Electrochemical Synthesis Of Inorganic Compounds

Download Electrochemical Synthesis Of Inorganic Compounds full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Electrochemical Synthesis Of Inorganic Compounds ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds

Author : Zoltan Nagy
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489905456
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds by : Zoltan Nagy

Download or read book Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds written by Zoltan Nagy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds is a relatively unknown field. The successful, large industrial processes, such as chlorine-caustic production, are well known, but the large number of other compounds that have been synthesized electrochemically are much less appreciated, even by electrochemists and inorganic chemists. The last comprehensive book on this subject was published in the 1930's and no modern review or summary of the whole field is in existence. But the field is in no way dormant, as attested by the large number of publications, undiminished throughout the years, describing new syntheses and improvements of old ones. Indeed, it can be expected that practical applications of electrochemical inor ganic syntheses will increase in the future as an increasing portion of our energy will be available in electrical form. Electrochemical processes have important advantages over chemical routes: often the selectivity of the reaction can be better controlled through the use of potential control at the electrode, and the creation of environmen tally harmful waste material can be avoided more easily since one is using the purest reagent - the electron. In addition to development of new synthetic routes, many old ones, which were found to be un economical in the past, are worth reexamining in light of the recent considerable advances in cell design principles, materials of construc tion, and electrode and separator materials, together with our im proved understanding of electrode reactions and electrocatalysis. It is in the hope of accelerating this process that this bibliography is published.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds

Author : Zoltan Nagy
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781489905468
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds by : Zoltan Nagy

Download or read book Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds written by Zoltan Nagy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds is a relatively unknown field. The successful, large industrial processes, such as chlorine-caustic production, are well known, but the large number of other compounds that have been synthesized electrochemically are much less appreciated, even by electrochemists and inorganic chemists. The last comprehensive book on this subject was published in the 1930's and no modern review or summary of the whole field is in existence. But the field is in no way dormant, as attested by the large number of publications, undiminished throughout the years, describing new syntheses and improvements of old ones. Indeed, it can be expected that practical applications of electrochemical inor ganic syntheses will increase in the future as an increasing portion of our energy will be available in electrical form. Electrochemical processes have important advantages over chemical routes: often the selectivity of the reaction can be better controlled through the use of potential control at the electrode, and the creation of environmen tally harmful waste material can be avoided more easily since one is using the purest reagent - the electron. In addition to development of new synthetic routes, many old ones, which were found to be un economical in the past, are worth reexamining in light of the recent considerable advances in cell design principles, materials of construc tion, and electrode and separator materials, together with our im proved understanding of electrode reactions and electrocatalysis. It is in the hope of accelerating this process that this bibliography is published.

Molecular Electrochemistry of Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Compounds

Author : A.J.L. Pombeiro
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401116288
Total Pages : 652 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Molecular Electrochemistry of Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Compounds by : A.J.L. Pombeiro

Download or read book Molecular Electrochemistry of Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Compounds written by A.J.L. Pombeiro and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of electrochemical techniques by chemists, particularly those who regard themselves as "inorganic" coordination chemists, has undergone a very rapid growth in the last 15-20 years. The techniques, as dassically applied to inorganic species, had their origins in analytical chemistry, and the methodology had assumed, until the mid 60s, more importance than the chemiStry. However, the growth of interest in coordination compounds (including organometallic complexes) having unusually rich of electron-transfer in bio-inorganic redox properties, and in the understanding species, has propelfed electro-chemistry into the foreground of potentially readily available techniques for application to a very wide range of problems of interest to those chemists. This growth has been fuelled additionally by the availability of relatively cheap equipment of growing sophistication and by an increase in the "inorganic" chemists' general knowledge of physical electrochemistry. In particular, with increasing availability and sophistication of eqUipment, kinetic problems are now being addressed, and the range of electrode types and configuration and solvents has been greatly expanded. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of interest in biological problems has opened new avenues in functionalisation of electrodes, in the development of sensory devices and, in a sense, a return to the analytical base of the science, using novel and multi-disciplinary techniques drawing on synthesis chemistry of and electronic micro-engeneering. The drive towards increasing use microcomputer-controlled data analysis and the development of microeledrodes has opened exciting new avenues for the exploration of chemical reactions involving electron-transfer processes.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds

Author : Zoltan Nagy
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9780306419386
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds by : Zoltan Nagy

