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Author : José Vicente Ramirez Taroncher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (249 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wages, Effort and Working Time written by José Vicente Ramirez Taroncher and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : José Vincent Ramirez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (718 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wages, Effort and Working Time written by José Vincent Ramirez and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude de la relation entre salaires et heures de travail dans les économies de marché telle que la Suisse, et de son impact sur les inégalités de revenus du travail. La thèse est organisée en quatre chapitres pouvant être lus séparément. Dans le premier, nous estimons une offre d'heures de travail en relâchant l'hypothèse néoclassique de parfaite observabilité de l'effort des travailleurs. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous testons empiriquement quatre modèles théoriques qui expliquent l'existence de contraintes sur le temps de travail individuel. Le troisième chapitre développe un modèle de sélection adverse afin d'étudier le rôle de l'organisation interne des entreprises sur la structure des contrats salaire-heures de travail qu'elles offrent sur le marché. Le dernier chapitre analyse empiriquement l'influence des facteurs liés à la demande de travail sur les salaires et les heures de travail en Suisse.
Author : Michael Carr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (75 download)
Download or read book Effort, Work Hours, and Income Inequality written by Michael Carr and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Jan Beyer Schmidt-Sørensen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Essays on Efficiency Wages written by Jan Beyer Schmidt-Sørensen and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Mahmood Arai
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (186 download)
Download or read book Work Effort and Wages written by Mahmood Arai and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Joan Robinson
Publisher : Holyoake Press
ISBN 13 : 1406703443
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (67 download)
Download or read book Essays in the Theory of Employment written by Joan Robinson and published by Holyoake Press. This book was released on 2007-03 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays in the Theory of Employment JOAN ROBINSON OXFORD BASIL BLAGKWELL 1947 First printed 1937 Macmillan Co. Ltd. Second Edition October 1947 Reprinted November 1947 Printed in Great Britain for BASIL BLACKWELL MOTT, LIMITED by A. R, MOWBRAY Co. LIMITED, London and . Oxford FOREWORI THERE have been considerable developments since these essays were written, both in theory and in experience. From the point of view of theory, they belong to the period of the first impact upon economic thought of Keynes 3 General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. From the point of view of experience, they belong to a period when the existence of unemployment over shadowed all economic problems. I think that they are most easily to be understood in the light of their historical setting, and that any attempt to bring them up to date by shifts of emphasis would be confusing. At the same time I believe that they are not without relevance to the dominant problems of the present day. I have therefore not made any substantial changes in the text of the first edition. I have, however, made a few alterations which might equally well have been made in the first instance. . I have removed an error from the argument on Mobility of Labour p. 33, I have simplified the exposition of the effect of inventions on em ployment p. 96, and I have amplified the discussion of the influence of exchange depreciation on the balance of trade p. 143. JOAN ROBINSON CAMBRIDGE February, 1947 FOREWORD TO FIRST EDITION THESE essays represent an attempt to apply the principles of Mr. Keynes General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money to a number of particular problems. References to the General Theory are provided for the convenience of the reader, not by way of acknowledgment to Mr. Keynes, for the very existence of this book, for what it is worth, must be regarded as an acknowledg ment to the work of Mr. Keynes. The following are reprinted each with some alteration by vi FOREWORD permission of the editors concerned Disguised Unemployment from the Economic Journal, The Long-Period Theory of Employ ment except Section 5 from the eitschnft fur Nationalokonomie and the first part of Some Reflections on Marxist Economics from-the Economic Journal. An Economists Sermon wai originally delivered to a study circle of the Student Christiar Movement at Peterhouse, Cambridge. JOAN ROBINSON CAMBRIDGE October, 1936 CONTENTS PART I PAOK FULL EMPLOYMENT - - -, v - - - i MOBILITY OF LABOUR - - - - - 29 CERTAIN PROPOSED REMEDIES FOR UNEMPLOYMENT 44 DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT - - - 60 PART II THE LONG-PERIOD THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT - 75 THE CONCEPT OF ZERO SAVING - - - 101 DISINVESTMENT - - - - - - 112 DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS - - - - 119 PART III THE FOREIGN EXCHANGES - - - - 134 BEGGAR-MY-NEIGHBOUR REMEDIES FOR UNEMPLOY MENT -------156 PART IV INDETERMINACY - - - - - - 171 AN ECONOMISTS SERMON - - - 175 SOME REFLECTIONS ON MARXIST ECONOMICS - 183 PART I FULL EMPLOYMENT BEFORE discussing the definition and the characteristics of full employment it is necessary to say something about the factors which influence changes in money wages. A problem which has caused much perplexity is presented by the relationship, as it exists in the minds of employees, between changes in real wages and changes in money wages. As to what actually occurs there is no dispute. A cut in money wages will always be resisted by Trade Unions with whatever force they may command while a rise in prices, such as occurs when there is an increase in effective demand, does not normally lead to the demand for a rise in money wages sufficient to prevent real wages from falling. Even when Trade Unions are strong enough to prevent money wages from falling, they frequently submit to a fall in real wages, brought about by a rise in prices and accompanied by an increase in employment...
