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Electronic Properties Of Metal Organic And Organic Organic Interfaces Studied By Photoemission And Photoabsoprtion Spectroscopy
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Book Synopsis Electronic Properties of Metal-organic and Organic-organic Interfaces Studied by Photoemission and Photoabsoprtion Spectroscopy by : Olga Molodtsova
Download or read book Electronic Properties of Metal-organic and Organic-organic Interfaces Studied by Photoemission and Photoabsoprtion Spectroscopy written by Olga Molodtsova and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Electronic Properties of Metal Organic and Organic Organic Interfaces Studied by Photoemission and Photoabsorption Spectroscopy by : Olga Molodtsova
Download or read book Electronic Properties of Metal Organic and Organic Organic Interfaces Studied by Photoemission and Photoabsorption Spectroscopy written by Olga Molodtsova and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Electronic Properties of Metal-organic and Organic-organic Interfaces Studied by Photoemission and Photoabsorption Spectroscopy by :
Download or read book Electronic Properties of Metal-organic and Organic-organic Interfaces Studied by Photoemission and Photoabsorption Spectroscopy written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work systematic studies of the organic semiconductor CuPc have been presented. In general the investigation can be devided in three parts. In the first one we have studied the electronic structure of clean CuPc thin film. The next two parts are devoted to organic-organic and metal-organic interface formation, where one of the interface components is CuPc thin film. The main results of this thesis are: - The electronic structure of the pristine organic semiconductor CuPc (valence band and empty states) has been obtained by a combination of conventional and resonant photoemission, near-edge X-ray absorption, as well as by theoretical ab initio quantum-chemical calculations. A qualitative assignment of different VB structures has been given, or in other words the contributions of different atomic species as well as sites of the CuPc molecule to the electronic DOS has been established. In particular, it was shown, that the HOMO is mainly comprised of the spectral weights from the orbitals of carbon pyrolle atoms. Additional contributions to the HOMO stems from the benzene atoms. A combined experimental and theoretical study of the unoccupied electronic density of states of CuPc was presented. Our study allows identifying the contributions from different parts of the molecule to the unoccupied DOS and the measured spectra, which lays grounds for future studies of the evolution of the CuPc electronic states upon e.g. functionalization or doping. Application of similar studies to other organic semiconductors will also provide significant insight into their unoccupied electronic states. - The electronic properties of the organic heterointerfaces between fullerite and pristine copper phthalocyanine were studied. Both interfaces, CuPc/C60 and C60/CuPc, were found to be non-reactive with pronounced shifts of the vacuum level pointing to the formation of an interfacial dipole mainly at the CuPc side of the heterojunctions. The dipole values are close to the difference o.
Book Synopsis The Molecule-Metal Interface by : Norbert Koch
Download or read book The Molecule-Metal Interface written by Norbert Koch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-08 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviewing recent progress in the fundamental understanding of the molecule-metal interface, this useful addition to the literature focuses on experimental studies and introduces the latest analytical techniques as applied to this interface. The first part covers basic theory and initial principle studies, while the second part introduces readers to photoemission, STM, and synchrotron techniques to examine the atomic structure of the interfaces. The third part presents photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution UV photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance to study the electronic structure of the molecule-metal interface. In the closing chapter the editors discuss future perspectives. Written as a senior graduate or senior undergraduate textbook for students in physics, chemistry, materials science or engineering, the book's interdisciplinary approach makes it equally relevant for researchers working in the field of organic and molecular electronics.
Book Synopsis Electronic and Structural Properties of Metal-organic Interfaces by : Benjamin Bröker
Download or read book Electronic and Structural Properties of Metal-organic Interfaces written by Benjamin Bröker and published by Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG. This book was released on 2011 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present publication is embedded in the field of organic electronics, in which optoelectronic devices are made from carbon-based materials. In these devices, charge injection is critically determined by the electronic and structural properties of the interfaces between the electrodes and the conjugated organic materials (COMs). Three main topics are addressed: energy level tuning with new and strong electron (i) donor and (ii) acceptor materials and (iii) the density dependent re-orientation of a molecular monolayer and its impact on the energy level alignment. Ideal techniques to investigate the electronic and structural properties at interfaces are photoelectron and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, on which the author gives a detailed introduction.
