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Effect Of Cobalt And Zinc Precursor Loading On The Catalyst Activity Of Fischertropsch Synthesis
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Book Synopsis Effect of Cobalt and Zinc Precursor Loading on the Catalyst Activity of Fischertropsch Synthesis by : Nadia Aida Che Mustapa
Download or read book Effect of Cobalt and Zinc Precursor Loading on the Catalyst Activity of Fischertropsch Synthesis written by Nadia Aida Che Mustapa and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Five samples of Co-Zn/SBA-15 catalysts were prepared using wet impregnation method with different composition of cobalt loading (5, 10 and 15 wt % Co) and zinc loading (5, 10 and 15 wt % Zn) and were investigated with respect to physical and chemical properties as well influence on activity and selectivity for conversion of H2/CO2 synthesis gas. The catalysts were tested by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), N2 Adsorption Analysis (BET) and Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The feed gas of CO2 instead of CO also had been considered that contributed to product selectivity since cobalt catalyst do not exhibit significantly in Water Gas Shift (WGS) activity and CO2 neither formed nor produced during Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis with cobalt catalyst and H2/CO. An investigation of catalytic CO2 hydrogenation into high quality fuels and valuable hydrocarbons was carried out in a glass borosilicate reactor. The operating condition for catalytic testing is at 220 °C and 1 bar using H2/CO2 feed ratios of 3:1. Selectivity of products was depending upon the amount of metal loading constituent as well as the syngas mixture that used. It was found that higher metal loading with optimized promoter loading was the best catalyst for Fischer Tropsch synthesis. It is experimentally found that from the result of gas chromatograph, the conversion of CO2 and product selectivities were calculated. The most efficient catalyst for Ficher Tropsch synthesis is 15% Co/10% Zn-SBA-15. This result was proven by the characteristic of catalyst which is the existance functional groups of cobalt oxides, Si-O-Si, Si-CH3, zinc oxide, OH band, Si-C, and others, higher intensity that indicates higher cobalt dispersion, possess large surface area as well as pore size, small weight loses that indicate thermal stability and having large number of catalyst particles attaching closely with one another that make it more effective during FT process.
Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthesis of Hydrocarbon Over Mesoporous CO/SBA-15 Catalysis by : Intan Sakinah Mohd Sharip
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthesis of Hydrocarbon Over Mesoporous CO/SBA-15 Catalysis written by Intan Sakinah Mohd Sharip and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research title is Fischer-Troprch(FT) Synthesis Of Hydrocarbon Over Mesoporous Co/SBA- 15 Catalyst : Influence Of Cobalt And Zinc Precursors Loading. The FT process is a set of chemical reaction that convert mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons. The objectives are about to synthesis S B A- 15 mesoporous silica, to synthesis Co - Z n/ SB A- 15 mesoporous catalyst and to determine the influence and effect of promoter on the catalytic properties.The synthesis of Co- Z n/SB A- 15 catalystis prepared by an impregnation method. Cobalt nitrate and Zinc nitrate will be used as precursors and promoter respectively and being introduced as metal to the catalyst. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) isused to identify types of chemical bonds in the catalyst where then Si-O- Si functional group is detected because of the present of silica from Tetraethyl-orthosilicate, TEOS. Themorphology of the catalyst surface determined by Scanning Electron Microscope( SEM) and it is analyzed that the catalyst to have'rope-like' structure and no change in morphology after modification. After Cobalt and Zinc is added, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) has detected that there are cobalt crystalline formed and the amorphous shape graph of Pure SBA15 is changed with new peeks detected due to intensity changes.The best BET surface area analyzed is 375.9021m2 /g by the sample of 10% Co 15% Zn-SBA15 catalyst which also poses big pore volume of 0.480953 cm3 /g. Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) measured the decomposition of the samplesat temperature of 100°C, 250C, 300C and 450C which caused by decomposition of adsorbed water, organic functional group, dehydroxylation of silicate and nitrate group respectively.Thus, with all revenues collected from all the tests and compared with previous studies, this study found to be one small achievement in the catalyst industry.