Author : Sang-bong Oh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (829 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wages and Earnings written by Sang-bong Oh and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation I first try to explain how the wage is determined from a theoretical perspective. Then I provide a test regarding a phenomenon which has not been well explained so far. Finally I turn to an important issue in studies on taxation. In the first chapter I provide models considering when firm sets wage either above or below the market clearing wage although previous models take as granted that the efficiency wage is above the market clearing wage. A simple model, the "selection model", is different from previous models in that the firm considers workers' choices on labor supply as an important factor when it makes decisions on wages and employment. I then set up the "effort model", in which the effort function is determined by the worker while the ability function is exogenously given the selection model. As a result, the models produce set of possible choices which resembles backward-bending labor supply curve. The shape helps explain the minimum wage paradox. In the second chapter I test whether efficiency wage models contribute to explaining interindustry wage differentials. First, I find two variables which could cause firms to pay different wages to seemingly identical workers: the internal and external reference wages. Then, I estimate wage equations with and without those variables, and find that those variables help explain interindustry wage differentials by reducing the standard deviation of wage differentials. In the final chapter I address a problem that study of the behavioral response to the changes in the individual tax rate always encounters: endogeneity. I first develop novel instruments for the marginal tax rate and net-of-tax rate (1 - marginal tax rate). Then, I run regression using the new instruments for the net-of-tax rate and also using either no instrument or an improper instrument. Regressions suggest that the tax rates are endogenous to income and replacing the tax rates with the counterfactual tax rates solves the endogeneity problem. They also imply that the tax rate changes have no significant effect on medium-income earners in the short run.
Author : Juha Kettunen
Publisher : Etla
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Essays on Wages, Job Tenure and Unemployment Duration in the Finnish Labour Market written by Juha Kettunen and published by Etla. This book was released on 1997 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Jari Turkka Juhani Vainiomäki
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (248 download)
Download or read book Essays on non-competitive markets, effort and wages written by Jari Turkka Juhani Vainiomäki and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Yongjian Hu
Publisher : Rozenberg Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9051700008
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (517 download)
Download or read book Essays on Labour Economics written by Yongjian Hu and published by Rozenberg Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Suphanit Piyapromdee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (971 download)
Download or read book Essays on Labor Economics written by Suphanit Piyapromdee and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first chapter studies the impact of immigration on wages, internal migration and welfare. I estimate an equilibrium model where labor differs by skill level, gender, experience and nativity. Workers are also heterogeneous in city preferences. Cities vary in productivity levels, housing prices and local amenities. The results indicate that an increase in the stock of immigrants has a small impact on the welfare of natives. If workers are constrained to remain in their original locations, the initial wage impacts on previous immigrants are negative and much more severe in the popular destinations for new immigrants. When workers migrate, the negative wage and welfare impacts in most locations are diffused. The model is also used to assess changes in the skill mix of immigrants and a location-specific immigration policy. The second chapter extends a classic on-the-job search model of homogeneous workers and firms by introducing a shirking problem. Workers choose their effort levels and search on the job. Firms elicit effort through wages and monitoring; an inverse relationship between wages and monitoring rates is derived. This gives rise to an equilibrium wage distribution that contrasts with existing literature in several aspects. In particular I show that a unique hump-shaped and positively skewed wage distribution, as observed empirically, can be derived even when firms and workers are respectively identical. The last chapter examines the relationship between separation rates and the speed of firm learning. In the model, there is uncertainty about match productivity; the firm gathers information about the match by monitoring the worker. The speed of the firm's learning process depends on how frequently the firm monitors the worker. The model predicts that separation rates increase with monitoring intensity. The effect is stronger early in the match and attenuates over time as unpromising matches are identified and terminated. Using the NLSY79, I estimate a probit model for worker separations in the first and second years of tenure. The empirical results are consistent with the model's implications that separation rates increase with monitoring intensity and the effect is stronger early in the relationship.