Book Synopsis Spectroscopy of Complex Oxide Interfaces by : Claudia Cancellieri
Download or read book Spectroscopy of Complex Oxide Interfaces written by Claudia Cancellieri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the most recent and compelling experimental results for complex oxide interfaces. The results of this book were obtained with the cutting-edge photoemission technique at highest energy resolution. Due to their fascinating properties for new-generation electronic devices and the challenge of investigating buried regions, the book chiefly focuses on complex oxide interfaces. The crucial feature of exploring buried interfaces is the use of soft X-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) operating on the energy range of a few hundred eV to increase the photoelectron mean free path, enabling the photons to penetrate through the top layers – in contrast to conventional ultraviolet (UV)-ARPES techniques. The results presented here, achieved by different research groups around the world, are summarized in a clearly structured way and discussed in comparison with other photoemission spectroscopy techniques and other oxide materials. They are complemented and supported by the most recent theoretical calculations as well as results of complementary experimental techniques including electron transport and inelastic resonant X-ray scattering.
Book Synopsis Electronic Processes in Organic Electronics by : Hisao Ishii
Download or read book Electronic Processes in Organic Electronics written by Hisao Ishii and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-07 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers a variety of studies of organic semiconductors, from fundamental electronic states to device applications, including theoretical studies. Furthermore, innovative experimental techniques, e.g., ultrahigh sensitivity photoelectron spectroscopy, photoelectron yield spectroscopy, spin-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and a material processing method with optical-vortex and polarization-vortex lasers, are introduced. As this book is intended to serve as a textbook for a graduate level course or as reference material for researchers in organic electronics and nanoscience from electronic states, fundamental science that is necessary to understand the research is described. It does not duplicate the books already written on organic electronics, but focuses mainly on electronic properties that arise from the nature of organic semiconductors (molecular solids). The new experimental methods introduced in this book are applicable to various materials (e.g., metals, inorganic and organic materials). Thus the book is also useful for experts working in physics, chemistry, and related engineering and industrial fields.
Book Synopsis Energy Level Alignment and Electron Transport Through Metal/Organic Contacts by : Enrique Abad
Download or read book Energy Level Alignment and Electron Transport Through Metal/Organic Contacts written by Enrique Abad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-16 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, ever more electronic devices have started to exploit the advantages of organic semiconductors. The work reported in this thesis focuses on analyzing theoretically the energy level alignment of different metal/organic interfaces, necessary to tailor devices with good performance. Traditional methods based on density functional theory (DFT), are not appropriate for analyzing them because they underestimate the organic energy gap and fail to correctly describe the van der Waals forces. Since the size of these systems prohibits the use of more accurate methods, corrections to those DFT drawbacks are desirable. In this work a combination of a standard DFT calculation with the inclusion of the charging energy (U) of the molecule, calculated from first principles, is presented. Regarding the dispersion forces, incorrect long range interaction is substituted by a van der Waals potential. With these corrections, the C60, benzene, pentacene, TTF and TCNQ/Au(111) interfaces are analyzed, both for single molecules and for a monolayer. The results validate the induced density of interface states model.
Book Synopsis Probing Metal/organic Interfacial Electronic Structure by Two-photon Photoemission by : Hanfu Wang
Download or read book Probing Metal/organic Interfacial Electronic Structure by Two-photon Photoemission written by Hanfu Wang and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Electronic Structure of ?-Conjugated Materials and Their Effect on Organic Photovoltaics by : Chuanfei Wang
Download or read book Electronic Structure of ?-Conjugated Materials and Their Effect on Organic Photovoltaics written by Chuanfei Wang and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The great tunability of structure and electronic properties of ?-conjugated organic molecules/polymers combined with other advantages such as light weight and flexibility etc., have made organic-based electronics the focus of an exciting still-growing field of physics and chemistry for more than half a century. The application of organic electronics has led to the appearance of wide range of organic electronic devices mainly including organic light emitting diodes (OLED), organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic solar cells (OSC). The application of the organic electronic devices mainly is limited by two dominant parameters, i.e., their performance and stability. Up to date, OLED has been successfully commercialized in the market while the OSC are still on the way to commercialization hindered by low efficiency and inferior stability. Understanding the energy levels of organic materials and energy level alignment of the devices is crucial to control the efficiency and stability of the OSC. In this thesis, energy levels measured by different methods are studied to explore their relationship with device properties, and the strategies on how to design efficient and stable OSC based on energy level diagrams are provided. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) is a traditional and widely used method to probe the energy levels of organic materials, although there is little consensus on how to relate the oxidation/reduction potential ((Eox/Ered) to the vacuum level. Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) can be used to directly detect vertical ionization potential (IP) of organic materials. In this thesis, a linear relationship of IP and Eox was found, with a slope equal to unity. The relationship provides for easy conversion of values obtained by the two techniques, enabling complementarily use in designing and fabricating efficient and stable OSC. A popular rule of thumb is that the offset between the LUMO levels of donor and acceptor should be 0.3 eV, according to which a binary solar cell with the minimum voltage losses around 0.49 V was designed here. Introduction of the ternary blend as active layer is an efficient way to improve both efficiency and stability of the OSC. Based on our studied energy-level diagram within the integer charge transfer (ICT) model, we designed ternary solar cells with enhanced open circuit voltage for the first time and improved thermal stability compared to reference binary ones. The ternary solar cell with minimum voltage losses was developed by combining two donor materials with same ionization potential and positive ICT energy while featuring complementary optical absorption. Furthermore, the fullerene acceptor was chosen so that the energy of the positive ICT state of the two donor polymers is equal to the energy of negative ICT state of the fullerene, which can enhance dissociation of all polymer donor and fullerene acceptor excitons and suppress bimolecular and trap-assistant recombination. Rapid development of non-fullerene acceptors in the last two years affords more recipes of designing both efficient and stabile OSC. We show in this thesis how non-fullerene acceptors successfully can be used to design ternary solar cells with both enhanced efficiency and thermal stability. Besides improving the efficiency of the devices, understanding of the stability and degradation mechanism is another key issue. The degradation of conjugated molecules/polymers often follow many complicated pathways and at the same time many factors for degradation are coupled with each other. Therefore, the degradation of non-fullerene acceptors was investigated in darkness by photoelectron spectroscopy in this thesis with the in-situ method of controlling exposure of O2 and water vapor separately.
Book Synopsis Interfaces of Electrical Contacts in Organic Semiconductor Devices by : Korhan Demirkan
Download or read book Interfaces of Electrical Contacts in Organic Semiconductor Devices written by Korhan Demirkan and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in organic semiconductor devices relies on better understanding of interfaces as well as material development. The engineering of interfaces that exhibit low resistance, low operating voltage and long-term stability to minimize device degradation is one of the crucial requirements. Photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful technique to study the metal-semiconductor interfaces, allowing: (i) elucidation of the energy levels of the semiconductor and the contacts that determine Schottky barrier height, (ii) inspection of electrical interactions (such as charge transfer, dipole formation, formation of induced density of states or formation of polaron/bi-polaron states) that effect the energy level alignment, (iii) determination of interfacial chemistry, and (iv) estimation of interface morphology. In this thesis, we have used photoelectron spectroscopy extensively for detailed analysis of the metal organic semiconductor interfaces. In this study, we demonstrate the use of photoelectron spectroscopy for construction of energy level diagrams and display some results related to chemical tailoring of materials for engineering interfaces with lowered Schottky barriers. Following our work on the energy level alignment of poly(p-phenyene vinylene) based organic semiconductors on various substrates [Au, indium tin oxide, Si (with native oxide) and Al (with native oxide)], we tested controlling the energy level alignment by using polar self assembled molecules (SAMs). Photoelectron spectroscopy showed that, by introducing SAMs on the Au surface, we successfully changed the effective work function of Au surface. We found that in this case, the change in the effective work function of the metal surface was not reflected as a shift in the energy levels of the organic semiconductor, as opposed to the results achieved with different substrate materials. To investigate the chemical interactions at the metal/organic interface, we studied the metallization of poly(2-methoxy-5,2'-ethyl-hexyloxy-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV), polystyrene (PS) and ozone treated polystyrene (PS-O3) surfaces by thermal deposition of aluminum. Photoelectron spectroscopy showed the degree of chemical interaction between Al and each polymer, for MEH-PPV, the chemical interactions were mainly through the C-O present in the side chain of the polymer structure. The chemical interaction of Al with polystyrene was less significant, but it showed a dramatic increase after ozone treatment of the polystyrene surface (due to the formation of exposed oxygen sites). Formation of metal oxide and metal-organic compound is detected during the Al metallization of MEH-PPV and ozone-treated PS surfaces. Our results showed that the condensation of Al on polymer surfaces is highly dependent on surface reactivity. Enormous differences were observed for the condensation coefficient of Al on PS and PS-O3 surfaces. For the inert PS surface, results showed that Al atoms poorly wet the polymer surface and form distributed clusters at the surface. Results on reactive polymer surfaces suggest morphology reminiscent of a Stranski- Krastanov-type growth and high contact area. Many studies have shown that the insertion of a thin interlayer of the oxide or fluoride of alkali or alkaline metals between the low work function electrode and the organic semiconductor layers dramatically lowers the onset voltage and increases the efficiency compared to identical devices without the insulating layer. Various modes have been suggested for the mechanism of device performance enhancement. We have investigated the chemical and electrical interaction of (i) LiF with MEH-PPV, (ii) Al with MEH-PPV in the presence of a thin LiF layer at the interface, and finally (iii) the interaction of Al with LiF. AFM and XPS data showed that LiF forms island on the surface. Our data in agreement with various existing models suggested the (i) alteration in the electronic properties under applied bias, (ii) doping of the organic semiconductor, (iii) formation of metal alloy (Au-Li). In addition to the possible electrical modifications at the interface suggested previously, our data also suggest a change in the film growth on LiF modified surfaces.