Book Synopsis Effect of Promoters (Mn, Zn and ZrO2) on the Characterization of SBA-15 Supported Cobalt Catalyst for Fischer-tropsch Synthesis by : Muhammad Suhaimi Man
Download or read book Effect of Promoters (Mn, Zn and ZrO2) on the Characterization of SBA-15 Supported Cobalt Catalyst for Fischer-tropsch Synthesis written by Muhammad Suhaimi Man and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a part of gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology, which produces synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from natural gas. Recently the production of clean fuels and particularly of synthetic diesel by means of the FTS process has aroused renewed interest in both industrial and academic field. This process was shown to be catalyzed by certain transition metals, such as Co which present the highest activity. This research work is about the synthesis of SBA-15 and preparation of catalyst with different promoter Zr, Zn, Mn - Co based supported by SBA-15 by wet impregnation catalysts and characterizes all sampling. All materials were characterized by several physico-chemical techniques such as TGA, SEM and FTIR. The catalytic and characterization results show a great influence of mesoporous support porosity on the structure, reducibility and FTS catalytic behavior of cobalt oxide species supported over these ordered materials. After modification of SBA-15 by Co with different loading, the particles found to be attached closely with each other. The SEM picture shows a large number of SBA-15 particles attaching closely with one another. So this will make catalyst more efficient and effective during FT process. Then, using FTIR, the functional groups will be observed with certain wavelength in the samples such as cobalt oxides, Si-O-Si, Si-CH3, zinc oxide, OH band, Si-C, and others. Besides that, the identification of metal inside SBA-15 was determined by comparing the pure SBA-15 with the incorporated metal on SBA-15. For this research, the characterization of the catalyst by selecting Zn as promoter have quiet similar characterization with noble metal that already investigate.
Book Synopsis Effect of Catalyst Preparation Conditions on the Performance of Eggshell Cobalt/SiO2 Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis by : Syed Ali Z. H. Gardezi
Download or read book Effect of Catalyst Preparation Conditions on the Performance of Eggshell Cobalt/SiO2 Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis written by Syed Ali Z. H. Gardezi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: A highly selective eggshell Fischer-Tropsch catalyst has been fabricated via interaction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules on thermally treated silica gel. The physical interactions of the mesoporous silica support and the effect of catalyst preparation conditions on the performance of the cobalt/SiO2 were explored. It was found that dispersion and performance of the FT cobalt/SiO2 catalyst were significantly affected by the preparation technique used. In this study we focus on two key variables: the solvent used during the precursor loading and the calcination atmosphere. Silanol groups on the silica surface and near-surface regions can alter morphology and dispersion of the supported active metals. Solvents used for precursor such as water or alcohol attach to these silanol sites in specific configurations and compete with metal salts during ion exchange and adsorption. By fine tuning the solvent attachments on heat treated silica we have fabricated a cobalt/silica catalyst with high dispersion and low metal loads. Additionally, since silica has affinity for both polar and non-polar molecule depending on the surface conditions; this property has been exploited in preparing an engineered eggshell profile. This together with simultaneous calcination/ reduction in a dynamic hydrogen environment has been shown to further enhance dispersion and reducibility. Characterization techniques including BET, XPS, XRD, H-chemisorption and FTIR were employed. Catalyst activity, product selectivity, distribution and conversion were studied using a bench scale fixed bed reactor fitted with a GC/MS instrument.