Download or read book Electrochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds written by Zoltan Nagy and published by Springer. This book was released on 1985-05-01 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds is a relatively unknown field. The successful, large industrial processes, such as chlorine-caustic production, are well known, but the large number of other compounds that have been synthesized electrochemically are much less appreciated, even by electrochemists and inorganic chemists. The last comprehensive book on this subject was published in the 1930's and no modern review or summary of the whole field is in existence. But the field is in no way dormant, as attested by the large number of publications, undiminished throughout the years, describing new syntheses and improvements of old ones. Indeed, it can be expected that practical applications of electrochemical inor ganic syntheses will increase in the future as an increasing portion of our energy will be available in electrical form. Electrochemical processes have important advantages over chemical routes: often the selectivity of the reaction can be better controlled through the use of potential control at the electrode, and the creation of environmen tally harmful waste material can be avoided more easily since one is using the purest reagent - the electron. In addition to development of new synthetic routes, many old ones, which were found to be un economical in the past, are worth reexamining in light of the recent considerable advances in cell design principles, materials of construc tion, and electrode and separator materials, together with our im proved understanding of electrode reactions and electrocatalysis. It is in the hope of accelerating this process that this bibliography is published.

Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry

Author : Ruren Xu
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444635955
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry by : Ruren Xu

Download or read book Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry written by Ruren Xu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-02-11 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry, Second Edition captures, in five distinct sections, the latest advancements in inorganic synthetic chemistry, providing materials chemists, chemical engineers, and materials scientists with a valuable reference source to help them advance their research efforts and achieve breakthroughs. Section one includes six chapters centering on synthetic chemistry under specific conditions, such as high-temperature, low-temperature and cryogenic, hydrothermal and solvothermal, high-pressure, photochemical and fusion conditions. Section two focuses on the synthesis and related chemistry problems of highly distinct categories of inorganic compounds, including superheavy elements, coordination compounds and coordination polymers, cluster compounds, organometallic compounds, inorganic polymers, and nonstoichiometric compounds. Section three elaborates on the synthetic chemistry of five important classes of inorganic functional materials, namely, ordered porous materials, carbon materials, advanced ceramic materials, host-guest materials, and hierarchically structured materials. Section four consists of four chapters where the synthesis of functional inorganic aggregates is discussed, giving special attention to the growth of single crystals, assembly of nanomaterials, and preparation of amorphous materials and membranes. The new edition’s biggest highlight is Section five where the frontier in inorganic synthetic chemistry is reviewed by focusing on biomimetic synthesis and rationally designed synthesis. Focuses on the chemistry of inorganic synthesis, assembly, and organization of wide-ranging inorganic systems Covers all major methodologies of inorganic synthesis Provides state-of-the-art synthetic methods Includes real examples in the organization of complex inorganic functional materials Contains more than 4000 references that are all highly reflective of the latest advancement in inorganic synthetic chemistry Presents a comprehensive coverage of the key issues involved in modern inorganic synthetic chemistry as written by experts in the field

Fundamentals and Applications of Organic Electrochemistry

Author : Toshio Fuchigami
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118670736
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Applications of Organic Electrochemistry by : Toshio Fuchigami

Download or read book Fundamentals and Applications of Organic Electrochemistry written by Toshio Fuchigami and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-24 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is an accessible overview of the broad field of organic electrochemistry, covering the fundamentals and applications of contemporary organic electrochemistry. The book begins with an introduction to the fundamental aspects of electrode electron transfer and methods for the electrochemical measurement of organic molecules. It then goes on to discuss organic electrosynthesis of molecules and macromolecules, including detailed experimental information for the electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds and conducting polymers. Later chapters highlight new methodology for organic electrochemical synthesis, for example electrolysis in ionic liquids, the application to organic electronic devices such as solar cells and LEDs, and examples of commercialized organic electrode processes. Appendices present useful supplementary information including experimental examples of organic electrosynthesis, and tables of physical data (redox potentials of various organic solvents and organic compounds and physical properties of various organic solvents).

Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Potential Applications of Electrochemical Synthesis

Author : Robert Delaye Weaver
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Potential Applications of Electrochemical Synthesis by : Robert Delaye Weaver

Download or read book Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Potential Applications of Electrochemical Synthesis written by Robert Delaye Weaver and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Industrial Applications of Electroorganic Synthesis

Author : Ralph Roberts
Publisher : Ann Arbor Science Publishers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Industrial Applications of Electroorganic Synthesis by : Ralph Roberts

Download or read book Industrial Applications of Electroorganic Synthesis written by Ralph Roberts and published by Ann Arbor Science Publishers. This book was released on 1982 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Materials from Aqueous Solutions

Author : Qiuhua Yuan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (66 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Materials from Aqueous Solutions by : Qiuhua Yuan

