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Essays On Dynamic Spatial Economics
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Book Synopsis Essays on Dynamic Spatial Economics by : Yuta Suzuki
Download or read book Essays on Dynamic Spatial Economics written by Yuta Suzuki and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Older people are less mobile than young people are. Population aging thus means more people would be trapped in locations affected by a shock, preventing the economy from smoothing out spatial differences in labor market outcomes. However, the existence of a large share of immobile workers may mitigate their welfare effects by delaying the capital supply adjustment that would be caused by a flow of workers. In order to study how population aging affects the welfare effects of a local shock, I develop a dynamic spatial specific-factor model with demographics that change dynamically depending on fertility rates. Individuals decide where to live and whether to work. Their choices vary over the life cycle because the expected working lifetime and fundamentals (e.g., mobility costs) vary with demographic factors. Hence, aggregate labor adjustment depends on the economy's age structure. Forward-looking landlords accumulate location-specific capital, and the dynamics of labor and capital interact with each other. I apply the model to Japan and find that population aging can mitigate the welfare loss of workers in a location affected by a negative shock.
Book Synopsis Essays on Quantitative Spatial Economics by : Xinle Pang
Download or read book Essays on Quantitative Spatial Economics written by Xinle Pang and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first two chapters of this dissertation quantify the welfare consequences of non-college residence-workplace mismatch within the New York Metropolitan area. I find evidence that since 2000s, there is significant residential and job relocation within the city coupled with the rise in nominal wage inequality. While non-college jobs (non-tradable services) are more concentrated in the urban core, non-college residential share has been declining there. To facilitate welfare analysis, I develop a rich quantitative general equilibrium urban model that features (i) heterogeneous skills making endogenous choices of residence and workplace, (ii) multiple sectors hiring labor with different skill intensity. Using the estimated model, I find that moving from the early 2000 economy to the current one, the rise in welfare inequality exacerbates the rise in income inequality by 1%. Spatial mismatch between jobs and residence reduces the non-college welfare relative to the college group. Policy of relaxing floor area ratio in central locations helps to reduce welfare inequality. The last two chapters of this dissertation are based on a joint work that studies the welfare implications of post-flooding relief policies in a dynamic spatial economy with flood risk and mobile individuals. We argue that mobility leads to trade-off in the design of relief policies: on the one hand, migration frictions imply imperfect adjustment via moving after flooding, generating equity gains of relief policies; on the other hand, policies induce endogenous sorting into floodplains, potentially causing spatial misallocation of population depending on location characteristics. To confront the data, we develop a fully quantitative general equilibrium model with rich geographic linkages, industry structure, and flood risk. We develop a new solution method with neural network to overcome the curse of dimensionality. We calibrate the model to the economy of Texas coastline and the event of Hurricane Harvey. We show that existing post-Harvey relief transfer improves U.S. welfare compared to a zero-relief economy when the transfer is financed equally by the rest of U.S.. However, a more welfare-enhancing policy, instead, is to reduce the transfer into the most affected locations while increase the amount into the Houston metropolitan area. This reshuffled policy induces less spatial misallocation of population within Texas coastal floodplains. Finally, a resilient policy of providing moving subsidy to incentivize individuals to move away from Texas coastal floodplains leads to lower U.S. welfare compared to a zero-subsidy economy.
Book Synopsis Essays in Spatial Economics by : Motoaki Takahashi
Download or read book Essays in Spatial Economics written by Motoaki Takahashi and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of two chapters, both of which address the geographic distribution of economic activity. In the United States, four million African Americans migrated from the South to the North between 1940 and 1970. Chapter 1 studies the effects of this great Black migration on aggregate US output and the welfare of African Americans and others. For this purpose, I develop and quantify a dynamic general equilibrium model of the spatial economy in which cohorts of African Americans and others migrate across locations. I compare the baseline equilibrium matched with US data from 1940 to 2010 with counterfactual equilibria in which African Americans or others cannot relocate across the North and the South between 1940 and 1970. The mobility of African Americans and others increased aggregate output by 0.7 and 0.3 percent, respectively. Although African Americans accounted for about 10 percent of the US population, their relocation impacted the aggregate economy more than the relocation of the other 90 percent did. The mobility of African Americans induced a large increase in the welfare of African Americans in the South, a small decrease in the welfare of African Americans in the North, and little change in the welfare of others. Chapter 2 studies the effect of a productivity change in a foreign country on unemployment across US states. I develop a model of involuntary unemployment in multiple geographic locations. The model merges a quantitative general equilibrium model of international trade and spatial economy and the efficiency-wage model (Shapiro and Stiglitz, 1984). I quantify it for 27 countries and 50 US states and compute the counterfactual of the 5% increase in China's productivity. The model predicts that real wages increase in all the US states, but unemployment increases in 44 states, and the overall US welfare increases. The counterfactual result highlights heterogeneous effects of foreign shocks on unemployment and real wages across the US states.
