Effect Of Dietary Omega 3 Fatty Acids On Blood Lipid Composition And The Inflammatory Response In The Cockatiel Nymphicus Hollandicus

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Effect of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Blood Lipid Composition and the Inflammatory Response in the Cockatiel, Nymphicus Hollandicus

Author : Cailin Rachel Heinze
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781124508795
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Blood Lipid Composition and the Inflammatory Response in the Cockatiel, Nymphicus Hollandicus by : Cailin Rachel Heinze

Download or read book Effect of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Blood Lipid Composition and the Inflammatory Response in the Cockatiel, Nymphicus Hollandicus written by Cailin Rachel Heinze and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The incorporation of dietary n-3 fatty acids into red blood cells (RBCs) and their effects on plasma lipids and the inflammatory response were examined. Cockatiels were fed a diet containing either 4% (w/w as fed) tallow, 3% fish oil + 1% tallow, or 3.5% flax oil + 0.5% tallow. RBC fatty acids, lipoproteins and plasma chemistry parameters were analyzed after 8-13 weeks on the diets. Inflammatory indices were measured after injection of lipopolysaccharide. Total cholesterol was lowest in the fish oil group; triglyceride concentrations were lower in the fish group than in the flax group. Total n-3 fatty acids, docosohexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were markedly higher in the RBCs of birds fed fish oil versus the other diets. Plasma mineral concentrations and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios were not affected by diet. Fish oil, but not flax oil, improved plasma lipid parameters and holds promise as a treatment for dyslipidemia.

Pediatrics of Common and Uncommon Species, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice

Author : Kristine Kuchinski Broome
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455744468
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Pediatrics of Common and Uncommon Species, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice by : Kristine Kuchinski Broome

Download or read book Pediatrics of Common and Uncommon Species, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice written by Kristine Kuchinski Broome and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-05-28 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The busy exotic animal practitioner will find this unique issue packed with useful, practical information on the exotic animal pediatrics. The majority of the issue will cover anesthesia, nutrition, chiropracty, and pediatrics in psittacines, reptiles, fish, exotic hoofstock and small mammals.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease

Author : Lindsay Brown
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 303842272X
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease by : Lindsay Brown

Download or read book Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease written by Lindsay Brown and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease" that was published in JCM

Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids, Time of Feeding and Immune Response in Poultry

Author : Dulmelis Gonzalez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids, Time of Feeding and Immune Response in Poultry by : Dulmelis Gonzalez

Download or read book Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids, Time of Feeding and Immune Response in Poultry written by Dulmelis Gonzalez and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the presence of internal or external stressors, the body requires sources of energy that aide cells to combat inflammation. Fatty acids are an important source of energy and are vital components of cell membranes. Dietary fatty acids (n-6 and n-3) are of importance in immune function because they are precursors to metabolites that are potent mediators of inflammation. Poultry diets are high in n-6 fatty acids, which exert pro-inflammatory effects, and low in n-3 fatty acids, which tend to be less inflammatory. Delayed access to feed after hatching has been reported to impact the development of organs associated with immunity. Based on this information, two experiments were conducted in broiler chickens to determine the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the influence of time of feeding on bird performance, tissue lipid status, immune responses and expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) upon challenge. In experiment 1, birds were fed diets that contained 3.5% oxidized yellow grease (low n-3) or 3.5% canola oil (high n-3). Birds were fed early (5 hrs post-hatch) or late (24 hrs post-hatch). Intramuscular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phosphate buffered saline (control) was used as the immune challenge. Feeding high n-3 diets resulted in an increase in n-3 fatty acids in the liver in all treatment groups upon LPS challenge (P0.05). LPS injection led to a decrease in total n-6 fatty acids in the liver when compared with control birds (P0.05) fed early high n-3 and late low n-3. However, in spleen tissue, upon LPS challenge, increase in total n-3 fatty acids was observed only in birds fed early high n-3 and birds fed late high n-3. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids were lowest in high n-3 birds fed early (P0.05). The spleen tissue total fat content was lowest in early high and late high n-3 birds (P0.05). Breast muscle thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were higher in birds fed high n-3 compared to birds fed diets low in n-3 (P

Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Author : Robert P. Harris
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781594546907
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (469 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega 3 Fatty Acids by : Robert P. Harris

