El Nino Southern Oscillation Enso And Tropical Pacific Climate Across The 42 Ka Bp Climate Excursion

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El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Tropical Pacific Climate Across the 4.2 Ka BP Climate Excursion

Author : Karen V. Gutierrez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Tropical Pacific Climate Across the 4.2 Ka BP Climate Excursion by : Karen V. Gutierrez

Download or read book El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Tropical Pacific Climate Across the 4.2 Ka BP Climate Excursion written by Karen V. Gutierrez and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origin and influence of the "4.2 kyr event"--a climate excursion characterized by century-long drought hypothesized to have affected civilizations throughout the northern subtropics--is uncertain, despite its registration in multiple paleoclimatic archives. As the dominant source of global interannual climate variability, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) might be expected to have shaped the expression of global precipitation and temperature across the 4.2 kyr event. However, the role of ENSO has not been explored, owing to a general lack of temporally extended observations in the tropical Pacific. Here I analyze a number of tropical Pacific Porites coral fossils spanning this interval, between ~4600 and 4100 years B.P., building on the previously published record of ENSO activity as well as the prevailing mean state of the tropical Pacific climate. Monthly resolved oxygen isotopic records of three corals from Fanning Island and one from Christmas Island overlap with and extend existing records to produce a nearly-continuous sequence that spans several hundred years. Oxygen isotopic values of the overlapping segments of the fossil corals strengthen the reliability of the paleoclimate record and the radiometric dating. The new coral data generated in this study confirm the previous inference of low ENSO activity over an extended time interval encompassing the 4.2 kyr event. Additionally, the new coral data show that the interannual variability, though reduced in amplitude relative to the modern climate, was expressed as repeated episodes of prolonged and intense La Niña conditions. This characterization stands in contrast with a single multi-decadal excursion, as initially hypothesized for the 4.2 kyr event. Finally, the mean values of overlapping coral segments from Fanning and Christmas Islands are similar, suggesting that the modern temperature and salinity gradient was not present during the interval of the 4.2 kyr event. The simplest explanation for this lack of temperature/salinity gradient is that the southern boundary of the North Equatorial Counter Current was shifted north of Fanning Island.

El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate

Author : Michael J. McPhaden
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119548128
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate by : Michael J. McPhaden

Download or read book El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate written by Michael J. McPhaden and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive and up-to-date information on Earth’s most dominant year-to-year climate variation The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean has major worldwide social and economic consequences through its global scale effects on atmospheric and oceanic circulation, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and other natural systems. Ongoing climate change is projected to significantly alter ENSO's dynamics and impacts. El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate presents the latest theories, models, and observations, and explores the challenges of forecasting ENSO as the climate continues to change. Volume highlights include: Historical background on ENSO and its societal consequences Review of key El Niño (ENSO warm phase) and La Niña (ENSO cold phase) characteristics Mathematical description of the underlying physical processes that generate ENSO variations Conceptual framework for understanding ENSO changes on decadal and longer time scales, including the response to greenhouse gas forcing ENSO impacts on extreme ocean, weather, and climate events, including tropical cyclones, and how ENSO affects fisheries and the global carbon cycle Advances in modeling, paleo-reconstructions, and operational climate forecasting Future projections of ENSO and its impacts Factors influencing ENSO events, such as inter-basin climate interactions and volcanic eruptions The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the editors.

El Niño and the Southern Oscillation

Author : Henry F. Diaz
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521621380
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis El Niño and the Southern Oscillation by : Henry F. Diaz

Download or read book El Niño and the Southern Oscillation written by Henry F. Diaz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-11-09 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is a recurrent feature of the climate in tropical regions. In this volume leading experts summarize information gained over the past decade concerning diverse aspects of ENSO, which have led to marked improvements in our ability to forecast its development months or seasons in advance. This volume compares ENSO's modern morphology and variability with its recent historic and prehistoric behaviour. It expands and updates Diaz and Markgraf's earlier volume El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation (1992, Cambridge University Press). The volume will be of importance to a broad range of scientists in meteorology, oceanography, hydrology, geosciences, ecology, public health, emergency management response and mitigation, and decision-making. It will also be used as a supplementary textbook and reference source in graduate courses in environmental studies.