Author : Jari Turkka Juhani Vainiomaki
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (595 download)
Download or read book Essay on Non-competitive Markets, Effort and Wages written by Jari Turkka Juhani Vainiomaki and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Nail Hassairi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Essays on Labor Supply written by Nail Hassairi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of essays studying labor supply empirically through the use of an experimental platform set up on Amazon Mechanical Turk online labor market. The essays contribute to measuring labor supply elasticties; response of effort to pay; and the willingness to pay for job attributes. What these topics have in common is that a) it's extremely hard to estimate these parameters using observational data, b) the parameters estimated from these studies serve as input parameters for macroeconomic models of employment, welfare policy, and tax policy. The notion that increased pay raises productivity, either through sorting or incentives, lies at the heart of the efficiency wage theory. The alternative competitive model also implies a correlation between wages and productivity, however, the causal effect implied is from productivity to pay, that is more productive workers receive higher pay. A conclusive test with the ability to nest both of these hypotheses and rule between them then has to provide a credible evidence of the direction of causality in the wage-productivity relationship. This challenge has so far been unmet in the literature. To provide an unequivocal answer, the first essay in this volume presents findings from a large-scale field experiment conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk. The findings confirm the intuition behind the efficiency wage theory, demonstrating that increase in pay indeed has a causal effect on productivity; through sorting, and, to a lesser extent, incentives. These findings also suggest that this causalrelationship between pay and productivity is dynamic in nature, weakening over the course of the tenure of a worker. The findings also indicate that heterogeneity in tenure length among workers is correlated with their heterogeneity in response to higher pay. As the competitive model continues to be used as a microeconomic foundation of macroeconomic theories of unemployment, these findings give a vote of confidence to its main alternative - the efficiency wage theory. An integral part of Adam Smith's compensating wage differentials theory is that work- ers trade off between job characteristics and wage. Other than risk of death, however, no job characteristics have consistently been found to affect wages, likely because of problems with self-selection and unobservable job characteristics. The second essay in this volume presents results from the experiments on Mechanical Turk, randomizing offered pay and job characteristics, thereby overcoming both problems. The findings indicate, as predicted by the theoretical model, that increasing job disamenities significantly reduces both likelihood of working and amount of work supplied. Correspondingly, the wage increases necessary to compensate workers for worse job disamenities are substantial. The last essay in this volume estimates extensive and intensive margin labor supply elasticity. Contrary to prior analyses using micro data, the findings indicate that the intensive margin elasticities are more than twice the size of extensive margin elasticities and that both are substantial, even if conditioning on working. Furthermore, using data on all workers in the experiments whether they decide to work on the experiments or not, the elasticities range from 1.2 to 2.9, depending on experiment and specification. These results are consistent with the idea that off-line labor markets are characterized by frictions that lower elasticities and may reverse the ordering of extensive margin and intensive margin elasticities.
