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Effect Of Wealth On Health Care Seeking Behavior And Out Of Pocket Health Expenditure In Malawi
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Book Synopsis Effect of Wealth on Health Care Seeking Behavior and Out of Pocket Health Expenditure in Malawi by : Alero Agberen
Download or read book Effect of Wealth on Health Care Seeking Behavior and Out of Pocket Health Expenditure in Malawi written by Alero Agberen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Under-five mortality continues to be a source of concern globally, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Exploring the association between wealth, health seeking behavior and out-of-pocket expenditure is necessary in order to pinpoint the areas to which resources should be channeled so as to make maximum inpact in reduction of under-five mortality. Methods: This study aims to highlight the disparity in seeking for healthcare and personal spending for healthcare across the different socioeconomic levels in Malawi. We performed a cross sectional population-based household survey in 2015. The survey contained data for children 2-59 months with a reported history of symptoms of non-severe pneumonia, malaria and diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to construct a wealth index (the predictor of interest) into quintiles. We carried out a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression of the predictor of interest, wealth index, and the outcome variables, health seeking behavior and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP). Results: The sample included 1,150 children between the ages of 2-59 months whose parents reported cough, diarrhea or fever in the past two weeks. In the unadjusted bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis adjusting for education, age of caregiver, area of residence and number of people in the household, there was no observed trend in seeking for treatment across the wealth quintiles. In the unadjusted bivariate analysis, the odds of seeking for care in government facilities among participants in the lowest wealth quintile was 26% less when compared to those in the highest wealth quintile (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.39). There were no observed trends when comparing the odds of incurring OOP expenditure among participants across the different wealth quintiles. Comparing dollar amount spent among participants who incurred OOP, participants in the highest wealth quintile were likely to spend 2.28 times more money when compared to those in the lowest wealth quintile, with statistical significance. Conclusion: In a population with marginal differences in socioeconomic status, the concept of wealth may be inconsequential to their health seeking behavior or out-of-pocket expenditure. Ensuring a constant supply of medications and enforcing the non-payment of service fees in government health facilities may be a solution to improving health seeking behavior and reducing under-five mortality in Malawi.
Book Synopsis Examining Equity in Out-of-pocket Expenditures and Utilization of Healthcare Services in Malawi by : Ruth Mwandira
Download or read book Examining Equity in Out-of-pocket Expenditures and Utilization of Healthcare Services in Malawi written by Ruth Mwandira and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Best international health practice requires that all people benefit equally from health care services regardless of their socio-economic status and that healthcare payments be based on ability to pay. Although recent household surveys in Malawi show progress in a number of health indicators population averages, many inequalities in health outcomes still exist or are widening among households stratified by socioeconomic and geographical location variables. Inequalities in out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs) for healthcare and how they influence utilization of healthcare services are of particular interest to policy makers as they ultimately affect overall health of households. The rationale for this study is that analysis of inequities in healthcare between socioeconomic groups can help to unmask intra-group and between groups' inequities hidden in national population averages. The study's three main papers examined equity in households' out-of-pocket healthcare payments and utilization of medical care. The study adopted the widely used economic frameworks and techniques developed by O'Donnell et al (2008) for analyzing health equity using household data. These economic frameworks focus on the notion of equal treatment for equal need and that payment for healthcare should be according to ability to pay. The Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2(2005) (MIHS2) was the main dataset used in the analysis. The MIHS2 is currently the only dataset that presents inequalities in healthcare expenditures at the household level in Malawi. However, the MIHS2 report does not examine the extent to which these inequalities are inequities. It is in this context that the first study focused on assessing, first, the progressivity of OOPEs for healthcare and second, the redistributive effect of OOPEs for healthcare as a source of finance in the Malawi health system. The progressivity results indicate that OOPEs for healthcare are relatively regressive in Malawi with the poor shouldering the highest financial burden relative to their ability to pay. The study found no evidence of redistributive effect of OOPEs on income inequalities in Malawi. The second study focused on linking OOPEs to use of healthcare using the recommended two-part model (Probit and OLS). The concentration indices were decomposed into contributing factors after standardizing for health need factors, which include age, sex, self-assessed health, chronic illness and disabilities. Probability of use of healthcare and OOPEs were both found to be concentrated among the non-poor while the poor who have higher health need have less use of healthcare. The last study assessed the socioeconomic factors associated with horizontal equity in use of medical facilities and predicted use using logistic regression. General medical facilities use was found to be more concentrated among the non-poor despite the poor having a higher health need. The results showed no significant inequalities in use of public medical facilities and self-treatment between the poor and the non-poor. Overall, inequalities in healthcare utilization and out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures in Malawi are mainly influenced by socioeconomic factors, which are non-need factors than health need factors. Inequalities due to non-need factors suggest presence of inequities, which are avoidable and unjust. This study can help policy makers have a better understanding of the possible effects of OOPEs and help in explaining the factors contributing to inequities in medical care utilization in Malawi. Such information is necessary so that highest priority should be given to the health problems or challenges disproportionately affecting households with varying levels of socioeconomic privilege.