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon

Author : Edward S. Sarachik
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139487019
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon by : Edward S. Sarachik

Download or read book The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon written by Edward S. Sarachik and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-18 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many climatic extremes around the globe, such as severe droughts and floods, can be attributed to the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific sea surface, termed the El Niño or Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Advances in our understanding of ENSO, in which Edward S. Sarachik and Mark A. Cane have been key participants, have led to marked improvements in our ability to predict its development months or seasons, allowing adaptation to global impacts. This book introduces basic concepts and builds to more detailed theoretical treatments. Chapters on the structure and dynamics of the tropical ocean and atmosphere place ENSO in a broader observational and theoretical context. Chapters on ENSO prediction, past and future, and impacts, introduce broader implications of the phenomenon. This book provides an introduction to all aspects of this most important mode of global climate variability, for research workers and students of all levels in climate science, oceanography and related fields.

El Niño

Author : Henry F. Diaz
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521430425
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis El Niño by : Henry F. Diaz

Download or read book El Niño written by Henry F. Diaz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 1993 book enhances our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the low frequency behavior of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.

El Niño

Author : A. M. Babkina
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781590334126
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis El Niño by : A. M. Babkina

Download or read book El Niño written by A. M. Babkina and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term El Niño (Spanish for "the Christ Child") was originally used by fishermen along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru to refer to a warm ocean current that typically appears around Christmastime and lasts for several months. Fish are less abundant during these warm intervals, yet in some years, however, the water is especially warm and the break in the fishing season persists into May or even June. El Niño also brings heavy rains. During the past 40 years, nine El Niños have affected the South American coast. Most of them raised water temperatures not only along the coast, but also at the Galapagos islands and in a belt stretching 5000 miles across the equatorial Pacific. The weaker events raised sea temperatures only by one to two degrees Fahrenheit, but the strong ones, like the El Niño of 1982-83, left an imprint, not only upon the local weather and marine life, but also on climatic conditions around the globe. This book includes a detailed overview and bibliography with complete title, author and subject indexes.

An Introduction to the Dynamics of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation

Author : Allan J. Clarke
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080560830
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to the Dynamics of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation by : Allan J. Clarke

Download or read book An Introduction to the Dynamics of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation written by Allan J. Clarke and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-01-28 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many scientists either working on the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) problem or its many applications have not been trained in both the equatorial ocean and atmospheric dynamics necessary to understand it. This book seeks to overcome this difficulty by providing a step by step introduction to ENSO, helping the upper level graduate student or research scientist to learn quickly the ENSO basics and be up to date with the latest ENSO research. The text assumes that the reader has a knowledge of the equations of fluid mechanics on a rotating earth and emphasizes the observations and simple physical explanations of them. Following a history of ENSO and a discussion of ENSO observations in Chapters 1 and 2, Chapters 3-5 consider relevant equatorial ocean dynamics, Chapters 6 and 9 relevant atmospheric dynamics, and Chapters 7 and 8 the main paradigms for how the Pacific Ocean and atmosphere couple together to produce ENSO. Chapter 8 also discusses the old mystery of why ENSO tends to be locked in phase with the seasonal cycle. Successful dynamical and statistical approaches to ENSO prediction are discussed in Chapters 10 and 11 while Chapter 12 concludes the book with examples of how ENSO influences marine and bird life. Quick reference guide and step by step introduction to El Niño/Southern Oscillation dynamics Keep informed and up to date on El Niño/Southern Oscillation research and how El Niño and the Southern Oscillation can be predicted Understand how El Niño can affect marine and bird life

El Niño in World History

Author : Richard Grove
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137457406
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

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Book Synopsis El Niño in World History by : Richard Grove

Download or read book El Niño in World History written by Richard Grove and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-11 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the role of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in society. Throughout human history, large or recurrent El Niños could cause significant disruption to societies and in some cases even contribute to political change. Yet it is only now that we are coming to appreciate the significance of the phenomenon. In this volume, Richard Grove and George Adamson chart the dual history of El Niño: as a global phenomenon capable of devastating weather extremes and, since the 18th century, as a developing idea in science and society. The chapters trace El Niño’s position in world history from its role in the revolution in Australian Aboriginal Culture at 5,000 BP to the 2015-16 ‘Godzilla’ event. It ends with a discussion of El Niño in the current media, which is as much a product of the public imagination as it is a natural process.

Coral Records of the El Niño-southern Oscillation and Tropical Pacific Climate Over the Last Millennium

Author : Kim M. Cobb
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Coral Records of the El Niño-southern Oscillation and Tropical Pacific Climate Over the Last Millennium by : Kim M. Cobb

Download or read book Coral Records of the El Niño-southern Oscillation and Tropical Pacific Climate Over the Last Millennium written by Kim M. Cobb and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309053420
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation by : National Research Council

Download or read book Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-01-12 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The TOGA (Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere) Program was designed to study short-term climate variations. A 10-year international program, TOGA made El Nino a household word. This book chronicles the cooperative efforts of oceanographers and meteorologists, several U.S. government agencies, many other nations, and international scientific organizations to study El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It describes the progression from being unable to detect the development of large climate variations to being able to make and use rudimentary climate predictions, especially for some tropical countries. It examines the development of the TOGA Program, evaluates its accomplishments, describes U.S. participation in the program, and makes general recommendations for developing better understanding and predictions of climate variations on seasonal to interannual time scales.