Book Synopsis Metal Oxide Promotion of Cobalt-Based Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts by : Gregory Robert Johnson
Download or read book Metal Oxide Promotion of Cobalt-Based Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts written by Gregory Robert Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthetic fuel production by means of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) involves the catalytic hydrogenation of CO over Co-based catalysts. Often, these catalysts incorporate performance-enhancing additives known as promoters. Although not catalytically active for FTS by themselves, promoters can alter the structural and electronic properties of the active Co metal so as to improve catalyst activity, selectivity, or stability. Elements that form metal oxides have been studied for their ability to increase CO consumption rates and shift the product distribution toward higher molecular weight. Despite several decades of study of such elements, there remains limited understanding of the connections between these promotional effects and element properties. Accordingly, this dissertation focuses on clarifying the chemical basis for the effects of metal oxide promotion and making connections to periodic trends. To understand the importance of physical contact between the promoter and the Co, the influence of Co-Mn spatial association on the magnitude of Mn promotional effects was investigated. Elemental maps obtained by STEM-EDS revealed that different catalyst pretreatment methods could control how closely associated the promoter and Co were at the nanoscale. By relating these results to catalytic reaction data, it was determined that higher extents of contact between the two elements were correlated with higher selectivities toward C5+ hydrocarbons. This work was extended to the elements Ce, Gd, La, and Zr, which are among the most commonly studied metal oxide-forming promoters. The presence of the promoter element suppressed methane formation and increased the FTS chain propagation probability, but the sensitivity of these effects toward promoter loading was different for each element. Elements that deposited preferentially onto the Co nanoparticles led to rapid shifts in the product distribution as the promoter loading increased, whereas elements that dispersed over the entire catalyst surface resulted in more gradual changes. For all promoters, the product selectivities became insensitive to loading when the loading reached a quantity nearly equivalent to that which would form a half monolayer of the promoter on the Co nanoparticle surface. These trends are characteristic of the formation of active sites along the interface between the Co and the promoter that exhibit improved product selectivity. Structurally, the oxidation states and local coordination environments of the promoters were consistent with highly dispersed oxides. No evidence for the formation of bimetallic alloys or large promoter-containing crystallites was detected by either X-ray absorption spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction. These data suggest that small promoter oxide moieties decorate the surface of the Co metal nanoparticles so as to form metal-metal oxide interfaces. Under this model, the promotional effects increase in magnitude as the fraction of Co active sites that are adjacent to the promoter increases. When the Co surface is sufficiently covered by the promoter so that the fraction of active sites that are along the perimeter of the promoter moieties is nearly unity, the catalyst performance ceases to improve as a function of promoter loading. Guided by this reasoning, the catalytic properties of the promoted catalysts were investigated using samples in which the fraction of sites that were promoted was near unity. Measurements of reaction kinetics were conducted to assess the impact of metal oxide promotion on the rate parameters governing FTS. The rates of CO consumption for both unpromoted and metal oxide-promoted catalysts followed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate law for which H-assisted CO dissociation is assumed to be the rate determining step. Each promoter increased the apparent rate constant and the CO adsorption constant that appear within the rate law. Thus, metal oxide promotion appears both to facilitate the cleavage of the C-O bond and to enhance the extent of CO adsorption onto the catalyst. This finding was reinforced by CO temperature programmed desorption experiments and an evaluation of the effects of Mn promotion on the rate of CO disproportionation. Owing to the appearance of the CO adsorption constant in the numerator and denominator of the rate law, it is possible for promoted catalysts to have both higher and lower turnover frequencies than unpromoted catalysts depending on the chosen operating pressure. As a consequence, an optimal promoter can be found for maximizing the turnover frequency at a given operating pressure. However, product selectivity, which is largely determined by the availability of adsorbed H, is invariably improved by a higher CO adsorption constant because it decreases the ratio of adsorbed H to CO on the Co surface. Strong correlations between catalyst performance and the Lewis acidity of the promoter oxide suggest that Lewis acid-base interactions between the promoter and the adsorbed CO are the cause for the observed metal oxide promotional effects. Much of the experimental data presented in this work favors the hypothesis that CO can interact simultaneously with Co through the C atom and with the promoter cation through the O atom. These chemical interactions, in which the promoter serves as a Lewis acid, weaken the bond between C and O. Experimental evidence for this effect was observed in the lower activation barrier for CO hydrogenation over the ZrO2-promoted catalysts and the appearance of adsorbed carbonyl species on the MnO-promoted catalyst with severely redshifted C-O stretching frequencies measured by in situ infrared spectroscopy. These results provide insight into the chemical mechanism by which metal oxides affect the reaction and identify Lewis acidity of the promoter as the relevant descriptor for quantitatively predicting metal oxide-based promotional effects over Co FTS catalysts.
Book Synopsis Preparation of Solid Catalysts by : Gerhard Ertl
Download or read book Preparation of Solid Catalysts written by Gerhard Ertl and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-08-29 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solid catalysts play a fundamental role in all areas between basic research and industrial applications. This book offers a large amount of information about the preparation of solid catalysts. All types of solid catalysts and all important aspects of their preparation are discussed. The highly topical contributions are written by leading experts in disciplines ranging from solid state, interface and solution chemistry to industrial engineering. The straightforward presentation of the material and the comprehensive coverage make this book an essential and indispensible tool for every scientist and engineer working with solid catalysts.
