Environmental Justice In Early Victorian Literature

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Environmental Justice in Early Victorian Literature

Author : Adrian Tait
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000923053
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Justice in Early Victorian Literature by : Adrian Tait

Download or read book Environmental Justice in Early Victorian Literature written by Adrian Tait and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-08-30 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative new book combines environmental justice scholarship with a material ecocriticism to explore the way in which early Victorian literature (1837–1860) responded to the growing problem of environmental injustice. As this book emphasises, environmental injustice – simply, the convergence of poverty and pollution – was not an isolated phenomenon, but a structural form of inequality; a product of industrial modernity’s radical reformation of British society, it particularly affected the working classes. As each chapter reveals in detail, this form of environmental inequality (or ‘classism’) drew sharply critical reactions from figures as diverse as Thomas Carlyle, Friedrich Engels, Charles Dickens, and John Ruskin, and from within the Chartist movement, as working-class writers themselves reacted to the hazardous realities of a divided society. But as this book also reveals, these writers recognised that a truly just society respects the needs of the nonhuman and takes account of the material world in all its own aliveness; even if only tentatively, they reached for a more inclusive, emergent form of justice that might address the social and ecological impacts of industrial modernity, an idea which is no less relevant today. This book represents an indispensable resource for scholars and students working in the fields of Victorian literature, environmental justice, and ecocriticism.

Environmental Justice in Early Victorian Literature

Author : Adrian Tate
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780367821609
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (216 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Justice in Early Victorian Literature by : Adrian Tate

Download or read book Environmental Justice in Early Victorian Literature written by Adrian Tate and published by . This book was released on 2023-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This innovative new book combines environmental justice scholarship with a material ecocriticism to explore the way in which early Victorian literature (1837-1860) responded to the growing problem of environmental injustice. As this book emphasises, environmental injustice - simply, the convergence of poverty and pollution - was not an isolated phenomenon, but a structural form of inequality: a product of industrial modernity's radical reformation of British society, it particularly affected the working classes. As each chapter reveals in detail, this form of environmental inequality (or 'classism') drew sharply critical reactions from figures as diverse as Thomas Carlyle, Friedrich Engels, Charles Dickens, and John Ruskin, and from within the Chartist movement, as working-class writers themselves reacted to the hazardous realities of a divided society. But as this book also reveals, these writers recognised that a truly just society respects the needs of the nonhuman and takes account of the material world in all its own aliveness; even if only tentatively, they reached for a more inclusive, emergent form of justice that might address the social and ecological impacts of industrial modernity, an idea which is no less relevant today. This book represents an indispensable resource for scholars and students working in the fields of Victorian literature, environmental justice, and ecocriticism"--

Guerrilla Ecologies

Author : John Maerhofer
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040006353
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Guerrilla Ecologies by : John Maerhofer

Download or read book Guerrilla Ecologies written by John Maerhofer and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-03-25 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book intervenes in contemporary debates about climate activism, militancy, and strategy that have been gathering force in radical ecological circles. It responds to some of the urgent questions about utilizing militancy as part of the overall effort to foster an ecosocialist society. Building upon the crucial work of scholars and activists from the 1970s to the present, such as Carolyn Merchant, Ursula Heise, Raj Patel, Joan Martinez Alier, Neil Smith, and Mark Dowie, this book discusses and regenerates key principles of guerrilla ecology. It presents a significant critique of green capital and its impact on the shape of environmental and climate justice movements. From car manufacturers dedicating profits to reforestation, to big oil conglomerates funneling money into universities that are developing techno-fixes which may stave off ecological disaster, green capital has become the mainstay of contemporary cultural, political, and economic reproduction – aiming to fuse profitability and sustainability. The book brings together discussion on key topics in a range of contexts including biopiracy and biocolonialism, indigenous resistance, extractivism, anti-imperialism, ecotage, and eco-militancy. It will attract scholarly readers from diverse spaces in the environmental humanities, environmental and climate justice, radical ecology, and philosophy.

