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Effects Of Dynamic Landscape Processes On The Spatiotemporal Distribution And Quality Of Chinook Salmon Spawning Habitat In Mountain Watersheds
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Book Synopsis Effects of Dynamic Landscape Processes on the Spatiotemporal Distribution and Quality of Chinook Salmon Spawning Habitat in Mountain Watersheds by :
Download or read book Effects of Dynamic Landscape Processes on the Spatiotemporal Distribution and Quality of Chinook Salmon Spawning Habitat in Mountain Watersheds written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Instream Flow, Adult Immigration, and Spawning Habitat Availability for Fall-run Chinook Salmon in the Upper San Joaquin River, California : Final Report by :
Download or read book The Relationship Between Instream Flow, Adult Immigration, and Spawning Habitat Availability for Fall-run Chinook Salmon in the Upper San Joaquin River, California : Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves by : Robert F. Raleigh
Download or read book Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves written by Robert F. Raleigh and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biological Opinion [that Address the Potential Effects on Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon from the Bureau of Reclamation's Proposed Los Vaqueros Project] by :
Download or read book Biological Opinion [that Address the Potential Effects on Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon from the Bureau of Reclamation's Proposed Los Vaqueros Project] written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Dynamic Habitat Models for Estuary-dependent Chinook Salmon by : Melanie Jeanne Davis
Download or read book Dynamic Habitat Models for Estuary-dependent Chinook Salmon written by Melanie Jeanne Davis and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complex mosaic of estuarine habitats is postulated to bolster the growth and survival of juvenile Chinook salmon by diversifying the availability and configuration of prey and refugia. Consequently, efforts are underway along the North American Pacific Coast to return modified coastal ecosystems to historical or near-historical conditions, but restoring habitats are often more sensitive to anthropogenic or climate-mediated disturbance than relict (unaltered) habitats. Estuaries are expected to experience longer inundation durations as sea-levels rise, leading to reductions in intertidal emergent marshes, mudflats, and eelgrass beds. Furthermore, rising ocean temperatures may have metabolic consequences for fall-run populations of Chinook salmon, which tend to out-migrate during the spring and summer. Extensive monitoring programs have allowed managers to assess the initial benefits of management efforts (including restoration) for juvenile salmon at local and regional scales, but at present they have limited options for predicting and responding to the concurrent effects of climate change in restoring and relict coastal ecosystems. For my dissertation I addressed this gap in knowledge using a comprehensive monitoring dataset from the restoring Nisqually River Delta in southern Puget Sound, Washington. I focused on the following questions: 1) How do juvenile Chinook salmon prey consumption and dietary energy density vary throughout a mosaic of estuarine habitats, and is this variation related to differences in physiological condition? 2) How do among-habitat differences in thermal regime and prey consumption affect the bioenergetic growth potential of juvenile Chinook salmon? 3) How will shifts in the estuarine habitat mosaic vary under different sea-level rise and management scenarios? and 4) How will these climate- and management-mediated shifts in the estuarine habitat mosaic impact habitat quality for juvenile Chinook salmon? To address the first question, I used stomach content and stable isotope analyses to analyze the diets of wild and hatchery Chinook salmon captured in different estuarine habitats during the out-migration season (March-July of 2014 and 2015). I also linked measures of stomach fullness and dietary energy density to body condition. To address the second question, I used a bioenergetics model to determine how among-habitat differences in water temperature and diet might affect juvenile Chinook salmon growth. To address the third question, I designed and calibrated a marsh accretion model and decision support tool using post-restoration monitoring data sets and spatial coverages. Finally, to address the fourth question, I combined output from the marsh accretion model, a hydrological model, and measurements of prey availability into a spatially explicit version of the bioenergetics model to assess the habitat quality and growth rate potential of the entire estuarine habitat mosaic under different sea-level rise and management scenarios. When considered in tandem, these chapters represent