Book Synopsis Bench-scale Studies of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Over Iron, Nickel, and Nickel Cobalt Catalysts (Japan) by : Shiro Watanabe
Download or read book Bench-scale Studies of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Over Iron, Nickel, and Nickel Cobalt Catalysts (Japan) written by Shiro Watanabe and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis by : Robert James Colmyer
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis written by Robert James Colmyer and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The Fischer-Trospch (F-T) synthesis of liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass-derived synthesis gas (CO + H2) is a promising way of producing renewable ultra-clean diesel fuel. The Fischer Tropsch process has been used commercially for many decades using coal or natural gas as a feedstock. Recently the focus has switched to renewable resources, such as biomass. Significant effort has been spent developing efficient Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, but very little is known about the effects of nanoparticle oxide supports for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. In this research project the objectives were to 1) design and build a F-T reactor and 2) use the system to develop new efficient F-T catalysts. A number of different catalysts were prepared, carefully characterized and tested for F-T activity. The initial study involved the effects of support pretreatment and catalyst precursor quality. In addition, ZrO2-promotion was investigated in detail for Co catalysts supported on nanoparticle (n-SiO2) and porous (p-SiO2) silica supports. The results show that the support pretreatment and catalyst precursor have limited effects on the catalytic activities and selectivities. It was also found that ZrO2 addition increases activity and in some cases selectivity with minimal difference between Co/n-SiO2 and Co/p-SiO2.
Book Synopsis Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Over Supported Cobalt Catalysts by : Kalala Jalama
Download or read book Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Over Supported Cobalt Catalysts written by Kalala Jalama and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch Technology by : André Steynberg
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Technology written by André Steynberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-10-30 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fischer-Tropsch Technology is a unique book for its state-of-the-art approach to Fischer Tropsch (FT) technology. This book provides an explanation of the basic principles and terminology that are required to understand the application of FT technology. It also contains comprehensive references to patents and previous publications. As the first publication to focus on theory and application, it is a contemporary reference source for students studying chemistry and chemical engineering. Researchers and engineers active in the development of FT technology will also find this book an invaluable source of information. * Is the first publication to cover the theory and application for modern Fischer Tropsch technology * Contains comprehensive knowledge on all aspects relevant to the application of Fischer Tropsch technology* No other publication looks at past, present and future applications
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Cobalt and Related Catalysts by : John Vakros
Download or read book Recent Advances in Cobalt and Related Catalysts written by John Vakros and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2021-09-08 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, cobalt and related catalysts are very attractive as they provide many advantages, such as low cost and high activity, in a variety of applications. Cobalt catalysts are among the most active catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and they promote the catalytic activity of the hydrodesulfurization catalysts. They also found other significant applications in environmental protection such as oxidation of volatile organic compounds, VOC, persulfate activator, ammonia synthesis, electrocatalysis and many more. Cobalt catalysts are active, stable and exhibit significant oxidation-reduction activity, as the Co can be found either as Co(II) or Co(III). Additionally, many molecules can interact with the cobalt supported phase by co-ordination due to partially filled d-orbital. Co-catalysts can be supported in almost all the inorganic supports such as alumina, titania, zeolites, etc. The cobalt oxide phase can be stabilized on the surface of the support due to variable interactions between the support and cobalt phase. These interactions are crucial for catalytic activity and can be regulated by proper selection of the preparation parameters such as the type of support, the Co loading, impregnation method and thermal conditions.
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of ammonia in syngas on the performance of various supported cobalt catalysts (i.e., Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2) was investigated during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The addition of ammonia (10 ppmv NH3) caused a significant deactivation for all supported cobalt catalysts, but the rate of deactivation was higher for the silica-supported catalysts relative to the alumina and titania-supported catalysts used in this work. Ammonia addition had a positive effect on product selectivity (i.e., lower light gas products and higher C5+) for alumina and titania-supported catalysts compared to ammonia free conditions, whereas, the addition of ammonia increased lighter hydrocarbon (C1-C4) products and decreased higher hydrocarbon (C5+) selectivity compared to ammonia-free synthesis conditions for the silica-supported catalyst. For alumina and titania-supported catalysts, the activity almost recovered with mild in-situ hydrogen treatment of the ammonia exposed catalysts. For the silica-supported catalyst, the loss of activity is somewhat irreversible (i.e., cannot be regained after the mild hydrogen treatment). Addition of ammonia led to a significant loss in BET surface area and changes in pore diameter (consistent with pore collapse of a fraction of pores into the microporous range as described in the literature), as well as formation of catalytically inactive cobalt support compounds for the silica-supported catalyst. On the other hand, the pore characteristics of alumina and titania-supported catalysts were not significantly changed. In conclusion, XANES results of the ammonia exposed silica-supported catalysts further confirm the formation of cobalt-support compounds (cobalt silicates).
