydrologic effects of rain gardens at different quantities distributed in an urban watershed for a continuous rainfall period. The methodology used in this research tries to improve the estimation of hydrologic process of rain gardens by using a physically distributed model, Mike SHE. Mike SHE, distributed by DHI, Inc. is a fully distributed model that is able to estimate a range of hydrological processes occurring in a rain garden. This model provides an improvement over simplified models, which cannot estimates relevant hydrologic processes. The Mike SHE model simulates evapotranspiration, subsurface flow and overland flow by coupling a finite difference method in two dimensions and the Richard0́9s equation for the unsaturated zone calculations. As part of the methodology used in this research, two rain garden scenarios with different quantities of rain gardens simulated are implemented in an urban watershed. Data from rain garden sites monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey Wisconsin Water Science Center were used to build and calibrate single rain garden models. The calibrated rain gardens were incorporated to an urban watershed with an area of 13 acres and 86 houses. The urban watershed model was calibrated by using observed data monitored in the 1960s without rain gardens. Rain garden scenarios were simulated under a continuous rainfall period. Results from this research showed that simulated rain gardens are able to reduce the peak discharge and volume among different return periods. The reduction of peak discharge and volume increased when the quantity of rain gardens increased. The hydrologic effects of rain gardens decreased when the magnitude of the storm increased. The reduction of peak discharge and volume ranged from 5% to 80% depending on the magnitude of the storm. It was found that the antecedent moisture conditions of rain gardens affected their capacity for runoff retention. The results found in this research show that physically distributed models are able to estimate hydrologic effects of rain gardens inside urban watersheds. This modeling approach provides the flexibility to estimate hydrologic effects of different rain gardens layouts under continuous rainfall periods. This modeling approach could be used by engineers and planners to examine hydrologic effects in urban watershed for design purposes.
Book Synopsis Evaluating the Effects of Urbanization and Land-use Planning Using Ground-water and Surface-water Models by : R. J. Hunt
Download or read book Evaluating the Effects of Urbanization and Land-use Planning Using Ground-water and Surface-water Models written by R. J. Hunt and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydroecologic Effects of Urban Development Decisions in Residential Areas by : Carolyn Breden Voter
Download or read book Hydroecologic Effects of Urban Development Decisions in Residential Areas written by Carolyn Breden Voter and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As our urban areas grow, so too do these unintended hydrologic consequences of both urban development and traditional stormwater management systems. To combat these issues, cities are increasingly turning to stormwater management practices that better mimic natural hydrology by capturing, infiltrating, or evapotranspiring water in a distributed fashion throughout the watershed. These low impact development (LID) practices have proven effective at locally altering the water balance, but quantitative performance can vary widely across studies and it can be difficult to untangle which site-specific characteristics (e.g., climate, soil, vegetation, microtopography, impervious connectivity) are the most important drivers of observed differences in hydrologic behavior. In order to increase the adoption and reliability of LID, there is a continued need to improve our scientific understanding of how site-specific characteristics affect urban hydrologic processes and the performance of LID practices. In this dissertation, I use a physically-based hydrologic model, ParFlow.CLM, to simulate surface and subsurface hydrology at a high (0.5m) spatial resolution on single-family parcels and explore the effects of LID practices on parcel-scale runoff, deep drainage, and evapotranspiration. First, I examine how three "impervious-centric" practices (disconnecting downspouts, disconnecting sidewalks, and adding a transverse slope to the driveway and front walk), two "pervious-centric" practices (decompacting soil and adding microtopography), and all possible "holistic" combinations affect parcel-scale hydrology. Second, I systematically explore how climate moderates the effects of these LID practices on the water balance by forcing a baseline parcel with no LID practices and a parcel with all five LID practices with one year of hourly meteorological records from the 50 largest U.S. cities plus Madison, WI. Third, I more closely examine the potential of soil amendment as a LID practice by comparing targeting soil amendment a) disconnected impervious features, b) by drainage area, c) by topographic wetness index (TWI), and d) randomly. Lastly, I determine which attributes of residential single-family parcels best predict changes in hydrologic fluxes due to infiltration-based LID practices by 1) developing a suite of typical single-family lot layouts based on property assessor data for tax parcels in Madison, WI, 2) simulating baseline and low impact versions of these lots using ParFlow.CLM, and 3) building statistical models that relate single-family lot attributes to changes in runoff and deep drainage. This research demonstrates the crucial role of impervious-pervious interfaces on urban hydrology. While these sub-parcel features are rarely captured in urban hydrologic models, they have the potential to substantially alter the urban hydrologic water balance. LID interventions which both disconnect impervious surfaces and increase the infiltration capacity of soil adjacent to these features can efficiently and effectively alter the water balance at the parcel scale. The degree of hydrologic change possible from these LID practices is largely driven by the size of all impervious surfaces, the size of the house, and the size of the street plus alley; lot attributes which can be easily identified by water resources managers as a "first-cut" for determining where to encourage LID practices on private property. When evaluating which types of LID practices to promote, it is critical to consider climate characteristics like the aridity index and, to a lesser extent, rainfall intensity and the relative timing of energy and water availability. Overall, this research offers new insights into how site-specific, subparcel characteristics interact to affect larger-scale urban hydrologic processes.