Download or read book Omega 3 Fatty Acids written by Robert P. Harris and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids are contained in oily fish, such as salmon, lake trout, tuna and herring. These fatty acids are not essential to the diet; however, scientific evidence indicates that these fatty acids may be very beneficial in reducing Coronary Heart Disease among other things. This book brings together some of the recent studies on this important and interesting substance.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Clinical Nutrition

Author : Axel R. Heller
Publisher : Nova Biomedical Books
ISBN 13 : 9781594546013
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Clinical Nutrition by : Axel R. Heller

Download or read book Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Clinical Nutrition written by Axel R. Heller and published by Nova Biomedical Books. This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decades, intensive collaborative research in the fields of chronic and acute inflammatory disorders has resulted in a better understanding of the pathophysiology and diagnosis of these diseases. Modern therapeutic approaches remain unsatisfactory and shock, sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF) are still a great challenge in intensive care medicine. Furthermore, treatment of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis or psoriasis represents an unresolved problem as well. Many factors contribute to the complex course of inflammatory reactions. Microbiological, immunological and toxic agents are able to initiate the inflammatory response by activating a variety of humoural and cellular mediators. In the early phase of inflammation interleukins and lipid-mediators are excessively released and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction. Cellular lipid membranes represent a dynamic high turnover barrier system, which separate the intracellular from the extracellular space and easily adapt to respective demands. In addition to this barrier function membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) can be oxygenized to biologically active lipid mediators (eicosanoids). These function as "local mediators" which can quickly reach considerable concentrations and, due to their short half life, act in intercellular microenvironments.Two omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 FA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are mainly found in maritime sources, as opposed to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in terrestrial sources (the typical western diet). Contemporary nutritional habits, emphasising industrially produced vegetable oils and animal fats, have disturbed this balance, resulting in a proportional decrease of omega-3 FA. This book presents an update of the pathophysiological impact of lipid mediators in inflammatory disorders and summarises the recent development of therapeutic approaches.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Author : Mary Elizabeth Van Elswyk
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega-3 Fatty Acids by : Mary Elizabeth Van Elswyk

Download or read book Omega-3 Fatty Acids written by Mary Elizabeth Van Elswyk and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cardiovascular Benefits of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Author : Bernhard Maisch
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1586037072
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Benefits of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by : Bernhard Maisch

Download or read book Cardiovascular Benefits of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids written by Bernhard Maisch and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focuses on the effect of [OMEGA]-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on different risk factors in patients with cardiovascular disease. This work also considers aspects of prevention of cardiovascular disease, risk factors and pharmacokinetics of [OMEGA]-3 fatty acids ethyl esters.

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Different Sources of Omega - 3 Fatty Acids on Blood Lipid Parameters in Rats

Author : Nur Syuhada Adnan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Diets Supplemented with Different Sources of Omega - 3 Fatty Acids on Blood Lipid Parameters in Rats by : Nur Syuhada Adnan

Download or read book Effects of Diets Supplemented with Different Sources of Omega - 3 Fatty Acids on Blood Lipid Parameters in Rats written by Nur Syuhada Adnan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Diet, immunity and inflammation

Author : P.C. Calder
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128087102
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Diet, immunity and inflammation by : P.C. Calder

Download or read book Diet, immunity and inflammation written by P.C. Calder and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-09-30 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter discusses the influence of dietary long-chain fatty acids on aspects of inflammation including markers of the inflammatory process and functional responses of inflammatory cells. It discusses the underlying mechanisms by which fatty acids can act and places the observations made in the context of treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

OMEGA-3

Author : Sean J. Moore
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781536118391
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis OMEGA-3 by : Sean J. Moore

Download or read book OMEGA-3 written by Sean J. Moore and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compelling data shows cardiovascular beneficial effects in consuming fatty acids highly present in fish, such as omega 3, docosahexanoic acid (DHA 22:6 omega 3), and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA 20:5 omega 3). These fatty acids regulate cell membrane physicochemical properties (i.e., fluidity, organization and permeability) that affect signaling pathways, with probable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on cardiac and vascular tissue. Interest in the physiological and pharmacological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular those of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has increased significantly in recent years. Omega-3 PUFA, which are recognized as nutraceuticals, have been demonstrated to have clinical benefits for the prevention of and / or treatment of certain pathological conditions. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are increasingly being used to prevent cardiovascular disease. Omega-3 PUFAs may prevent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease development by targeting arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction administration.