Download or read book Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Materials from Aqueous Solutions written by Qiuhua Yuan and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dissertation consists of the following three sections: (1) Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings. In this work, we deposited HA precursor films from weak basic electrolytic solution (pH= 8-9) via an electrochemical approach; the deposits were changed into crystallite coatings of hydroxyapatite by sintering at specific temperatures (600-800°C). The formed coatings were mainly characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns show well-defined peaks of HA when sintered under vacuum conditions. FTIR measurements indicate the existence of hydroxyl groups, which were confirmed by the characteristic intensity of the stretching and bending bands at ∼3575 and ∼630 cm-1, respectively. The SEM shows an adhesive, crack free morphology for the double-layer coating surface of the samples sintered in a vacuum furnace. (2) Silver/polymer/clay nanocomposites. Silver nanoparticles were prepared in layered clay mineral (montmorillonite)/polymer (PVP: poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)) suspension by an electrochemical approach. The silver particles formed in the bulk suspension were stabilized by the PVP and partially exfoliated clay platelets, which acted as protective colloids to prevent coagulation of silver nanoparticles together. The synthesized silver nanoparticles/montmorillonite/PVP composite was characterized and identified by XRD, SEM, and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) measurements. (3) Ce-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films. In this study, we fabricated cerium-doped PZT films (molar ratio of Zr/Ti:: 0.5:0.5) via cathodic electrodeposition on the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. In the preparation process, the PZT films were modified by adding a small amount of cerium dopants, which led to the formation of Ce-doped PZT films after sintering at high temperatures. The fabricated PZT films on the ITO coated glass substrate may be used as electro-optic devices in the industrial application.

Electropolymerization

Author : Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9533076933
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electropolymerization by : Ewa Schab-Balcerzak

Download or read book Electropolymerization written by Ewa Schab-Balcerzak and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-12-22 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, great focus has been placed upon polymer thin films. These polymer thin films are important in many technological applications, ranging from coatings and adhesives to organic electronic devices, including sensors and detectors. Electrochemical polymerization is preferable, especially if the polymeric product is intended for use as polymer thin films, because electrogeneration allows fine control over the film thickness, an important parameter for fabrication of devices. Moreover, it was demonstrated that it is possible to modify the material properties by parameter control of the electrodeposition process. Electrochemistry is an excellent tool, not only for synthesis, but also for characterization and application of various types of materials. This book provides a timely overview of a current state of knowledge regarding the use of electropolymerization for new materials preparation, including conducting polymers and various possibilities of applications.

Essentials of Inorganic Materials Synthesis

Author : C. N. R. Rao
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111883254X
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Essentials of Inorganic Materials Synthesis by : C. N. R. Rao

Download or read book Essentials of Inorganic Materials Synthesis written by C. N. R. Rao and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-04-06 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compact handbook describes all the important methods of synthesis employed today for synthesizing inorganic materials. Some features: Focuses on modern inorganic materials with applications in nanotechnology, energy materials, and sustainability Synthesis is a crucial component of materials science and technology; this book provides a simple introduction as well as an updated description of methods Written in a very simple style, providing references to the literature to get details of the methods of preparation when required

Electrochemistry in Organic Synthesis

Author : Jiri Volke
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642786995
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrochemistry in Organic Synthesis by : Jiri Volke

Download or read book Electrochemistry in Organic Synthesis written by Jiri Volke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been written as an introduction to the electro synthesis of organic compounds, in particular for organic chemists. Both authors assume that the knowledge of electro chemistry of these specialists is rather poor and is usually based only on the remnants of the teaching in the courses on physical and analytical chemistry during their university stud ies. Even with Czech chemists one cannot expect - as it was in the past - the experience obtained in the courses on polaro graphy. This is the reason why it was deemed necessary to write an introductory text to the electro synthesis of organics both as regards the theoretical and the methodological point of view, i. e. the fundamentals, the experimental setup, the application of various working and reference electrodes, the shape and con struction of electrolysis cells, the use of suitable pro tic and aprotic solvents, the experience obtained with various sup porting electrolytes, the separation and isolation of products, as well as the use of inert gases which prevent the interaction of intermediates and of final products with, for example, oxygen or traces of water. - The second part of the book contains a systematic description of preparative organic electrochemical processes, the interpretation of their mechanisms and several prescriptions for synthesizing characteristical groups of com pounds. As a whole the book is not written in an exhaustive way.

Nonaqueous Electrochemistry

Author : Doron Aurbach
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824741389
Total Pages : 980 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (413 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nonaqueous Electrochemistry by : Doron Aurbach

Download or read book Nonaqueous Electrochemistry written by Doron Aurbach and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-07-27 with total page 980 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of applications of electrochemical techniques to many organic and inorganic compounds that are either unstable or insoluble in water. It focuses on the continuing drive toward miniaturization in electronics met by designs for high-energy density batteries (based on nonaqueous systems). It addresses applications to nonaqueous batteries, supercapacitators, highly sensitive reagents, and electroorganic and electroinorganic synthesis.