Victorian Ecocriticism

Author : Dewey W. Hall
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1498551076
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Victorian Ecocriticism by : Dewey W. Hall

Download or read book Victorian Ecocriticism written by Dewey W. Hall and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Victorian Ecocriticism: The Politics of Place and Early Environmental Justice aims to take up the challenge that Lawrence Buell lays out in The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination (2005). Buell decries: “For in order to bring ‘environmental justice into ecocriticism,’ a few more articles or conference sessions won’t suffice. There must be ‘a fundamental rethinking and reworking of the field as a whole’” (Buell 113). While discussions about nature conservation and preservation have been important within the context of ecocriticism, Buell asserts that the holy grail for the field is actually how literary critics engage in discourse about questions of place as space humanized for the purpose of tracing, disclosing, and advancing the important issue of environmental justice—as it applies to human beings, animals, and plants. The “fundamental reworking” or shift in the field of Victorian Studies really has to do with the dearth of ecocritical publishing about seminal authors and literary texts. Victorian Ecocriticism aims to participate in filling that vacuum, lack, or lacuna by featuring current research about the Victorian era from an ecocritical perspective. Victorian Ecocriticism hopes to identify, establish, and organize its content based on six themes: Ecocrisis, Ecofeminism, Ecogothicism, Ecohistoricism, Ecotheology, and Ecological Interdependence. The edited collection, thus, has two aims. First, selected places among others featured in the edition will provide environmental contexts, often with political implications: American rural landscape (e.g., Walden Pond), Australian mines, British hill-country, metropolis, mill towns, the sea, and the woods. Second, the edition includes discussions about various instances of early environmental justice evident during the mid-nineteenth century such as, but not limited to: anti-railway campaigns, biological egalitarianism, labor disputes due to adverse working conditions, patterns of displacement, reactions to Victorian scientism, resistance to enclosure, and working class education. Victorian Ecocriticism is an interdisciplinary edition. It focuses on Victorian literature as the foundational discipline linked to various disciplines such as ecology, evolutionary biology, natural history, and soil science. The topics are wide-ranging, significant, and contemporary discussing the politics of place as well as early environmental justice.

Victorian Environmental Nightmares

Author : Laurence W. Mazzeno
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030140423
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Victorian Environmental Nightmares by : Laurence W. Mazzeno

Download or read book Victorian Environmental Nightmares written by Laurence W. Mazzeno and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-06 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twelve essays in Victorian Environmental Nightmares explore various “environmental nightmares” through applied analyses of Victorian texts. Over the course of the nineteenth century, writers of imaginative literature often expressed fears and concerns over environmental degradation (in its wide variety of meanings, including social and moral). In some instances, natural or environmental disasters influenced these responses; in other instances a growing awareness of problems caused by industrial pollution and the growth of cities prompted responses. Seven essays in this volume cover works about Britain and its current and former colonies that examine these nightmare environments at home and abroad. But as the remaining five essays in this collection demonstrate, “environmental nightmares” are not restricted to essays on actual disasters or realistic fiction, since in many cases Victorian writers projected onto imperial landscapes or wholly imagined landscapes in fantastic fiction their anxieties about how humans might change their environments—and how these environments might also change humans.

Environmental Justice in the Anthropocene

Author : Stacia Ryder
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000396584
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Justice in the Anthropocene by : Stacia Ryder

Download or read book Environmental Justice in the Anthropocene written by Stacia Ryder and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through various international case studies presented by both practitioners and scholars, Environmental Justice in the Anthropocene explores how an environmental justice approach is necessary for reflections on inequality in the Anthropocene and for forging societal transitions toward a more just and sustainable future. Environmental justice is a central component of sustainability politics during the Anthropocene – the current geological age in which human activity is the dominant influence on climate and the environment. Every aspect of sustainability politics requires a close analysis of equity implications, including problematizing the notion that humans as a collective are equally responsible for ushering in this new epoch. Environmental justice provides us with the tools to critically investigate the drivers and characteristics of this era and the debates over the inequitable outcomes of the Anthropocene for historically marginalized peoples. The contributors to this volume focus on a critical approach to power and issues of environmental injustice across time, space, and context, drawing from twelve national contexts: Austria, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, Nicaragua, Hungary, Mexico, Brazil, Sweden, Tanzania, and the United States. Beyond highlighting injustices, the volume highlights forward-facing efforts at building just transitions, with a goal of identifying practical steps to connect theory and movement and envision an environmentally and ecologically just future. This interdisciplinary work will be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners focused on conservation, environmental politics and governance, environmental and earth sciences, environmental sociology, environment and planning, environmental justice, and global sustainability and governance. It will also be of interest to social and environmental justice advocates and activists.