The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-enriched Fish on C-reactive Protein Levels in Postmenopausal Women

Author : Elizabeth C. Siu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780542208577
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-enriched Fish on C-reactive Protein Levels in Postmenopausal Women by : Elizabeth C. Siu

Download or read book The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-enriched Fish on C-reactive Protein Levels in Postmenopausal Women written by Elizabeth C. Siu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in women and rates markedly increase among women after 65 years of age. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a new clinical indicator of atherosclerotic-related inflammation with a direct pathogenic role. Studies show lifestyle factors can modulate CRP. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and studies suggest that eating fish high in omega-3 fatty acids may lower CHD risk in women. This study sought to assess the possible role of omega-3 fatty acids in the reduction of CHD-related inflammation by investigating the effect of fish consumption on CRP levels. Methods: Twenty-four healthy postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a fish group (usual diet plus two servings per week of enriched fish) or control group (usual diet with no fatty fish) for eight weeks. Omega-3 fatty acid-enriched fish developed by the West Virginia University Aquaculture Division was used. Serum CRP, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the fatty acid content of red blood cells (RBC) were measured before and after the study. Women also completed food records. RESULTS: Baseline levels of CRP were low (85% of the fish group had normal levels) and few changes in CRP risk category were observed. Mean IL-6 levels were reduced by 27% and 35% in the fish and control groups, respectively (p for between-group difference = 0.60). Changes in RBC fatty acid composition were not statistically significant. Compared to control women, women in the fish group had greater reductions in mean triglycerides (p = 0.08), total cholesterol (P = 0.04), and LDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.06). Baseline dietary intake of total and monounsaturated fatty acids tended to be positively associated with baseline CRP, while vitamin E intake was inversely related. Saturated fat intake tended to have a positive association with IL-6. Conclusions: Findings regarding the effect of two servings of fish on CRP and IL-6 levels are inconclusive due to low baseline levels of CRP and IL-6. However, results indicate two servings of fatty fish have favorable effects on blood lipids. The relationship of dietary components with CRP and IL-6 is complex and further research is needed to determine the varying roles of diet on the inflammatory process.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fed to Sows Influence Piglet Inflammatory Response and Cognitive Abilities

Author : Anna Teresa Laurent
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fed to Sows Influence Piglet Inflammatory Response and Cognitive Abilities by : Anna Teresa Laurent

Download or read book Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fed to Sows Influence Piglet Inflammatory Response and Cognitive Abilities written by Anna Teresa Laurent and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the public has become increasingly concerned with how animals in the food industry are handled during production. Regarding the pork industry, processing and weaning are arguably the most stressful events in a young pig’s life. Past research suggests that sow diets with increased omega-3 fatty acids can increase litter size, piglet cognitive ability, and decrease mortality. The objectives of the study were to: document the effects of feeding sows a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids during gestation and lactation on the inflammatory response in piglets during litter processing and evaluate the cognitive and behavioral effects of gestational supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids on weaned pigs. Eight gilts were utilized in a CRB design. Gilts were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups; CONT (corn starch) or N3FA (SALMATE). Sow/gilt milk and blood samples were collected and analyzed for fatty-acid content. Piglet blood samples were analyzed for fatty acid content and neutrophils count. Behavior was observed and documented for 24hrs post processing. After d 3 processing and castration N3FA piglets tended to have greater concentrations of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils than CONT piglets. Post weaning on d 21, there was still an effect on eosinophils (P = 0.001), and basophils (P

The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Lipid Composition, Oxidative Stress, and Aldehyde Concentrations in Rat Liver and Brain

Download The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Lipid Composition, Oxidative Stress, and Aldehyde Concentrations in Rat Liver and Brain PDF Online Free

Author : Imran Malik
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Lipid Composition, Oxidative Stress, and Aldehyde Concentrations in Rat Liver and Brain by : Imran Malik

