Economics For The Many

Download Economics For The Many full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Economics For The Many ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Economics for the Many

Author : John McDonnell
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 178873744X
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (887 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics for the Many by : John McDonnell

Download or read book Economics for the Many written by John McDonnell and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2020-01-28 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our economy is rigged in favour of a wealthy elite. We need a new approach: an economics for the many. Big challenges lie ahead for our society: the rise of automation and the threat of catastrophic climate change. But so, too, do the huge possibilities presented by new technology and better ways of organising our economy in the wake of neoliberalism’s failure. With the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader, and the extraordinary turnaround in Labour’s fortunes in the 2017 election, we have a real opportunity to build an economy in Britain that is radically fairer, radically more democratic, and radically more sustainable. But we need the right ideas and strategies if we’re going to get there. Economics for the Many, edited and with an introduction by Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer John McDonnell, features contributions from the participants in his New Economics conferences, including Barry Gardiner, Ann Pettifor, Prem Sikka, and Guy Standing. It covers topics from housing, public ownership, and fairer international trading systems to industrial policy for the twenty-first century and how to tackle tax avoidance and regional imbalances. Together, the essays in this volume lay out a vision for a new economics, one that works for the many, not the few.

Economics for Humans

Author : Julie A. Nelson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022646394X
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics for Humans by : Julie A. Nelson

Download or read book Economics for Humans written by Julie A. Nelson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At its core, an economy is about providing goods and services for human well-being. But many economists and critics preach that an economy is something far different: a cold and heartless system that operates outside of human control. In this impassioned and perceptive work, Julie A. Nelson asks a compelling question: given that our economic world is something that we as humans create, aren’t ethics and human relationships—dimensions of a full and rich life—intrinsically part of the picture? Economics for Humans argues against the well-ingrained notion that economics is immune to moral values and distant from human relationships. Here, Nelson locates the impediment to a more considerate economic world in an assumption that is shared by both neoliberals and the political left. Despite their seemingly insurmountable differences, both make use of the metaphor, first proposed by Adam Smith, that the economy is a machine. This pervasive idea, Nelson argues, has blinded us to the qualities that make us work and care for one another—qualities that also make businesses thrive and markets grow. We can wed our interest in money with our justifiable concerns about ethics and social well-being. And we can do so if we recognize that an economy is not a machine, but a living thing in need of attention and careful tending. This second edition has been updated and refined throughout, with expanded discussions of many topics and a new chapter that investigates the apparent conflict between economic well-being and ecological sustainability. Further developing the main points of the first edition, Economics for Humans will continue to both invigorate and inspire readers to reshape the way they view the economy, its possibilities, and their place within it.

Economics for the Common Good

Author : Jean Tirole
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691192251
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics for the Common Good by : Jean Tirole

Download or read book Economics for the Common Good written by Jean Tirole and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "When Jean Tirole won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Economics, he suddenly found himself being stopped in the street by complete strangers and asked to comment on issues of the day, no matter how distant from his own areas of research. His transformation from academic economist to public intellectual prompted him to reflect further on the role economists and their discipline play in society. The result is Economics for the Common Good, a passionate manifesto for a world in which economics, far from being a 'dismal science,' is a positive force for the common good. Economists are rewarded for writing technical papers in scholarly journals, not joining in public debates. But Tirole says we urgently need economists to engage with the many challenges facing society, helping to identify our key objectives and the tools needed to meet them. To show how economics can help us realize the common good, Tirole shares his insights on a broad array of questions affecting our everyday lives and the future of our society, including global warming, unemployment, the post-2008 global financial order, the euro crisis, the digital revolution, innovation, and the proper balance between the free market and regulation. Providing a rich account of how economics can benefit everyone, Economics for the Common Good sets a new agenda for the role of economics in society"--Provided by publisher.

The Economics of Belonging

Author : Martin Sandbu
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691204527
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Economics of Belonging by : Martin Sandbu

Download or read book The Economics of Belonging written by Martin Sandbu and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-16 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is a proposal for a short book (of around 50,000 words) that speaks directly to the state we are in. The populist insurgency on both sides of the Atlantic and in Europe has deep roots in decades of mismanagement of economic and cultural change and as a result there are large groups of people who feel they no longer belong to the societies they live in, the disinfranchised, the left behind. The appeal of the anti-liberal populists who have emerged is that they convince those who feel left behind that national leaders are no longer working in their interests hence the rhetoric of 'putting America first' and 'making America great again' or the Brexiteers claining that they are 'taking back control.' In undemocractic regimes elsewhere populists play on people's feelings of insecurity in an unpredictable and fast changing world, promising security and order in exchange for democratic freedom. Liberal openness has been put on the defensive so it is up to us, electorates, politicians and policy makers, to show how an open and liberal economic system can once again belong to everyone. In the second part of the book Martin Sandbu outlines four key areas of economic policy that he believes will address not just the symptoms but the underlying causes of the current inequality which has led to so many people, especially the young and the most vulnerable being left behind. These include productivity, regional development, improved access to business finance for SMEs, and increaed representation for workers. He makes a number of other recommendaitons regarding housing, education for all, universal basic income and taxation. He concludes by saying that while these proposals add up to a radical package in total they are necessary reforms to ensure a sense of belonging and without them we could be opening the door to a radicalism which is both illiberal and undemocratic"--