Apocalyptic Visions in the Anthropocene and the Rise of Climate Fiction

Author : Kübra Baysal
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 152757363X
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Apocalyptic Visions in the Anthropocene and the Rise of Climate Fiction by : Kübra Baysal

Download or read book Apocalyptic Visions in the Anthropocene and the Rise of Climate Fiction written by Kübra Baysal and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-08-10 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the increasing interest of pop culture and academia towards environmental issues, which has simultaneously given rise to fiction and artworks dealing with interdisciplinary issues, climate change is an undeniable reality of our time. In accordance with the severe environmental degradation and health crises today, including the COVID-19 pandemic, human beings are awakening to this reality through climate fiction (cli-fi), which depicts ways to deal with the anthropogenic transformations on Earth through apocalyptic worlds as displayed in works of literature, media and art. Appealing to a wide range of readers, from NGOs to students, this book fills a gap in the fields of literature, media and art, and sheds light on the inevitable interconnection of humankind with the nonhuman environment through effective descriptions of associable conditions in the works of climate fiction.

Climate Change Fiction and Ecocultural Crisis

Author : Tatiana Konrad
Publisher : University of Nevada Press
ISBN 13 : 164779160X
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (477 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change Fiction and Ecocultural Crisis by : Tatiana Konrad

Download or read book Climate Change Fiction and Ecocultural Crisis written by Tatiana Konrad and published by University of Nevada Press. This book was released on 2024-09-24 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrating on a powerful, emerging genre, Tatiana Konrad’s Climate Change Fiction and Ecocultural Crisis provides a survey of popular narratives that further our understanding of climate change in contemporary fiction. Konrad advocates for the expansion and redefinition of the cli-fi genre and argues that industrial fiction from the nineteenth century is the first example of climate change fiction. Tracing the ways through which cli-fi outlines a history of our modern ecocultural crisis, this book demonstrates how the genre employs four major thematic clusters to achieve this narrative: weather, science, religion, and place. Focusing on a diverse range of issues, including fossil fuels, cheap energy, the intricacies of human–more-than-human relationships, and postcolonial geographies, Konrad illustrates how cli-fi transcends mere storytelling. The genre ultimately emerges as an important means to forecast, imagine, and contemplate climatic events. The book invites a broadening of the environmental humanities discourse, asking readers not only to deepen their understanding of the current climate crisis, but also to consider how cli-fi culture can be viewed as an effective method to address climate change.

Nineteenth-Century Literature in Transition: The 1890s

Author : Dustin Friedman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009081632
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Nineteenth-Century Literature in Transition: The 1890s by : Dustin Friedman

Download or read book Nineteenth-Century Literature in Transition: The 1890s written by Dustin Friedman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-08-31 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1890s were once seen as marginal within the larger field of Victorian studies, which tended to privilege the realist novel and the authors of the mid-century. In recent decades, the fin de siècle has come to be viewed as one of the most dynamic decades of the Victorian era. Viewed by writers and artists of the period as a moment of opportunity, transition, and urgency, the 1890s are pivotal for understanding the parameters of the field of Victorian studies itself. This volume makes a case for why the decade continues to be an area of perennial fascination, focusing on transnational connections, gender and sexuality, ecological concerns, technological innovations, and other current critical trends. This collection both calls attention to the diverse range of literature and art being produced during this period and foregrounds the relevance of the Victorian era's final years to issues and crises that face us today.