Book Synopsis Technology Development for Iron and Cobalt Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts by :
Download or read book Technology Development for Iron and Cobalt Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of deuterium on the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis was studied with a precipitated iron catalyst in the slurry phase. Deuterium has been used by several research groups to better understand the mechanism of CO hydrogenation. Inverse (k{sub H}/k{sub D} 1), normal (k{sub H}/k{sub D} 1) and no isotope effect (k{sub H}/k{sub D} = 1) have been reported. The conflicting results are thought to arise because rate of reaction is a combination of kinetic and equilibrium factors. In summary, the presence of boron produced only minor changes on the properties of the cobalt catalyst. In earlier studies, it was shown that the presence of boron made the catalyst less susceptible to poisoning by sulfur. Steady-state supercritical Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was studied in the work using a fixed-bed reactor and an unpromoted Co/SiO2 catalyst. This serves as the baseline for promoted catalyst studies. A pentane-hexane mixture was used as the supercritical solvent. Overall reactor pressure, syngas partial pressure and contact time were kept constant to obtain a valid comparison of the impact of solvent density in the catalytic activity and selectivity. Three different partial pressures of the mixture were chosen based on the density-pressure curve in order to investigate the pressure tuning effect to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis near critical region.
Book Synopsis Natural Gas Conversion V by : A. Parmaliana
Download or read book Natural Gas Conversion V written by A. Parmaliana and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-09-17 with total page 1005 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 1988, the ascertained and economically accessible reserves of Natural Gas (NG) amounted to over 144,000 billion cubic meters worldwide, corresponding to 124 billion tons of oil equivalents (comparable with the liquid oil reserves, which are estimated to be 138 billion TOE). It is hypothesized that the volume of NG reserve will continue to grow at the same rate of the last decade. Forecasts on production indicate a potential increase from about 2,000 billion cubic meters in 1990 to not more than 3,300 billion cubic meters in 2010, even in a high economic development scenario. NG consumption represents only one half of oil: 1.9 billion TOE/y as compared to 3.5 of oil. Consequently, in the future gas will exceed oil as a carbon atom source. In the future the potential for getting energetic vectors or petrochemicals from NG will continue to grow. The topics covered in Natural Gas Conversion V reflect the large global R&D effort to look for new and economic ways of NG exploitation. These range from the direct conversion of methane and light paraffins to the indirect conversion through synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals. Particularly underlined and visible are the technologies already commercially viable. These proceedings prove that mature and technologically feasible processes for natural gas conversion are already available and that new and improved catalytic approaches are currently developing, the validity and feasibility of which will soon be documented. This is an exciting area of modern catalysis, which will certainly open novel and rewarding perspectives for the chemical, energy and petrochemical industries.
Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis on Supported Cobalt Based Catalysts by : Martin Kraum
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis on Supported Cobalt Based Catalysts written by Martin Kraum and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis from Syngas Models Over Cobalt and Copper Zinc Supported Catalysts by :
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis from Syngas Models Over Cobalt and Copper Zinc Supported Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis by :
Download or read book Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report details experiments performed on three different copper-based catalysts: Cu/Cr[sub 2]O[sub 3], Cu/MnO/Cr[sub 2]O[sub 3] and Cu/ZnO/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]. Of these three catalysts, the Cu/ZnO/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] exhibits the greatest stability when slurried in octacosane. More than 1000 hours-on-stream indicate that the catalyst activity is not detrimentally affected by high pressure, high H[sub 2]/CO ratio, or the presence of alkenes. All of these are necessary stability characteristics for the water-gas shift catalyst, if it is to be used in combination with a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. A review of documented reduction procedures for cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts is presented.