Book Synopsis Spatial, Regional and Population Economics by : Mark Perlman
Download or read book Spatial, Regional and Population Economics written by Mark Perlman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-05 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1972. Hoover’s first publication, his doctoral dissertation, set the stage for a life-long preoccupation with spatial economics from when it was a relatively new field. His work developed the subject and lead him into the area of regional economics, in which he became well known for his contributions to the New York Metropolitan Region Study. In this book his colleagues and a host of former students and admirers present chapters written within his areas of interest in honor of his work, at the end of his academic career, during which he mostly taught at the University of Michigan and the University of Pittsburgh.
Book Synopsis Essays on Spatial Economics by : Lin Tian
Download or read book Essays on Spatial Economics written by Lin Tian and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In particular, big cities attract more skilled workers and become more specialized in cognitive-intensive occupations. Motivated by empirical literature on the association between modern communications technology adoption and production fragmentation, we develop a spatial equilibrium model with domestic production fragmentation to analyze the impact of a reduction in the costs of cross-city production teams--e.g., communications cost--on spatial distribution of skills and economic activities. The model generates predictions consistent with the observed empirical patterns, including more spatial segregation of skilled and unskilled workers, and occupation specialization across U.S. cities over time. In contrast to findings in the international offshoring literature, in which there are winners and losers, we find that under regularities conditions, there are Pareto welfare gains for all agents with heterogeneous skills, together with a substantial measured labor productivity increase at the aggregate level.
Book Synopsis Three Essays Regarding the Economics of Resources with Spatial-dynamic Transition Processes by : James S. Goodenberger
Download or read book Three Essays Regarding the Economics of Resources with Spatial-dynamic Transition Processes written by James S. Goodenberger and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation considers questions about the economics of resources exhibiting spatial-dynamic transition processes, specifically, invasive species and wildfires. These topics are increasingly important due to their large damage potentials and the increasing management budgets by governments, but the economics literature has only recently begun to incorporate both space and time into its analysis. The three essays in this manuscript tackle problems using empirics and numerical modelling in order to continue to expand the economic understanding of spatial-dynamic processes. The first chapter empirically analyzes the decision of land developers to build single family homes near lakes invaded with Eurasian watermilfoil, an aquatic invasive plant. A duration model of land conversion is utilized to discover the change in likelihood that a single-family housing unit will be developed after the arrival of Eurasian watermilfoil. The results show a significant decrease in the likelihood that both lakefront and near lake properties will be developed into homes following a Eurasian watermilfoil invasion. This is shown to have a sizable impact on the number of houses constructed near invaded lakes and suggests that uninvaded lakes are most likely being overdeveloped. The second chapter develops a spatial-dynamic model of the optimal control of a general invasive species which is actively spreading throughout a landscape. Along with explicitly allowing the invasion to spread over space, this model permits the population to grow in intensity as well. It is discovered that optimal intensities of invasion vary over space and that ignoring the natural heterogeneity in the landscape leads to suboptimal management decisions. The inefficiency of these decision is shown to increase as the heterogeneity in ecological carrying capacity increases. The model is then applied to the Asian cap invasion in the Mississippi River basin and shows that the current strategy of preventing Asian carp from entering the Great Lakes may be optimal. Overall, this project showcases the importance of recognizing spatial heterogeneity in ecological carrying capacities along with delivering strong evidence that control efforts need to be spatially targeted to most efficiently manage a spreading invasive species. Finally, the third chapter considers the fact that some spatial-dynamic processes, like wildfires, spread at different rates across landscapes that contain a variety of economically valued patches. Spread rates effect the costs of management, while the values of different properties influence the damages associated with a burn. This chapter incorporates these complexities into a spatial-dynamic model of optimal wildfire management and finds efficient solutions for controlling multifaceted fire scenarios. Suppression of wildfires is shown to be more likely in areas where the economic values are spatially clustered, thereby allowing a minimum amount of control to have the maximum benefit. It is also shown that spatial location with respect to the initial ignition location is important in determining optimal control strategies in heterogeneous spread scenarios.