Book Synopsis Surface and Interface Studies of Organic Semiconductors by : Huanjun Ding
Download or read book Surface and Interface Studies of Organic Semiconductors written by Huanjun Ding and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In recent decades, research and development of organic based semiconductor devices have attracted intense interest. One of the most essential elements is the understanding of the electronic structures at various interfaces involved in these devices, as the interface properties control many of the critical electronic processes. However, the conventional theories developed for inorganic semiconductors are often adopted without further experimental confirmation in the design of innovative organic electronic devices. It is, thus, necessary to study the electronic properties of organic semiconductors with surface analytical tools, in order to improve our understanding of the fundamental mechanism involved in the interface formation. This thesis covers experimental investigations on some of the most interesting topics raised in the recent development of organic electronic devices. The intent of this thesis is to reveal the physical processes at the interface and their contributions to the device performance with photoemission and inverse photoemission investigations on the evolution of the occupied and unoccupied electronic structures. The topics include alkali metal doping, insertion layers, spin injection and organic single crystal studies. The electronic structure modification induced by alkali metal doping in tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) will be discussed. Based on the experimental observations, I propose a two-stage model to describe the doping effect in organic materials, which differs significantly from the classical theories used for inorganic semiconductors. I investigate the electronic structure of a number of insertion layers used in organic electronic devices, and the mechanisms of the induced performance improvement are discussed based on the observed interface properties. Next, I examine the spin injection and dynamics for organic thin films. Efficient spin injection for the hot electrons across the interface is demonstrated with spin and time-resolved two photon photoemission (STR-2PPE). Finally, I describe my studies about a particularly interesting organic material -- rubrene. The band structure measurement of rubrene single crystal samples is presented with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (AR-PES). The energy level alignment at the interfaces between the rubrene thin film and various metal substrates and the morphology of the amorphous films prepared under various growth conditions are also discussed"--leaves viii-ix.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics by : T. Miyahara
Download or read book Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics written by T. Miyahara and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These volumes contain 365 of the 505 papers presented at the VUV-11 Conference, held at Rikkyo University, Tokyo, from August 27th to September 1st 1995. The papers are divided into three sections: atomic and molecular spectroscopy, solid state spectroscopy and instrumentation and technological applications. New aspects presented were both quantitative and qualitative improvements in fluorescence spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism measurements. The fluorescence data are complementary to those of photoemission in a sense but they appear to open up a new method to analyze the optical excitation and relaxation processes. The application of magnetic circular dichroism has proved to be useful not only in analyzing the electronic structures of magnetic materials but also in practical applications to material engineering as found in experiments combined with photoelectron microscopy. Excellent developments in applications are only found in the field of surface photochemistry, where the technique of etching using VUV light has been appreciably refined. Although the majority of distinctive scientific features in the VUV-11 Conference have been brought about by the application of synchrotron radiation, experiments using a different type of light source appear to have progressed steadily. This is evident in the studies of plasma radiation.