Author : Melissa Christine LoPalo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Determinants of Worker Productivity and Labor Market Outcomes written by Melissa Christine LoPalo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines determinants of worker productivity, labor market outcomes, and population health. The first chapter, previously published in the Journal of Public Economics, examines the impacts of cash assistance on refugee labor market outcomes. I exploit variation across states and over time in the generosity of cash assistance available to refugees upon arrival in the U.S. and study the impacts on wages and employment. I argue that cash assistance is randomly assigned to refugees conditional on characteristics such as education and country of origin, as refugee placement is decided by a committee that does not meet with the refugees or learn their preferences. I find that refugees resettled with more generous cash assistance go on to earn higher wages, with no significant change in the probability of employment. The effects are largest for highly-educated refugees. The second chapter examines the impact of temperature on the productivity and job performance of outdoor workers in developing countries. I overcome data challenges with studying individual-level productivity by studying household survey interviewers as workers. Using data from Demographic and Health Survey interviewers in 46 countries, I find that interviewers complete fewer interviews per hour worked on hot and humid days, driven by an increase in working hours. I also find evidence that suggests that workers allocate their effort towards tasks that are more easily observed by supervisors on hot days. The third chapter, previously published in Social Justice Research and co-authored with Diane Coffey and Dean Spears, examines the role of social inequality in population health outcomes in India, focusing on the case of casteism and child height in India. We describe evidence from the India Human Development Survey showing that children in villages with more strongly casteist attitudes are shorter on average, an association that is statistically explained by the association between casteism and the prevalence of open defecation
Author : Susanne Forstner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (835 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wage Inequality from a Macroeconomic Perspective written by Susanne Forstner and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis contains two chapters on the sources of residual wage inequality. The first chapter contributes to attempts to explain the increase in wage inequality in the U.S. labor market over the past few decades. I address the question of how much of this increase can be attributed to factors associated with job-to-job mobility. For this purpose, I develop a search model with on-the-job search, anticipation of job destruction, and costs to workers when switching jobs. The quantitative analysis involves calibrating the model to match characteristics of the U.S. labor market in the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s. I find that changes in job-to-job mobility have a significant quantitative impact on residual wage inequality. In particular, up to one-half of the observed inequality increase is accounted for by the composite effect of three mobility determinants. Among them, the arrival probability of offers on the job plays the leading role, whereas the impact of job switching costs is negligible. In addition, changes in the conditions of job loss amplify the effect of offer arrivals. In the second chapter, joint work with Arpad Abraham and Fernando Alvarez-Parra, we study the impact of moral hazard in labor contracts on residual wage inequality. The tool of our analysis is a search model with job-to-job mobility and firm competition for workers, where firms offer long-term contracts to risk-averse workers in the presence of repeated moral hazard. For a quantitative analysis, we calibrate the model to match characteristics of the U.S. labor market derived from micro data from the mid-2000s. We find that, on balance, moral hazard increases residual wage inequality by around six percent. The direct effect of providing incentives through wage variation accounts for a moderate contribution to inequality increase. In addition, moral hazard affects the wage distribution through several indirect effects, as firms adjust the levels of effort implemented and the wage offers made to workers in response to increased effort costs. Through their particularly strong impact on the lower parts of the wage distribution, such effects contribute substantially to the overall rise in inequality. The main reason is that, under moral hazard, low wage workers spend significantly less effort.
Author : Pablo Coto-Millán
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3790826707
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (98 download)
Download or read book Essays on Microeconomics and Industrial Organisation written by Pablo Coto-Millán and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays on Microeconomics and Industrial Organisation aim to serve as a source and work of reference and consultation for the field of Microeconomics in general and of Industrial Organisation in particular. Traditionally, Microeconomics is essentially taught as theory and hardly ever an estimation of a demand, production and cost function is offered . Over the last two decades, however, Microeconomics has greatly broadened its field of empirical application. Therefore, this text combines microeconomic theories with a variety of empirical cases. The standardised microeconomic analysis of demand, production and costs is set forth along with appropriate econometric techniques. The text consists of four parts: Demand, Production and Costs (Supply), Market and Industrial Structure and Failure of Market and Industrial Regulation. It includes eleven new chapters with respect to the first edition.
Author : Sir Leo George Chiozza Money
Publisher : London : T.F. Unwin
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)
Download or read book The Future of Work written by Sir Leo George Chiozza Money and published by London : T.F. Unwin. This book was released on 1914 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