Book Synopsis Health Seeking Behavior and Out-of-pocket Expenditure on Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa by : Qun Wang
Download or read book Health Seeking Behavior and Out-of-pocket Expenditure on Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa written by Qun Wang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEMES ON OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTHCARE SPENDING by : ANDINET; GURARA WOLDEMICHAEL (DANIEL; SHIMELES, A.)
Download or read book IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEMES ON OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTHCARE SPENDING written by ANDINET; GURARA WOLDEMICHAEL (DANIEL; SHIMELES, A.) and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Impact of Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-income Countries by : Maria-Luisa Escobar
Download or read book Impact of Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-income Countries written by Maria-Luisa Escobar and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past twenty years, many low- and middle-income countries have experimented with health insurance options. While their plans have varied widely in scale and ambition, their goals are the same: to make health services more affordable through the use of public subsidies while also moving care providers partially or fully into competitive markets. Until now, however, we have known little about the actual effects of these dramatic policy changes. Understanding the impact of health insurance-based care is key to the public policy debate of whether to extend insurance to low-income populationsand if so, how to do itor to serve them through other means.
Book Synopsis Troubled Minds by : Arne S. Steinforth
Download or read book Troubled Minds written by Arne S. Steinforth and published by Peter Lang. This book was released on 2009 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every society has its own definition of a normal and an abnormal human condition. For persons living with mental disorders, these concepts have a tremendous impact. This study investigates how the abnormal mind is culturally defined in Malaŵi, South-Eastern Africa. Based on anthropological techniques such as interviews, participant observation, and archive research, it explores the different social dimensions of mental disorder - e.g. its reflection in traditional dance rituals, in behavioural rules during pregnancy, or in the healing ministry of independent churches. It demonstrates how local explanations of mental disorder - be it witchcraft, an angry ancestor, or the will of God - determine the social acceptance of an affected person's condition. Recent processes of cultural change, however, strengthen the pluralism of Malaŵian religious landscape, opening the local debate to an ever wider range of interpretations.
Book Synopsis Towards equitable health systems for universal health coverage (UHC) in sub-saharan africa by : John E. Ataguba
Download or read book Towards equitable health systems for universal health coverage (UHC) in sub-saharan africa written by John E. Ataguba and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-06-23 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Social Health Insurance for Developing Nations by : William C. Hsiao
Download or read book Social Health Insurance for Developing Nations written by William C. Hsiao and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specialist groups have often advised health ministers and other decision makers in developing countries on the use of social health insurance (SHI) as a way of mobilizing revenue for health, reforming health sector performance, and providing universal coverage. This book reviews the specific design and implementation challenges facing SHI in low- and middle-income countries and presents case studies on Ghana, Kenya, Philippines, Colombia, and Thailand.
Book Synopsis Health Financing Revisited by : Pablo Enrique Gottret
Download or read book Health Financing Revisited written by Pablo Enrique Gottret and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This overview of health financing tools, policies and trends--with a particular focus on challenges facing developing countries--provides the basis for effective policy-making. Analyzing the current global environment, the book discusses health financing goals in the context of both the underlying health, demographic, social, economic, political and demographic analytics as well as the institutional realities faced by developing countries, and assesses policy options in the context of global evidence, the international aid architecture, cross-sectoral interactions, and countries' macroeconomic frameworks and overall development plans.
Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) by : King K. Holmes
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Author :WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health Publisher :World Health Organization ISBN 13 :9241563702 Total Pages :257 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (415 download)
Book Synopsis Closing the Gap in a Generation by : WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health
Download or read book Closing the Gap in a Generation written by WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social justice is a matter of life and death. It affects the way people live, their consequent chance of illness, and their risk of premature death. We watch in wonder as life expectancy and good health continue to increase in parts of the world and in alarm as they fail to improve in others.