Posthumanist Perspectives on Literary and Cultural Animals

Author : Krishanu Maiti
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030761592
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Posthumanist Perspectives on Literary and Cultural Animals by : Krishanu Maiti

Download or read book Posthumanist Perspectives on Literary and Cultural Animals written by Krishanu Maiti and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-11 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers Posthumanist readings of animal-centric literary and cultural texts. The contributors put the precepts and premises of humanism into question by seriously considering the animal presence in texts. The essays collected here focus primarily on literary and cultural texts from varied theoretically informed interdisciplinary perspectives advanced by critical approaches such as Critical Animal Studies and Posthumanism. Contributors select texts that cut across geographical and period boundaries and demonstrate how practices of close reading give rise to new ways of thinking about animals. By implicating the “animal turn” in the field of literary and cultural studies, this book urges us to problematize the separation of the human from other animals and rethink the hierarchical order of beings through close readings of select texts. It offers fresh perspectives on Posthumanist theory, inviting readers to revisit those criteria that created species’ difference from the early ages of human civilization. This book constitutes a rich and thorough scholarly resource on the politics of representation of animals in literature and culture. The essays in this book are empirically and theoretically informed and explore a range of dynamic, captivating, and highly relevant topics. Comprising over 15 chapters by a team of international contributors, this book is divided into four parts: Contestation over Species Hierarchy and CategorizationAnimal (Re)constructionsInterspecies RelationalitiesIntersectionality- Animal and Gender This book will be essential reading for students and researchers of Critical Animal Studies and Environmental Studies.

The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature

Author : Douglas A. Vakoch
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 100063440X
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature by : Douglas A. Vakoch

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature written by Douglas A. Vakoch and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-09-19 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature explores the interplay between the domination of nature and the oppression of women, as well as liberatory alternatives, bringing together essays from leading academics in the field to facilitate cutting-edge critical readings of literature. Covering the main theoretical approaches and key literary genres of the area, this volume includes: • Examination of ecofeminism through the literatures of a diverse sampling of languages, including Hindi, Chinese, Arabic, and Spanish; native speakers of Tamil, Vietnamese, Turkish, Slovene, and Icelandic. • Analysis of core issues and topics, offering innovative approaches to interpreting literature, including: activism, animal studies, cultural studies, disability, gender essentialism, hegemonic masculinity, intersectionality, material ecocriticism, postcolonialism, posthumanism, postmodernism, race, and sentimental ecology. • Surveys key periods and genres of ecofeminism and literary criticism, including chapters on Gothic, Romantic, and Victorian literatures, children and young adult literature, mystery, and detective fictions, including interconnected genres of climate fiction, science fiction, and fantasy, and distinctive perspectives provided by travel writing, autobiography, and poetry. This collection explores how each of ecofeminism’s core concerns can foster a more emancipatory literary theory and criticism, now and in the future. This comprehensive volume will be of great interest to scholars and students of literature, ecofeminism, ecocriticism, gender studies, and the environmental humanities.

Aging Studies and Ecocriticism

Author : Nassim W. Balestrini
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1666914754
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (669 download)

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Book Synopsis Aging Studies and Ecocriticism by : Nassim W. Balestrini

Download or read book Aging Studies and Ecocriticism written by Nassim W. Balestrini and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-08-15 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aging Studies and Ecocriticism: Interdisciplinary Encounters argues that both aging studies and ecocriticism address the complex dynamics of individual and collective agency, oppression and dependency, care and conviviality, vulnerability and resistance as well as intergenerationality and responsibility. Yet, even though both fields employ overlapping methodologies and theoretical frameworks and scrutinize “boundary texts” in different literary genres, which have been analyzed from ecocritical perspectives as well as from the vantage point of critical aging studies, there has been little scholarly interaction between ecocritical literary studies and aging studies to date. The contributors in this volume demonstrate the potential of specific genres to narrate relationality and age, and the aesthetic and ethical challenges of imagining changes, endings, and survival in the Anthropocene. As the first step towards putting both fields in conversation, this collection offers new pathways into understanding human and nonhuman ecological relations.

Gendered Ecologies

Author : Dewey W. Hall
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1949979059
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (499 download)

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Book Synopsis Gendered Ecologies by : Dewey W. Hall

Download or read book Gendered Ecologies written by Dewey W. Hall and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-18 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gendered Ecologies considers the value of interrelationships that exist among human, nonhuman species, and inanimate objects, featuring observations by women writers as recorded in texts. The edition presents a case for transnational women writers, participating in the discourse of natural philosophy from the late eighteenth through the early twentieth centuries.