a novel approach to habitat management. Assessments of juvenile salmon diet and physiology, marsh accretion models, and bioenergetics models have been independently implemented along the Pacific Coast, but the amalgamation of all three approaches into a single, spatially explicit analysis represents a novel and significant contribution to the scientific literature. In conducting these analyses for the Nisqually River Delta, some major themes emerged regarding the importance and vulnerability of specific habitats. An integrative diet analysis using stomach contents and stable isotopes found distinct dietary niches between wild and hatchery Chinook salmon. Wild fish were more likely to utilize the freshwater tidal forested and transitional brackish marsh habitats along the main stem river, where energy-rich insect drift made up most of their dietary biomass. The availability and consumption of insect prey resulted in distinct benefits to body condition and growth, as determined by direct physiological measurements and output from the habitat-specific bioenergetics model. These findings highlight the importance of freshwater and brackish emergent marsh habitats with overhanging vegetation, which can regulate water temperatures and supply insect drift. Unfortunately, freshwater tidal forests, brackish marshes, and low and high elevation emergent salt marshes are highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, especially when geological and anthropogenic features limit sediment accretion or lateral expansion. When spatial layers from the marsh accretion model were incorporated into the spatially explicit version of the bioenergetics model, output indicated that loss of low and high salt marsh reduced the amount of prey available for juvenile salmon, thus decreasing modeled growth rate potential. In all, these findings highlight the importance of preserving the estuarine habitat mosaic for out-migrating juvenile salmon, especially as tidal regimes and ocean temperatures continue to shift through time.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Chinook Salmon Spawning Habitat Quality in the Shasta and South Fork Trinity Rivers, 1994 by : Howard W. Jong
Download or read book Evaluation of Chinook Salmon Spawning Habitat Quality in the Shasta and South Fork Trinity Rivers, 1994 written by Howard W. Jong and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Salmon Spawning Habitat Rehabilitation in the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus Rivers, California by : G. Mathias Kondolf
Download or read book Salmon Spawning Habitat Rehabilitation in the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus Rivers, California written by G. Mathias Kondolf and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Landscape Characteristics Influence Climate Change Effects on Juvenile Chinook and Coho Salmon Rearing Habitat in the Kenai River Watershed by : Benjamin Everett Meyer
Download or read book Landscape Characteristics Influence Climate Change Effects on Juvenile Chinook and Coho Salmon Rearing Habitat in the Kenai River Watershed written by Benjamin Everett Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in temperature and precipitation as a result of ongoing climate warming in south-central Alaska are affecting juvenile salmon rearing habitat differently across watersheds. Work presented here simulates summer growth rates of juvenile Chinook and coho salmon in streams under future climate and feeding scenarios in the Kenai River (Alaska) watershed across a spectrum of landscape settings from lowland to glacially-influenced. I used field-derived data on water temperature, diet, and body size as inputs to bioenergetics models to simulate growth for the 2030-2039 and 2060-2069 time periods, comparing back to 2010-2019. My results suggest decreasing growth rates under most future scenarios; predicted changes were of lower magnitude in the cooler glacial watershed and main stem and more in montane and lowland watersheds. The results demonstrate how stream and landscape types differentially filter a climate signal to juvenile rearing salmon habitat and contribute to a broader portfolio of habitats in early life stages. Additionally, I examined two years of summer water temperature data from sites throughout our study tributaries to assess the degree to which lower-reach sites are representative of upstream thermal regimes. I found that the lower reaches in the lowland and glacial study watersheds were reasonably representative of daily and seasonal main stem thermal conditions upstream, while in the montane study watershed (elevation and gradient mid-way between the lowland watershed) upstream conditions were less consistent and thus less suitable for thermal characterization by a lower-reach site alone. Together, this work highlights examples of the importance of accounting for habitat diversity when assessing climate change impacts to salmon-bearing streams.