Graphene Surfaces

Author : Karim Kakaei
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128145242
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Graphene Surfaces by : Karim Kakaei

Download or read book Graphene Surfaces written by Karim Kakaei and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Graphene Surfaces: Particles and Catalysts focuses on the surface chemistry and modification of graphene and its derivatives from a theoretical and electrochemical point-of-view. It provides a comprehensive overview of their electronic structure, synthesis, properties and general applications in catalysis science, including their relevance in alcohols and their derivatives oxidation, oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, energy storage, corrosion protection and supercapacitors. The book also covers emerging research on graphene chemistry and its impact. Chemical engineers, materials scientists, electrochemists and engineers will find information that will answer their most pressing questions on the surface aspects of graphene and its effect on catalysis. Serves as a time-saving reference for researchers, graduated students and chemical engineers Equips the reader with catalysis knowledge for practical applications Discusses the physical and electrochemical properties of graphene Provides the most important applications of graphene in electrochemical systems Highlights both experimental and theoretical aspects of graphene

Survey of Electrochemical Production of Inorganic Compounds. Final Report

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Survey of Electrochemical Production of Inorganic Compounds. Final Report by :

Download or read book Survey of Electrochemical Production of Inorganic Compounds. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electrochemical generation of inorganic compounds, excluding chlorine/caustic, has been critically reviewed. About 60 x 1012 Btu/y fossil fuel equivalent will be used in the year 2000 for the electrosynthesis of inorganic compounds. Significant energy savings in chlorate production can result from the development of suitable electrocatalysts for lowering the cathodic overpotential. Perchlorates, electrolytic hypochlorite, electrolytic manganese dioxide, fluorine and other miscellaneous compounds use relatively small amounts of electrical energy. Implementation of caustic scrubber technology for stack gas cleanup would result in appreciable amounts of sodium sulfate which could be electrolyzed to regenerate caustic. Hydrogen peroxide, now produced by the alkyl anthraquinone process, could be made electrolytically by a new process coupling anodic oxidation of sulfate with cathodic reduction of oxygen in alkaline solution. Ozone is currently manufactured using energy-inefficient silent discharge equipment. A novel energy-efficient approach which uses an oxygen-enhanced anodic reaction is examined.

Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides

Author : Mirtat Bouroushian
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642039677
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides by : Mirtat Bouroushian

Download or read book Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides written by Mirtat Bouroushian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-04-23 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author provides a unified account of the electrochemical material science of metal chalcogenide (MCh) compounds and alloys with regard to their synthesis, processing and applications. Starting with the chemical fundamentals of the chalcogens and their major compounds, the initial part of the book includes a systematic description of the MCh solids on the basis of the Periodic Table in terms of their structures and key properties. This is followed by a general discussion on the electrochemistry of chalcogen species, and the principles underlying the electrochemical formation of inorganic compounds/alloys. The core of the book offers an insight into available experimental results and inferences regarding the electrochemical preparation and microstructural control of conventional and novel MCh structures. It also aims to survey their photoelectrochemistry, both from a material-oriented point of view and as connected to specific processes such as photocatalysis and solar energy conversion. Finally, the book illustrates the relevance of MCh materials to various applications of electrochemical interest such as (electro)catalysis in fuel cells, energy storage with intercalation electrodes, and ion sensing.

Techniques and Mechanisms in Electrochemistry

Author : P.A. Christensen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0585276234
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (852 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Techniques and Mechanisms in Electrochemistry by : P.A. Christensen

Download or read book Techniques and Mechanisms in Electrochemistry written by P.A. Christensen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-07-11 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is hard to overstate the importance of electrochemistry in the modern world: the ramifications of the subject extend into areas as diverse as batteries, fuel cells, effluent remediation and re-cycling, clean technology, elect- synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds, conversion and storage of solar energy, semiconductor processing, material corrosion, biological electron transfer processes and a wide range of highly specific analytical techniques. The impact of electrochemistry on the lives of all of us has increased immeas- ably, even in recent years, but this increase has not been reflected in the level or content of courses taught at universities, many of which portray the subject as a collection of arcane recipes and poorly understood formulae of marginal importance to the mainstream of chemistry. This approach reached its nadir with the recent extraordinary furore surrounding the purported discovery of cold fusion, where two electrochemists claimed to have shown that the fusion of deuterium nuclei could be effected under ambient conditions by the electrochemically induced intercalation of deuterium atoms into palladium. Whatever the truth behind such claims, their discussion revealed a lamentable lack of knowledge of modern elect- chemistry, not only among science writers for the popular press, but among many professional chemists and physicists whose acquaintance with the subject seems, for the most part, to have stopped somewhere about the time of Nernst. In a year in which Professor R.