Book Synopsis Effects of Urban Development on Groundwater Flow Systems and Streamflow Generation by : Aditi Seth Bhaskar
Download or read book Effects of Urban Development on Groundwater Flow Systems and Streamflow Generation written by Aditi Seth Bhaskar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work quantifies the impacts of urban development on groundwater storage and groundwater-surface water interactions using intensive data analysis and mathematical modeling. The monthly water balance for the period 2000-2009 for 65 Baltimore area watersheds was calculated using remote sensing data and the dense network of instrumented sites in this region. This analysis included estimation of spatially-distributed anthropogenic fluxes (water supply pipe leakage, lawn irrigation, and infiltration and inflow (I&I) of groundwater and stormwater into wastewater pipes) as well as natural fluxes of precipitation, streamflow, and evapotranspiration. Inflow fluxes of water supply pipe leakage and lawn irrigation were significant but small compared to precipitation, but I&I was approximately equal to gaged streamflow. Building on knowledge of the altered water balance, an integrated hydrologic model of the Baltimore metropolitan region was developed to quantify the impact of urban development on groundwater storage. The three-dimensional groundwater-surface water-land surface model ParFlow.CLM was implemented and a methodology to incorporate urban and hydrogeologic input datasets was developed. Using the model, the impacts of reduced vegetative cover, impervious surfaces, I&I, and other anthropogenic discharge and recharge fluxes were isolated. Removal of I&I led to the largest change in storage, and removal of impervious surface cover had the smallest effect. To investigate the relationship between pre-event water proportion, storage, and streamflow at small watershed scales spanning a gradient of urbanization, chemical hydrograph separation, hillslope numerical experiments, and simple dynamical systems analysis were utilized. From analysis of high-frequency specific conductance data, the pre-event water proportion of stormflow was found to be greatest for storms with higher total precipitation. Using the simple dynamical systems approach, watersheds with larger percentages of impervious surfaces were found to have the largest sensitivity of streamflow to changes in storage. HydroGeoSphere, a three-dimensional groundwater-surface water flow and transport model, was implemented in an idealized hillslope and showed that the relationship between streamflow and storage was clockwise hysteretic. Overall this work demonstrates the importance of infrastructure leakage on urban hydrologic systems and shows that pre-event water contributions of stormflow are primarily related to precipitation and not initial storage in urban watersheds.
Book Synopsis Global Solutions for Urban Drainage by : American Society of Civil Engineers
Download or read book Global Solutions for Urban Drainage written by American Society of Civil Engineers and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global Solutions for Urban Drainage by : Eric W. Strecker
Download or read book Global Solutions for Urban Drainage written by Eric W. Strecker and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydrology in Practice by : Elizabeth M. Shaw
Download or read book Hydrology in Practice written by Elizabeth M. Shaw and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrology in Practice is an excellent and very successful introductory text for engineering hydrology students who go on to be practitioners in consultancies, the Environment Agency, and elsewhere. This fourth edition of Hydrology in Practice, while retaining all that is excellent about its predecessor, by Elizabeth M. Shaw, replaces the material on the Flood Studies Report with an equivalent section on the methods of the Flood Estimation Handbook and its revisions. Other completely revised sections on instrumentation and modelling reflect the many changes that have occurred over recent years. The updated text has taken advantage of the extensive practical experience of the staff of JBA Consulting who use the methods described on a day-to-day basis. Topical case studies further enhance the text and the way in which students at undergraduate and MSc level can relate to it. The fourth edition will also have a wider appeal outside the UK by including new material on hydrological processes, which also relate to courses in geography and environmental science departments. In this respect the book draws on the expertise of Keith J. Beven and Nick A. Chappell, who have extensive experience of field hydrological studies in a variety of different environments, and have taught undergraduate hydrology courses for many years. Second- and final-year undergraduate (and MSc) students of hydrology in engineering, environmental science, and geography departments across the globe, as well as professionals in environmental protection agencies and consultancies, will find this book invaluable. It is likely to be the course text for every undergraduate/MSc hydrology course in the UK and in many cases overseas too.