Book Synopsis Organic Molecules on Metal and Oxide Semiconductor Substrates by : Charles M. Ruggieri
Download or read book Organic Molecules on Metal and Oxide Semiconductor Substrates written by Charles M. Ruggieri and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern devices such as organic light emitting diodes use organic/oxide and organic/metal interfaces for crucial processes such as charge injection and charge transfer. Understanding fundamental physical processes occurring at these interfaces is essential to improving device performance. The ultimate goal of studying such interfaces is to form a predictive model of interfacial interactions, which has not yet been established. To this end, this thesis focuses on obtaining a better understanding of fundamental physical interactions governing molecular self-assembly and electronic energy level alignment at organic/metal and organic/oxide interfaces. This is accomplished by investigating both the molecular adsorption geometry using scanning tunneling microscopy, as well as the electronic structure at the interface using direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy, and analyzing the results in the context of first principles electronic structure calculations. First, we study the adsorption geometry of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) molecules on three noble metal surfaces: Au(111), Ag(111), and Ag(100). These surfaces were chosen to systematically compare the molecular self-assembly and adsorption behavior on two metals of the same surface symmetry and two surface symmetries of one metal. From this investigation, we improve the understanding of self-assembly at organic/metal interfaces and the relative strengths of competing intermolecular and molecule-substrate interactions that influence molecular adsorption geometry. We then investigate the electronic structure of the ZnTPP/Au(111), Ag(111), and Ag(100) interfaces as examples of weakly-interacting systems. We compare these cases to ZnTPP on TiO2(110), a wide-bandgap oxide semiconductor, and explain the intermolecular and molecule-substrate interactions that determine the electronic energy level alignment at the interface. Finally we study tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), a strong electron acceptor, on TiO2(110), which exhibits chemical hybridization accompanied by molecular distortion, as well as extreme charge transfer resulting in the development of a space charge layer in the oxide. Thus, we present a broad experimental and theoretical perspective on the study of organic/metal and organic/oxide interfaces, elucidating fundamental physical interactions that govern molecular organization and energy level alignment.
Book Synopsis Interface Studies of Organic/transition Metal Oxide with Organic Semiconductors and the Interfaces in the Perovskite Solar Cell by : Chenggong Wang
Download or read book Interface Studies of Organic/transition Metal Oxide with Organic Semiconductors and the Interfaces in the Perovskite Solar Cell written by Chenggong Wang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In recent decades, research and development of organic based semiconductor devices have attracted intensive interests. One of the most essential elements is to understand the electronic structures at various interfaces involved in these devices since the interface properties control many of the critical electronic processes. It is thus necessary to study the electronic properties of the organic semiconductors with surface analytical tools to improve the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the interface formation. This thesis covers the experimental investigations on some of the most interesting topics raised in the recent development of organic electronic devices. The thesis intends to reveal the physical processes at the interface and their contribution to the device performance with photoemission and inverse photoemission investigations on the evolution of the occupied and unoccupied electronic structures. I will report a substantial difference in the electron affinity of CuPc on two substrates as the orientations of CuPc are different. I will also illustrate that the CuPc has standing up configuration on one monolayer of C60 on SiO2 while lying down on one monolayer of C60 on HOPG. Meanwhile, the CuPc on more than one monolayers of C60 on different substrates show that the substrate orientation effect vanished. Then I will propose a two-stage model to describe the bulk doping effect of C60 by molybdenum oxide. I will also demonstrate that the doping effect of C60 by ultra-thin layer molybdenum oxide is weaker than that by interface doping and bulk doping. I will demonstrate that for Au on CH3NH3PbI3, hole accumulation occurs at the vicinity of the interface, facilitating hole transfer from CH3NH3PbI3 to Au. I will show a strong initial shift of core levels to lower binding energy in C60 on CH3NH3PbI3 interface, which indicates that electrons transfer from the perovskite film to C60 molecules. I will further demonstrate that the molybdenum oxide surface can be passivated by approximately two monolayers of organic thin films against exposure to air. I will discuss the mechanism for how oxygen plasma treatment effectively recovers the high work function drop of molybdenum oxide by air exposure. I will also show that a small energy offset at Pentacen/C60heterojunction makes it easy to transfer electrons from Pentacene to C60 even under a small applied bias, facilitating the occurrence of charge generation"--Pages xi-xii.
Book Synopsis Chemical and Electronic Structure of Metal/organic Interfaces by : Chongfei Shen
Download or read book Chemical and Electronic Structure of Metal/organic Interfaces written by Chongfei Shen and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Electronic and Structural Characterizations of a Transparent Conductive Oxide/organic Interface by : Quentin Arnoux
Download or read book Electronic and Structural Characterizations of a Transparent Conductive Oxide/organic Interface written by Quentin Arnoux and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The energy level alignment of hole-transport organic molecular solids with indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent conducting oxide, has been characterized. The studied molecules, based on the dipyranylidene (DIP) structure, differ by the heteroatom (O, S and Se). Synchrotron photoemission electron spectroscopy has been used to determine the alignment, and we investigated the molecular orientation via X-ray absorption spectromicroscopy. By interpreting spectroscopic data in the light of DFT calculations, we found evidence of the presence of charge transfer from the molecules to the ITO, when they are in intimate contact with the substrate, at least for the O and S-DIPs. The hole injection barrier between the ITO Fermi level and the organic HOMO was obtained. Our experimental approach emphasizes the relationship between structural and electronic properties. These results were obtained during beamtimes in France (SOLEIL), Italy (ELETTRA) and Switzerland (SLS).