Book Synopsis Health Care Utilization in Germany by : Christian Janssen
Download or read book Health Care Utilization in Germany written by Christian Janssen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-04 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is a societal given, borne out by the facts: the higher one's social status, the better health, and the longer life expectancy. As the situation persists, an important question demands attention, namely whether health care systems contribute to the inequity. Drawing accurate conclusions requires workable theory, reliable data collection instruments, and valid analytical methods. Using one representative country to typify the industrial world, Health Care Utilization in Germany studies its subject in terms of social determinants. This singular volume offers systematic guidelines for research into health care access based on an acclaimed behavioral model of care utilization. Contributors focus on specific social factors, medical conditions, and sectors of care to examine why differences exist, their implications, and how care providers can better match supply with demand. And many of the book's topics, such as obesity, dementia, preventive services, and immigrant health, are of global interest. Included in the coverage: Updating a classic behavioral model of health care access. Insights from qualitative research. The problem of repeated surveys: how comparable are their results? Gender and utilization of health care. Care utilization by dementia patients living at home. Social determinants of utilization of psychotherapy in Germany. A volume certain to spark discussion among researchers across the community, the findings and methods in Health Care Utilization in Germany will be analyzed by health psychologists, public health professionals, and epidemiologists.
Book Synopsis Shock Waves by : Stephane Hallegatte
Download or read book Shock Waves written by Stephane Hallegatte and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-11-23 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ending poverty and stabilizing climate change will be two unprecedented global achievements and two major steps toward sustainable development. But the two objectives cannot be considered in isolation: they need to be jointly tackled through an integrated strategy. This report brings together those two objectives and explores how they can more easily be achieved if considered together. It examines the potential impact of climate change and climate policies on poverty reduction. It also provides guidance on how to create a “win-win†? situation so that climate change policies contribute to poverty reduction and poverty-reduction policies contribute to climate change mitigation and resilience building. The key finding of the report is that climate change represents a significant obstacle to the sustained eradication of poverty, but future impacts on poverty are determined by policy choices: rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can prevent most short-term impacts whereas immediate pro-poor, emissions-reduction policies can drastically limit long-term ones.
Book Synopsis The World Health Report 2000 by : World Health Organization
Download or read book The World Health Report 2000 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2000 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes table of health system attainment and performance in all member states (191), ranked by eight measures.
Book Synopsis Paying for Health Care by : Adam Wagstaff
Download or read book Paying for Health Care written by Adam Wagstaff and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Egalitarian concepts of fairness in health care payments (requiring that payments be linked to ability to pay) are compared with minimum standards approaches (requiring that payments not exceed a prescribed share of prepayment income or not drive households into poverty). The arguments and methods are illustrated using data and out-of-pocket health spending in Vietnam in 1993 and 1998.
Book Synopsis How Useful Are Benefit Incidence Analyses of Public Education and Health Spending by : Sawitree S. Asawanuchit
Download or read book How Useful Are Benefit Incidence Analyses of Public Education and Health Spending written by Sawitree S. Asawanuchit and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2003-11-01 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a primer on benefit incidence analysis (BIA) for macroeconomists and a new data set on the benefit incidence of education and health spending covering 56 countries over 1960-2000, representing a significant improvement in quality and coverage over existing compilations. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of BIA in two dimensions. First, the paper finds, among other things, that overall education and health spending are poorly targeted; benefits from primary education and primary health care go disproportionately to the middle class, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, HIPCs and transition economies; but targeting has improved in the 1990s. Second, simple measures of association show that countries with a more propoor incidence of education and health spending tend to have better education and health outcomes, good governance, high per capita income, and wider accessibility to information. The paper explores policy implications of these findings.
Book Synopsis Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. Introduction and methods of work.-- 2. Alcohol: equity and social determinants.-- 3. Cardiovascular disease: equity and social determinants.-- 4. Health and nutrition of children: equity and social determinants.-- 5. Diabetes: equity and social determinants.-- 6. Food safety: equity and social determinants.-- 7. Mental disorders: equity and social determinants.-- 8. Neglected tropical diseases: equity and social determinants.-- 9. Oral health: equity and social determinants.-- 10. Unintended pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: equity and social determinants.-- 11. Tobacco use: equity and social determinants.-- 12. Tuberculosis: the role of risk factors and social determinants.-- 13. Violence and unintentional injury: equity and social determinants.-- 14. Synergy for equity.