Book Synopsis Stormwater Management Alternatives by : Joachim Toby Tourbier
Download or read book Stormwater Management Alternatives written by Joachim Toby Tourbier and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Government Reports Announcements & Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements & Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Infiltration of Water Into the Soil by :
Download or read book Infiltration of Water Into the Soil written by and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Urban Sustainability and River Restoration by : Katia Perini
Download or read book Urban Sustainability and River Restoration written by Katia Perini and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Sustainability and River Restoration: Green and Blue Infrastructure considers the integration of green and blue infrastructure in cities as a strategy useful for acting on causes and effects of environmental and ecological issues. River restoration projects are unique opportunities for sustainable development and smart growth of communities, providing multiple environmental, economic, and social benefits.This book analyzes initiatives and actions carried out and developed to improve environmental conditions in cities and better understand the environmental impact of (and in) dense urban areas in the United States and in Europe.
Book Synopsis Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds by :
Download or read book Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Publisher :AASHTO ISBN 13 :1560510552 Total Pages :622 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (65 download)
Book Synopsis AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, 1993 by : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Download or read book AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, 1993 written by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and published by AASHTO. This book was released on 1993 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Design related project level pavement management - Economic evaluation of alternative pavement design strategies - Reliability / - Pavement design procedures for new construction or reconstruction : Design requirements - Highway pavement structural design - Low-volume road design / - Pavement design procedures for rehabilitation of existing pavements : Rehabilitation concepts - Guides for field data collection - Rehabilitation methods other than overlay - Rehabilitation methods with overlays / - Mechanistic-empirical design procedures.
Book Synopsis Government Reports Annual Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 1332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay by : National Research Council
Download or read book Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-09-26 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chesapeake Bay is North America's largest and most biologically diverse estuary, as well as an important commercial and recreational resource. However, excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from human activities and land development have disrupted the ecosystem, causing harmful algae blooms, degraded habitats, and diminished populations of many species of fish and shellfish. In 1983, the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) was established, based on a cooperative partnership among the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the state of Maryland, and the commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the District of Columbia, to address the extent, complexity, and sources of pollutants entering the Bay. In 2008, the CBP launched a series of initiatives to increase the transparency of the program and heighten its accountability and in 2009 an executive order injected new energy into the restoration. In addition, as part of the effect to improve the pace of progress and increase accountability in the Bay restoration, a two-year milestone strategy was introduced aimed at reducing overall pollution in the Bay by focusing on incremental, short-term commitments from each of the Bay jurisdictions. The National Research Council (NRC) established the Committee on the Evaluation of Chesapeake Bay Program Implementation for Nutrient Reduction in Improve Water Quality in 2009 in response to a request from the EPA. The committee was charged to assess the framework used by the states and the CBP for tracking nutrient and sediment control practices that are implemented in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to evaluate the two-year milestone strategy. The committee was also to assess existing adaptive management strategies and to recommend improvements that could help CBP to meet its nutrient and sediment reduction goals. The committee did not attempt to identify every possible strategy that could be implemented but instead focused on approaches that are not being implemented to their full potential or that may have substantial, unrealized potential in the Bay watershed. Because many of these strategies have policy or societal implications that could not be fully evaluated by the committee, the strategies are not prioritized but are offered to encourage further consideration and exploration among the CBP partners and stakeholders.
Book Synopsis The Use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in Urban Watersheds by : Richard Field
Download or read book The Use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in Urban Watersheds written by Richard Field and published by DEStech Publications, Inc. This book was released on 2006 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Presents and compares all major stormwater/runoff control strategies ; New data on pollutant removal efficiencies, design, costs, environmental impacts and more ; Where and why to use the best techniques for limiting/monitoring diffuse pollution ; Provides the tools to meet regulations and improve water quality in urban/suburban watersheds"--From publisher's description.