Book Synopsis Spawning Habitat Studies of Hanford Reach Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha), Final Report by :
Download or read book Spawning Habitat Studies of Hanford Reach Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha), Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory conducted this study for the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) with funding provided through the Northwest Power and Conservation Council(a) and the BPA Fish and Wildlife Program. The study was conducted in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. The goal of study was to determine the physical habitat factors necessary to define the redd capacity of fall Chinook salmon that spawn in large mainstem rivers like the Hanford Reach and Snake River. The study was originally commissioned in FY 1994 and then recommissioned in FY 2000 through the Fish and Wildlife Program rolling review of the Columbia River Basin projects. The work described in this report covers the period from 1994 through 2004; however, the majority of the information comes from the last four years of the study (2000 through 2004). Results from the work conducted from 1994 to 2000 were covered in an earlier report. More than any other stock of Pacific salmon, fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have suffered severe impacts from the hydroelectric development in the Columbia River Basin. Fall Chinook salmon rely heavily on mainstem habitats for all phases of their life cycle, and mainstem hydroelectric dams have inundated or blocked areas that were historically used for spawning and rearing. The natural flow pattern that existed in the historic period has been altered by the dams, which in turn have affected the physical and biological template upon which fall Chinook salmon depend upon for successful reproduction. Operation of the dams to produce power to meet short-term needs in electricity (termed power peaking) produces unnatural fluctuations in flow over a 24-hour cycle. These flow fluctuations alter the physical habitat and disrupt the cues that salmon use to select spawning sites, as well as strand fish in near-shore habitat that becomes dewatered. The quality of spawning gravels has been affected by dam construction, flood protection, and agricultural and industrial development. In some cases, the riverbed is armored such that it is more difficult for spawners to move, while in other cases the intrusion of fine sediment into spawning gravels has reduced water flow to sensitive eggs and young fry. Recovery of fall Chinook salmon populations may involve habitat restoration through such actions as dam removal and reservoir drawdown. In addition, habitat protection will be accomplished through set-asides of existing high-quality habitat. A key component to evaluating these actions is quantifying the salmon spawning habitat potential of a given river reach so that realistic recovery goals for salmon abundance can be developed. Quantifying salmon spawning habitat potential requires an understanding of the spawning behavior of Chinook salmon, as well as an understanding of the physical habitat where these fish spawn. Increasingly, fish biologists are recognizing that assessing the physical habitat of riverine systems where salmon spawn goes beyond measuring microhabitat like water depth, velocity, and substrate size. Geomorphic features of the river measured over a range of spatial scales set up the physical template upon which the microhabitat develops, and successful assessments of spawning habitat potential incorporate these geomorphic features. We had three primary objectives for this study. The first objective was to determine the relationship between physical habitats at different spatial scales and fall Chinook salmon spawning locations. The second objective was to estimate the fall Chinook salmon redd capacity for the Reach. The third objective was to suggest a protocol for determining preferable spawning reaches of fall Chinook salmon. To ensure that we collected physical data within habitat that was representative of the full range of potential spawning habitat, the study area was stratified based on geomorphic features of the river using a two-dimensional river channel index that classified the river cross section into one of four shapes based on channel symmetry, depth, and width. We found that this river channel classification system was a good predictor at the scale of a river reach ((almost equal to)1 km) of where fall Chinook salmon would spawn. Using this two-dimensional river channel index, we selected study areas that were representative of the geomorphic classes. A total of nine study sites distributed throughout the middle 27 km of the Reach (study area) were investigated. Four of the study sites were located between river kilometer 575 and 580 in a section of the river where fall Chinook salmon have not spawned since aerial surveys were initiated in the 1940s; four sites were located in the spawning reach (river kilometer [rkm] 590 to 603); and one site was located upstream of the spawning reach (rkm 605).