Climate Pattern

Author : Source Wikipedia
Publisher : University-Press.org
ISBN 13 : 9781230501307
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Pattern by : Source Wikipedia

Download or read book Climate Pattern written by Source Wikipedia and published by University-Press.org. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 24. Chapters: El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Monsoon, Quasi-biennial oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation, Trade wind, Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, North Atlantic oscillation, Arctic oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, Monga, Effects of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in the United States, North Pacific Oscillation, Arctic dipole anomaly, Western Disturbance, Antarctic oscillation, Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern, Diurnal cycle, Okhotsk High, Anticyclonic rotation. Excerpt: El Nino/La Nina-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, is a quasiperiodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean roughly every five years. It is characterized by variations in the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean-warming or cooling known as El Nino and La Nina respectively-and air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific-the Southern Oscillation. The two variations are coupled: the warm oceanic phase, El Nino, accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific, while the cold phase, La Nina, accompanies low air surface pressure in the western Pacific. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. ENSO causes extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected. In popular usage, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation is often called just "El Nino." El Nino is Spanish for "the boy" and refers to the Christ child, because periodic warming in the Pacific near South America is usually noticed around Christmas. The expression of ENSO is potentially subject to dramatic changes as a result of global warming, and is a target for research in this regard. El Nino is defined by prolonged differences in Pacific...

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon

Author : Edward S. Sarachik
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781108445702
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (457 download)

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Book Synopsis The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon by : Edward S. Sarachik

Download or read book The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon written by Edward S. Sarachik and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many climatic extremes around the globe, such as severe droughts and floods, can be attributed to the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific sea surface, termed the El Niño or Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Advances in our understanding of ENSO, in which Edward S. Sarachik and Mark A. Cane have been key participants, have led to marked improvements in our ability to predict its development months or seasons, allowing adaptation to global impacts. This book introduces basic concepts and builds to more detailed theoretical treatments. Chapters on the structure and dynamics of the tropical ocean and atmosphere place ENSO in a broader observational and theoretical context. Chapters on ENSO prediction, past and future, and impacts, introduce broader implications of the phenomenon. This book provides an introduction to all aspects of this most important mode of global climate variability, for research workers and students of all levels in climate science, oceanography and related fields.

El Niño, Southern Oscillation & Climatic Variability

Author : Rob Allan
Publisher : CSIRO Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis El Niño, Southern Oscillation & Climatic Variability by : Rob Allan

Download or read book El Niño, Southern Oscillation & Climatic Variability written by Rob Allan and published by CSIRO Publishing. This book was released on 1996 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanied by a CD-ROM; El Nino and La Nina, Southern Oscillation and SOI, ENSO - ENSO structure, nature and physical characteristics - Data and methods - Oceanic, atmospheric and hydrological variable responses to ENSO - Patterns in historical records - Wider terrestrial and marine environmental impactst_____________

Anticipatory Analysis of the El Niño, Southern Oscillation (update of 14 July 2023)

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789268071007
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Anticipatory Analysis of the El Niño, Southern Oscillation (update of 14 July 2023) by :

Download or read book Anticipatory Analysis of the El Niño, Southern Oscillation (update of 14 July 2023) written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring irregular, periodic large-scale oscillation of the climate system over the tropical eastern Pacific. It is one of the most important sources of interannual variability (and predictability) of the climate system on Earth due to its ability to change the global atmospheric circulation. ENSO warm events (El Niño) and cold events (La Niña) occur roughly every 2-7 years. The spring of 2023 witnessed the return of the ENSO positive phase (El Niño) by positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Warm water is transported from the western Pacific towards the west coast of South America during an El Niño, accompanied by decreased easterly trade winds. The phenomenon can have significant consequences across a vast area, frequently bringing colder, wetter weather to the Southwest of the United States and drought to nations in the western Pacific, like Australia and Indonesia. El Niño favours stronger hurricane activity in the central and eastern Pacific basins, whereas it is suppressed in the Atlantic basin. This report is provided to the Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) of Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO) as an anticipatory analysis of the ENSO, with the scope of characterising the phenomenon in terms of geographical scope and potential impact and its forecasted intensity (July-November 2023). A first version was submitted to ERCC on 30 June. This report is an update of the previous one, in which additional areas of interest have been included, upon request of DG ECHO.

Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation

Author : P.W. Glynn
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080870902
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation by : P.W. Glynn

Download or read book Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation written by P.W. Glynn and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-09-06 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: El Niño is a meteorologic/oceanographic phenomenon that occurs sporadically (every few years) at low latitudes. It is felt particularly strongly in the eastern Pacific region, notably from the equator southwards along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. The El Niño is a component of the ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) which accentuates the intimate and causal connection between atmospheric and marine processes. Obvious manifestations of El Niño in the eastern Pacific are anomalous warming of the sea; reduced upwelling; a marked decline in fisheries, and high rainfall with frequent flooding. The 1982/83 El Niño was exceptionally severe, and was probably the strongest warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to occur during this century. The warming was intense and spread over large parts of the Pacific Ocean and penetrated to greater depths than usual. Many eastern Pacific coral reefs that had exhibited uninterrupted growth for several hundred years until 1983 were devasted by the disturbance and are now in an erosional mode. Marine species were adversely affected. The consequent depletion of the plant food base resulted in significant reductions in stocks of fish, squid etc. This led to a mass migration and near-total reproductive failure of marine birds at Christmas Island. Emphasis in this volume is placed on disturbances to benthic communities; littoral populations; terrestrial communities and extratropical regions.

El Nino and Its Effect S on the Climate of South Dakota

Author : Matthew J. Bunkers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis El Nino and Its Effect S on the Climate of South Dakota by : Matthew J. Bunkers

Download or read book El Nino and Its Effect S on the Climate of South Dakota written by Matthew J. Bunkers and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interactions between the tropical Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere cause predictable interannual fluctuations in climate between warm El Nino and cold La Nina conditions. El Nino events respond to changes in the ocean surface winds which are directly related to anomalous pressure distribution across the southern Pacific, called the Southern Oscillation. El Nino is the warm phase of the Southern Oscillation and is referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation). This causes warm sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) to migrate either eastward or westward across the Pacific Ocean and redistribute the rainy patterns. This phenomenon has been occurring since the earliest meteorological observations were available and therefore makes it a very desirable topic for study. This ocean-atmosphere interaction causes significant changes in the global weather pattern, bringing abnormal conditions to many parts of the earth. An evaluation of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) reveals a pattern of 2-5 years between occurrences, but in some cases ENSO has occurred in consecutive years. Comparisons of the climatic records of South Dakota with 13 ENSO events show that the average temperature increases by 0.4 to 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit during an event, with especially warm temperatures during the winter. Also, the average precipitation is increased by 0.98 inches in Aberdeen to 2.28 inches in Rapid City during the ENSO periods. The amount of precipitation that occurs after an ENSO event is less 69% -93% of the time. This corresponds to the La Nina conditions. Very poor correlations exist between ENSO intensity versus average temperature and precipitation departures (-0.11 and 0.10), although very weak events are accompanied by above normal temperatures for all stations. Finally, the correlation between temperature departure versus precipitation departure is -0.38.

Climate Variability and the Global Harvest

Author : Cynthia Rosenzweig
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190285931
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Variability and the Global Harvest by : Cynthia Rosenzweig

Download or read book Climate Variability and the Global Harvest written by Cynthia Rosenzweig and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-01-07 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Earth's climate is constantly changing. Some of the changes are progressive, while others fluctuate at various time scales. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is one such fluctuation that recurs every few years and has far-reaching impacts. It generally appears at least once per decade, but this may vary with our changing climate. The exact frequency, sequence, duration and intensity of El Niño's manifestations, as well as its effects and geographic distributions, are highly variable. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is particularly challenging to study due to its many interlinked phenomena that occur in various locations around the globe. These worldwide teleconnections are precisely what makes studying El Niño-la Niña so important. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Daniel Hillel describe the current efforts to develop and apply a global-to-regional approach to climate-risk management. They explain how atmospheric and social scientists are cooperating with agricultural practitioners in various regions around the world to determine how farmers may benefit most from new climate predictions. Specifically, the emerging ability to predict the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle offers the potential to transform agricultural planning worldwide. Biophysical scientists are only now beginning to recognize the large-scale, globally distributed impacts of ENSO on the probabilities of seasonal precipitation and temperature regimes. Meanwhile, social scientists have been researching how to disseminate forecasts more effectively within rural communities. Consequently, as the quality of climatic predictions have improved, the dissemination and presentation of forecasts have become more effective as well. This book explores the growing understanding of the interconnectedness of climate predictions and productive agriculture for sustainable development, as well as methods and models used to study this relationship.