Working Verse in Victorian Scotland

Author : Kirstie Blair
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0198843798
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Working Verse in Victorian Scotland by : Kirstie Blair

Download or read book Working Verse in Victorian Scotland written by Kirstie Blair and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reassesses working-class poetry and poetics in Victorian Britain, using Scotland as a focus and with particular attention to the role of the popular press in fostering and disseminating working-class verse cultures. It studies a very wide variety of writers who are unknown to scholarship, and assesses the political, social, and cultural work which their poetry performed. During the Victorian period, Scotland underwent unprecedented changes in terms of industrialization, the rise of the city, migration, and emigration. This study shows how poets who defined themselves as part of a specifically Scottish tradition responded to these changes. It substantially revises our understanding of Scottish literature in this period, while contributing to wider investigations of the role of popular verse in national and international cultures.

Art and Protest

Author : Charlotte Yeldham
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111025454
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Art and Protest by : Charlotte Yeldham

Download or read book Art and Protest written by Charlotte Yeldham and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-04-03 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following official protection of natural environments for public benefit in Fontainebleau Forest in France (1861) and in Yosemite (1864) and Yellowstone (1872) in the USA, the New Forest Act of 1877 marked the first major instance in Britain. Art and artists were involved in this achievement to a greater extent than in all preceding cases. For the first time, and within an ecocritical framework, this study examines the role played by art during the previous anti-enclosure campaign – highlighting both the hitherto-unacknowledged extent of German influence in terms of the original artistic initiative and of German artists’ participation in the cause, as well as the significance of connections between landscape art of the day and priorities of the early Open Spaces movement. Ecocriticism in art history With works by the German and British artists George Bouverie Goddard, Wilhelm Kümpel, Alfred Pizzi Newton, Wilhelm Trautschold, Edmund George Warren

Environment and Ecology in the Long Nineteenth-Century

Author : Mark Frost
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040134297
Total Pages : 771 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Environment and Ecology in the Long Nineteenth-Century by : Mark Frost

Download or read book Environment and Ecology in the Long Nineteenth-Century written by Mark Frost and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-10-22 with total page 771 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume includes sources relating to a range of social and cultural contexts, including the proliferation of natural history crazes (ferns, aquaria, orchids, etc); debates about the social and environmental impacts of changing land use in town and country; debates about demographics, population, and resources inspired by Thomas Malthus; attempts to preserve landscapes (e.g., The Commons Preservation Society), debates about hunger, poverty, and disease in the countryside, particularly during the ‘Hungry Forties’, and relating to the Captain Swing and Chartist disturbances; the rise of land Utopianism and rural Utopian community projects; the rise of new forms of rural leisure; aesthetic engagements with rural enviroments and new world travel; and debates about pollution (especially water pollution). The volume will also turn to a range of literary sources from the period prior to 1858 to illustrate the ways in which changing attitudes to environments emerged in fiction. These include extracts from Dickens’s early works, the hunting novels of R. S. Surtees, the social novels of Harriet Martineau, Charlotte Tonna, Charles Kingsley and Margaret Oliphant, John Ruskin’s environmental fairytale, ‘The King of the Golden River’, chartist fiction, Victorian children’s fiction, and adventure novels.

The Human–Animal Boundary

Author : Mario Wenning
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 149855783X
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis The Human–Animal Boundary by : Mario Wenning

Download or read book The Human–Animal Boundary written by Mario Wenning and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-11-27 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the centuries philosophers and poets alike have defended an essential difference—rather than a porous transition—between the human and animal. Attempts to assign essential properties to humans (e.g., language, reason, or morality) often reflected ulterior aims to defend a privileged position for humans.. This book shifts the traditional anthropocentric focus of philosophy and literature by combining the questions “What is human?” and “What is animal?” What makes this collection unique is that it fills a lacuna in critical animal studies and the growing field of ecocriticism. It is the first collection that establishes a productive encounter between philosophical perspectives on the human–animal boundary and those that draw on fictional literature. The objective is to establish a dialogue between those disciplines with the goal of expanding the imaginative scope of human-animal relationships. The contributions thus do not only trace and deconstruct the boundaries dividing humans and nonhuman animals, they also present the reader with alternative perspectives on the porous continuum and surprising reversal of what appears as human and what as nonhuman.