Book Synopsis Essays on International and Spatial Economics by : Yoko Takeda
Download or read book Essays on International and Spatial Economics written by Yoko Takeda and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three independent chapters on International and Spatial Economics. The first chapter analyzes the spatial sorting pattern of innovative activities by developing a model of heterogeneous firms that choose innovation sourcing sites. The model captures firms' trade-off that locating innovations in larger-sized cities enhances knowledge spillover while it also exposes the higher risk of information leakage to competitors, with implying that the relevance between cost and benefit of sourcing innovation in a populous city depends on the life-cycle length of technology embedded in products. In industries with relatively rapid turn-over of technologies, firms become less sensitive to the risk of information leakage as their fast technology obsolescence tends to outpace adoption of leaked information by competitors. In contrast, firms using more durable technologies evaluate the risk of information leakage relatively more, as leaked information retains long-lasting market value. As a result, the model predicts a geographical sorting pattern of innovation where firms using long-lived technology in production optimally source innovation in smaller-sized cities, and vice versa. The empirical analysis based on U.S. patent data shows that the theory partly explains within-firm heterogeneity of innovation sourcing decision by multi-product firms operating in multiple industries, although there exist considerable across-firm variations in geography choice for innovation that the model cannot account for. The second chapter provides evidence that offshore patent laws influence global firms' innovation decisions. Within a simple model of multinational production, we find that a novel consequence of imitation risk is that firms innovate selectively, directing investments in product development toward relatively short-lived varieties that are difficult to imitate prior to obsolescence. A key implication of firms' selective product development is that patent reforms tend to increase not only innovation by firms, but also the average economic lifetime of the products they develop---both to extents varying non-monotonically across industries according to rates of underlying technological obsolescence. Using detailed data on U.S. patent grants and citations during 1976--2006 and U.S. multinational firms' affiliate innovation investment during 1982--2009, we find empirical regularities consistent with these hypotheses. The third chapter analyzes the intellectual property rights (IPR)-protecting policy in developing countries by constructing a North-South model where the North firms serve the South market through either export or foreign direct investment (FDI). The FDI leads to a technology leakage to local firms in the South via imitation, which imposes the North firm a trade-off in conducting FDI between a benefit of saving production and transportation cost and a cost of tightened competition due to advanced technology adoption by the South firms. IPR protection level in the South determines actual cost of technology leakage incurred by the North firm, and the model concludes that the South government has an incentive to set the loosest possible IPR-protection policy that attracts FDI to the South. This result holds for extended environments of the model.
Download or read book Economy written by Ron Martin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 723 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic geographers have always argued that space is key to understanding the economy, that the processes of economic growth and development do not occur uniformly across geographic space, but rather differ in degree and form as between different nations, regions, cities and localities, with major implications for the geographies of wealth and welfare. This was true in the industrial phase of global capitalism, and is no less true in the contemporary era of post-industrial, knowledge-driven global capitalism. Indeed, the marked changes occurring in the structure and operation of the economy, in the sources of wealth creation, in the organisation of the firm, in the nature of work, in the boundaries between market and state, and in the regulation of the socio-economy, have stimulated an unprecedented wave of theoretical, conceptual and empirical enquiry by economic geographers. Even economists, who traditionally have viewed the economy in non-spatial terms, as existing on the head of the proverbial pin, are increasingly recognising the importance of space, place and location to understanding economic growth, technological innovation, competitiveness and globalisation. This collection of previously published work, though containing but a fraction of the huge explosion in research and publication that has occurred over the past two decades, seeks to convey a sense of this exciting phase in the intellectual development of the discipline and its importance in grasping the spatialities of contemporary economic life.
Book Synopsis Essays in Applied Spatial Economics by : Carlo Menon
Download or read book Essays in Applied Spatial Economics written by Carlo Menon and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Three Essays in Spatial Economics by : Ashley Elaine Hungerford
Download or read book Three Essays in Spatial Economics written by Ashley Elaine Hungerford and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatial Dynamics by : Michael L. Chohaney
Download or read book Spatial Dynamics written by Michael L. Chohaney and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is concerned with the spatial dynamics of the U.S. economy. Spatial dynamics is a term coined in this dissertation to define the geo-spatial aspects of an observed natural process, particularly changes in its spatial relations over time. Geographic inquiry considering spatial dynamics requires an unassuming examination of spatial panel data, an approach that facilitates the discovery of new regularities and tendencies in spatial data and necessitates the development of more flexible tools and methods tailored to the peculiarities of the observed natural process. This dissertation demonstrates the practicality of spatial dynamics as a promising framework with the discovery, description, and analysis of two spatial economic paradoxes, which impelled the creation of several new tools and methods. The dissertation is composed of three essays linked by the exploration and analysis of the spatial dynamics of the U.S. economy, specifically its metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The first essay develops two new statistics that quantify physical and human capital accumulation in MSAs. These statistics are used to calculate the classical production function and derive the percent contribution of physical and human capital to average establishment size and Gross Domestic Product by MSA (MGDP). The results conform to macroeconomic expectations and are