Book Synopsis Variability and Asynchrony in Salmon Returns by : Brooke M. Davis
Download or read book Variability and Asynchrony in Salmon Returns written by Brooke M. Davis and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon are well-known for their unique life-history characteristics, complex population structures, and the wide range of ecosystem services they provide. Variability in life-history characteristics across and within species, along with their tendency to return to their natal sites, leads to phenotypically distinct populations that create portfolios of populations within watersheds. Pacific salmon are important for supporting valuable fisheries and for supporting key ecosystem processes in the marine and freshwater environment. Alaskan sockeye salmon populations display overall population stability despite large commercial harvests, a characteristic that has been attributed to their intact population complexity. Those fish that are not captured by the commercial fishery support key ecosystem processes in freshwater environments. This yearly, pulsed, resource subsidy provides a reliable source of food and nutrients to the watersheds where sockeye salmon spawn and die. These complex populations may pose challenges for management due to difficulties separating the contributions of individual populations or habitats to the overall population complex (or portfolio). In Chapter 1 we used abundance data for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawning in a set of eight streams in the Wood River watershed, southwest Alaska, to demonstrate how natural patterns of variability affect the ability of fixed assessment windows to characterize the contribution of an individual spawning population to the entire portfolio. Additionally, simulated data are used to explore how different levels of synchrony and autocorrelation affect the ability of monitoring schemes to estimate the contributions of individual populations to a portfolio. We find that the ability of fixed assessment windows to characterize a population's contribution to a portfolio is distinctly limited; asynchronous or independent dynamics among populations in a portfolio, and the presence of autocorrelation that creates slow changes in productivity, weaken the ability to characterize a stream's potential contribution to a portfolio. These results suggest that the structure of complex portfolios, and the presence of directional changes in productivity within individual populations, need to be taken into account when carrying out environmental risk assessments that aim to measure the contribution of an individual population or piece of habitat to dynamics observed at broader spatial and temporal scales. The reliable yearly pulse of marine-derived nutrients, in the form of spawning salmon, provides inland freshwater habitats with food and nutrients in the form of live fish, their gametes, and their carcasses. The highest quality food is provided by live fish and their eggs, which are important food sources for resident fish, bears, and birds, are only available for a short period. While the effects of this specific resource pulse are widely appreciated, little attention has been paid to the role that timing plays in conferring benefits to consumers, and previous research has mainly focused on biomass as the main control on the magnitude of effects. In Chapter 2 we used multiple in-stream counts of adult sockeye salmon abundance within the spawning season, and tagging data to estimate in-stream life span, to estimate how the amount of time that consumers have access to live salmon as a food resource is related to the adult spawner density in an individual stream. Our results demonstrate that duration of salmon availability as a food source is non-linearly related to escapement; across 3 orders of magnitude of spawner abundance, salmon were available to predators from about 2 weeks to about 5 weeks. This saturating relationship indicates that higher escapement values may not translate to proportionally higher benefits for consumers when these benefits are available during a fleeting window of opportunity. This result demonstrates that ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) of anadromous salmon should assume that benefits inferred to consumers are inherently time-mediated, and the numerical benefits of increased salmon density will not be straight-forward to estimate. Conservation strategies to maintain a range of spawn timing across watersheds may be the most successful for maintaining the importance of salmon subsidies in watersheds.
Book Synopsis A Two-stage Information-theoretic Approach to Modeling Landscape-level Attributes and Maximum Recruitment of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin by : William L. Thompson
Download or read book A Two-stage Information-theoretic Approach to Modeling Landscape-level Attributes and Maximum Recruitment of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin written by William L. Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Two-Stage Information-Theoretic Approach to Modeling Landscape-Level Attributes and Maximum Recruitment of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin by :
Download or read book A Two-Stage Information-Theoretic Approach to Modeling Landscape-Level Attributes and Maximum Recruitment of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many anadromous salmonid stocks in the Pacific Northwest are at their lowest recorded levels, which has raised questions regarding their long-term persistence under current conditions. There are a number of factors, such as freshwater spawning and rearing habitat, that could potentially influence their numbers. Therefore, we used the latest advances in information-theoretic methods in a two-stage modeling process to investigate relationships between landscape-level habitat attributes and maximum recruitment of 25 index stocks of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River basin. Our first-stage model selection results indicated that the Ricker-type, stock recruitment model with a constant Ricker a (i.e., recruits-per-spawner at low numbers of fish) across stocks was the only plausible one given these data, which contrasted with previous unpublished findings. Our second-stage results revealed that maximum recruitment of chinook salmon had a strongly negative relationship with percentage of surrounding subwatersheds categorized as predominantly containing U.S. Forest Service and private moderate-high impact managed forest. That is, our model predicted that average maximum recruitment of chinook salmon would decrease by at least 247 fish for every increase of 33% in surrounding subwatersheds categorized as predominantly containing U.S. Forest Service and privately managed forest. Conversely, mean annual air temperature had a positive relationship with salmon maximum recruitment, with an average increase of at least 179 fish for every increase in 2 C mean annual air temperature.