Download or read book The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Lipid Composition, Oxidative Stress, and Aldehyde Concentrations in Rat Liver and Brain written by Imran Malik and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), due to their multiple carbon-carbon double bonds, react readily with ROS in a process termed lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation generates a number of potentially harmful secondary products, including the aldehydes ethanal, propanal, and hexanal. Indeed, raised aldehyde levels have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, leading researchers to consider them as potential diagnostic markers. However the abundance of their fatty acid precursors is dependent on dietary intake. As such, tissue aldehyde content may be diet-dependent, reducing their desirability as markers. To investigate this I fed 32 male Wistar rats diets containing 90% fat-free rat chow, 9% palm oil (mostly saturated fat), and 1% omega-3 fatty acid (EPA, DHA, ALA) for 8 weeks. The different diets resulted in changed fatty acid lipid composition in rat brain and liver. Compared to controls, DHA and EPA diets decreased liver arachidonic acid levels by 10%, while increasing levels of EPA and DHA by 7-11%. A similar effect was seen in brain lipid composition, although the changes, while statistically significant, weren't as pronounced. In brain lipids, feeding omega-3 PUFA did not lead to great changes in their concentrations, while DHA was found to be maintained at high levels even in the absence of any omega-3 PUFA in the diet. However, selected ion flow mass-spectrometry (SIFT-MS) analysis of the rat livers and brains suggests that diet does not significantly affect the concentrations of various aldehydes (P>0.05), or overall levels of oxidative stress (as measured by TBARS assays) in liver or brain (P>0.05). My results suggest that volatile aldehydes may represent a useful marker for oxidative stress with potential applications in a variety of common disorders."--Abstract.

The Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Laying Hens, Eggs and Human Subjects

Author : Chia-Hong Theresa Hsieh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Laying Hens, Eggs and Human Subjects by : Chia-Hong Theresa Hsieh

Download or read book The Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Laying Hens, Eggs and Human Subjects written by Chia-Hong Theresa Hsieh and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effect of Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health: Revealing Potentials of Functional Food

Download The Effect of Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health: Revealing Potentials of Functional Food PDF Online Free

Author : Ines Drenjančević
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health: Revealing Potentials of Functional Food by : Ines Drenjančević

Download or read book The Effect of Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health: Revealing Potentials of Functional Food written by Ines Drenjančević and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functional food is a food containing components that show beneficial effects on one or more body functions and improve general condition and health or significantly affect lowering of disease risks. This chapter is aimed to examine the effect of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) on cardiovascular health. This chapter presents current knowledge on functional poultry products and the reasons to consume them, omega-3 enrichment of eggs and poultry meat, and the differences in profile of fatty acids in conventional and omega-3-enriched eggs. The second part of the chapter focuses on the metabolism of fatty acids and effectiveness of n-3 PUFA in the improvement of endothelial function, improvement of elasticity of the vascular wall and the anti-inflammatory effects in patients with chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, and overall effect on cardiovascular health and protection. To achieve long-term protective effects, the functional food should be consumed on daily basis. There are no specific constrains in taking functional food; even more, it can be recommended to athletes and cardiovascular patients. General population can also benefit from eating functional food enriched with n-3 PUFA due to their anti-inflammatory and vascular-protective effects.

Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis

Download Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis PDF Online Free

Author : U. S. Department Human Services
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781500354657
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (546 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis by : U. S. Department Human Services

Download or read book Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis written by U. S. Department Human Services and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-06-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is one of several reports focusing on the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention or treatment of various diseases. This report focuses on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on immune-mediated diseases, bone metabolism, and gastrointestinal/renal diseases. Over the past 40 years, an increasing number of physiological functions have been attributed to omega-3 fatty acids, including movement of calcium and other substances into and out of cells, relaxation and contraction of muscles, inhibition and promotion of clotting, regulation of secretion of substances that include digestive enzymes and hormones, control of fertility, cell division, and growth.1 In addition, omega-3 fatty acids may play an important role in brain development and function. Some evidence has suggested that omega-3 fatty acids in the diet may protect against heart attack and stroke, as well as certain inflammatory diseases like arthritis, lupus, and asthma. The major dietary sources of omega- 3 fatty acids in the U.S. population are fish, fish oil, vegetable oils (principally canola and soybean), walnuts, wheat germ, and some dietary supplements. The following conditions were addressed: Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), and bone density/osteoporosis; Renal disease and diabetes; Gastrointestinal diseases. The TEPs advised us on refining the preliminary questions posed to us by AHRQ, determining the proper inclusion/exclusion criteria for the study and the populations of interest, establishing the proper outcomes measures, and conducting the appropriate analyses.