spatially distributed according to the familiar economic geography of the United States, rendering the statistics useful for spatial economic analysis. The second essay explores the observation that MGDP growth rates are spatially clustered and MGDP levels are uniformly distributed (i.e., exhibit no spatial correlation). This finding is paradoxical because the level of economic activity is the aggregation of previous growth patterns and, if economic growth in the spatial economy is persistently clustered, the location of economic activity should follow the same pattern. The essay seeks to solve this puzzle using the classical production function, analyzing the relationship between the MGDP growth rates and changes in local levels of physical and human capital accumulation. Interestingly, however, MGDP growth and decline are observed to sporadically cluster in annually changing patterns, violating the spatial panel data model assumption of constant spatial relations; thus, an alternative, dynamic spatial structure was created to model the unidentified spatial growth pattern. This dynamic spatial structure successfully redefined spatial dependence and statistically outperformed competing conventional aspatial and spatial panel data models. The parameter estimates exposed the paradox; sporadic MGDP growth and decline patterns are driven by continually changing levels of physical capital accumulation. The ability of local physical capital investments to promote or prohibit growth is generated by an unexplained spatial economic process that results in practically all MSAs experiencing years when physical capital investments induce and inhibit economic growth; thus, local economic growth sporadically clusters in fluctuating distributions that accumulate into spatially uncorrelated levels of economic activity. The third essay entails the discovery and analysis of another curious empirical regularity: The existence of a persistent asymmetric relationship between the spatial dependence of MGDP growth rates and rate of national GDP growth. Specifically, the essay provides evidence of a strong negative statistical correlation between GDP growth rates and the intensity of spatial dependence produced by economically declining MSAs, and a lack of statistically significant relationship between GDP growth and the spatial dependence of economically expanding MSAs. The supposition of motivating this essay is that insights into this puzzling asymmetric relationship can be obtained by analyzing the spatial arrangement of the high and low growth clusters. High and low growth clusters were distinguished according to the two geographic arrangements that produce spatial dependence, the size and quantity of clusters. Our analysis of these characteristics indicate that declining MSAs geographically concentrate into more extensive contiguous clusters as GDP declines; however, high growth MSAs do not spatially cluster in any particular manner. This suggests that the immediate spatial spillover effects caused by adverse economic circumstances are strong enough to depress aggregate economic outcomes, but spatial spillovers caused by favorable economic circumstances do not produce a significant immediate impact on the national economy. Further, we found that the arrangement of high and low growth clusters are statistically significantly different, which suggests that regional growth and decline are distinct spatial economic processes.
Book Synopsis Essays in Applied Spatial Economics by : Michail Fragkias
Download or read book Essays in Applied Spatial Economics written by Michail Fragkias and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Essays in Spatial and International Economics by : Howard Zihao Zhang
Download or read book Essays in Spatial and International Economics written by Howard Zihao Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I find that domestic learning compensates for foreign learning: there are large dynamic gains from exporting when there is no domestic learning and small dynamic gains when there is domestic learning.
Book Synopsis Essays on Spatial Economics by : Kohei Takeda
Download or read book Essays on Spatial Economics written by Kohei Takeda and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Economic Theory of Cities by : Wei-Bin Zhang
Download or read book An Economic Theory of Cities written by Wei-Bin Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is concerned with dynamic relations between urban division of labor, division of consumption and determination of prices structure within a perfectly competitive framework in spatial economy. Our analytical framework examines the issues related to urban dynamics raised in the traditional urban economic theories and provides insights into the issues related to interdependence between knowledge creation and utilization and spatial economies examined by the new urban/regional economic theory. The comparative advantage of our theory is that in providing rich insights into the complex of urban evolution it uses only a few concepts and simplified functional forms and accepts a few assumptions about the behavior of consumers, producers and institutional structures over space.
Book Synopsis Essays on Spatial International Economics by : David Lee Hummels
Download or read book Essays on Spatial International Economics written by David Lee Hummels and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Economics and Computable General Equilibrium Analysis by : John R. Madden
Download or read book Environmental Economics and Computable General Equilibrium Analysis written by John R. Madden and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-11 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses major issues such as a growing world energy demand, environmental degradation due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and risk management of disastrous events such as pandemics, abnormal climate, and earthquakes. Using cutting-edge analytical tools, particularly computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling, the analyses are focused on a very wide range of policy-relevant economic questions for the Asia-Pacific region, especially for Japan, China, India, Vietnam, and smaller nations, including Brunei, Timor Leste, and Fiji. The first part considers (a) the effects of climate change on agriculture sectors, energy policies, and future GHG emission trends, (b) adaptation to climate changes in energy policy and its impacts on the economies, and (c) risk management of catastrophic events such as global pandemics. The second part examines (a) energy environmental issues, (b) economic impacts of natural disaster and depopulation, and (c) effects of informatics development on risk management, using CGE modelling and other methods in regional science fields. Contributors are internationally active leading CGE modellers and environmental economists. The book should be greatly beneficial for scholars and graduate students as well as policy makers who are interested in the economic effects and management of risks relating to climate change and disastrous events.