Book Synopsis Distribution, Habitat Use, and Growth of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon by : Jens C. Lovtang
Download or read book Distribution, Habitat Use, and Growth of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon written by Jens C. Lovtang and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project on the Deschutes River. Plans have been developed to reestablish passage of anadromous fish through the Project. However, only anecdotal evidence exists on the historic distribution of spring Chinook juveniles in the Basin. A recent approach to characterizing habitat quality for anadromous fishes in the Basin was the development of HabRate (Burke et al. In Press), which presented a relative quality rating of habitat based upon published fish-habitat relationships at the stream reach spatial scale. The present study was initiated to test the predictions of HabRate for summer rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius Basin. Chinook salmon fry were released in the winters of 2002 and 2003, and their densities and sizes were quantified via snorkeling and fish collection in six unique study reaches in the upper Metolius River Basin. Each of these stream reaches varied in terms of temperature, habitat availability, invertebrate drift availability, and fish community composition. My observations were not consistent with the qualitative predictions of HabRate. Moreover, habitat utilization was not consistent among study reaches. Similar to other qualitative habitat rating models (e.g. Habitat Suitability Indices (Raleigh et al. 1986) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (Bovee 1982)), HabRate's predictions rely solely on physical habitat characteristics, with the assumption that habitat will be used consistently among stream reaches (i.e. a pool in one reach is of equal importance as a pool in another reach). My results suggest that the unique ecological setting of each study reach provides the context for understanding the patterns of growth, habitat use, and diurnal activity of juvenile Chinook salmon. The inclusion of ecological components, such as food availability, the bioenergetic constraints of temperature, and the risk of predation can make these models more biologically realistic. Growth of juvenile Chinook salmon among study reaches had a curvilinear relationship to water temperature, and was also positively related to the drift density of invertebrate biomass. In three collection seasons (fall 2002, spring 2003 and fall 2003) 41 to 69% of the variations in fork lengths were explained by a multiple regression model including temperature and invertebrate drift. Based on these findings, I present a conceptual growth capacity model based on the tenets of bioenergetics as a basis for understanding the relative quality of the habitat among stream reaches for juvenile Chinook salmon. Fish community composition can help to explain observed patterns in habitat utilization and diel activity patterns. In the study reaches that had a greater presence of adult trout (potential predators), observations of juvenile Chinook salmon in mid-channel habitat were infrequent to non-existent during the day and abundances were higher in all habitat types at night. In the study reaches with colder water temperatures, observed juvenile Chinook salmon densities were higher at night. I suggest that habitat selection and diurnal activity patterns in some study reaches are reflective of strategies taken by the fish to minimize risks of predation.
Book Synopsis A Model for Prioritizing Chinook Salmon Habitat Remedial Action in a Watershed of King County, WA by : Michael Bishopp
Download or read book A Model for Prioritizing Chinook Salmon Habitat Remedial Action in a Watershed of King County, WA written by Michael Bishopp and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Structural Enhancement on Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) Spawning Habitat by : Robyn Louise Bilski
Download or read book The Effects of Structural Enhancement on Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) Spawning Habitat written by Robyn Louise Bilski and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ecology and Conservation of Spring-run Chinook Salmon by : Elizabeth A. Campbell
Download or read book Ecology and Conservation of Spring-run Chinook Salmon written by Elizabeth A. Campbell and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Temperature, Flow, and Disturbance on Adult Spring-run Chinook Salmon by : Elizabeth A. Campbell
Download or read book Effects of Temperature, Flow, and Disturbance on Adult Spring-run Chinook Salmon written by Elizabeth A. Campbell and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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