Good Economics for Hard Times

Author : Abhijit V. Banerjee
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1541762878
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (417 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Good Economics for Hard Times by : Abhijit V. Banerjee

Download or read book Good Economics for Hard Times written by Abhijit V. Banerjee and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2019-11-12 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The winners of the Nobel Prize show how economics, when done right, can help us solve the thorniest social and political problems of our day. Figuring out how to deal with today's critical economic problems is perhaps the great challenge of our time. Much greater than space travel or perhaps even the next revolutionary medical breakthrough, what is at stake is the whole idea of the good life as we have known it. Immigration and inequality, globalization and technological disruption, slowing growth and accelerating climate change--these are sources of great anxiety across the world, from New Delhi and Dakar to Paris and Washington, DC. The resources to address these challenges are there--what we lack are ideas that will help us jump the wall of disagreement and distrust that divides us. If we succeed, history will remember our era with gratitude; if we fail, the potential losses are incalculable. In this revolutionary book, renowned MIT economists Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo take on this challenge, building on cutting-edge research in economics explained with lucidity and grace. Original, provocative, and urgent, Good Economics for Hard Times makes a persuasive case for an intelligent interventionism and a society built on compassion and respect. It is an extraordinary achievement, one that shines a light to help us appreciate and understand our precariously balanced world.

Economics in the Age of COVID-19

Author : Joshua Gans
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262362791
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics in the Age of COVID-19 by : Joshua Gans

Download or read book Economics in the Age of COVID-19 written by Joshua Gans and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-05-19 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the pandemic economy: essential reading about the long-term implications of our current crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed a firehose of information (much of it wrong) and an avalanche of opinions (many of them ill-founded). Most of us are so distracted by the everyday awfulness that we don't see the broader issues in play. In this book, economist Joshua Gans steps back from the short-term chaos to take a clear and systematic look at how economic choices are being made in response to COVID-19. He shows that containing the virus and pausing the economy—without letting businesses fail and people lose their jobs—are the necessary first steps.

Economics for Life: 101 Lessons You Can Use Every Day!

Author : Bruce Madariaga
Publisher : South-Western College
ISBN 13 : 9780538757881
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (578 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics for Life: 101 Lessons You Can Use Every Day! by : Bruce Madariaga

Download or read book Economics for Life: 101 Lessons You Can Use Every Day! written by Bruce Madariaga and published by South-Western College. This book was released on 2009-07-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ECONOMICS FOR LIFE 3e is a book about real-world applications for economics. In addition to applications, the text contains critiques of common economic fallacies, paradoxical economic results, and solutions to economic mysteries that are sure to interest students. Tied through its Appendices to all South-Western principles texts, Economics for Life helps students use economic concepts to better understand the world around them. The book serves as a valuable resource for delivering a more applications-based Principles (or Economics 101) course and can be bundled at no additional charge.

The Little Book of Economics

Author : Greg Ip
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118391578
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Little Book of Economics by : Greg Ip

Download or read book The Little Book of Economics written by Greg Ip and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-14 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible, thoroughly engaging look at how the economy really works and its role in your everyday life Not surprisingly, regular people suddenly are paying a lot closer attention to the economy than ever before. But economics, with its weird technical jargon and knotty concepts and formulas can be a very difficult subject to get to grips with on your own. Enter Greg Ip and his Little Book of Economics. Like a patient, good-natured tutor, Greg, one of today's most respected economics journalists, walks you through everything you need to know about how the economy works. Short on technical jargon and long on clear, concise, plain-English explanations of important terms, concepts, events, historical figures and major players, this revised and updated edition of Greg's bestselling guide clues you in on what's really going on, what it means to you and what we should be demanding our policymakers do about the economy going forward. From inflation to the Federal Reserve, taxes to the budget deficit, you get indispensible insights into everything that really matters about economics and its impact on everyday life Special sections featuring additional resources of every subject discussed and where to find additional information to help you learn more about an issue and keep track of ongoing developments Offers priceless insights into the roots of America's economic crisis and its aftermath, especially the role played by excessive greed and risk-taking, and what can be done to avoid another economic cataclysm Digs into globalization, the roots of the Euro crisis, the sources of China's spectacular growth, and why the gap between the economy's winners and losers keeps widening

Economics For Dummies

Author : Sean Masaki Flynn
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118038401
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics For Dummies by : Sean Masaki Flynn

Download or read book Economics For Dummies written by Sean Masaki Flynn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-10 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grasp the history, principles, theories, and terminology of economics with this updated bestseller Since the initial publication of Economics For Dummies in 2005, the U.S. has endured a number of drastic changes and events that sent its economy into a tailspin. This newly revised edition presents updated material about the recent financial crisis and the steps taken to repair it. Packed with refreshed information and relevant new examples from today's economy, it gives you a straightforward, easy-to-grasp understanding of how the economy functions-and how it influences personal finances. New information on deciphering consumer behavior Refresh coverage of fiscal and monetary policies A new chapter on health care policy and the financial crisis Presenting complex theories in simple terms and helping you decode the jargon, understand the equations, and debunk the common misconceptions, Economics For Dummies tackles the topic in terms you can understand.

Economics in One Lesson

Author : Henry Hazlitt
Publisher : Crown Currency
ISBN 13 : 0307760626
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics in One Lesson by : Henry Hazlitt

Download or read book Economics in One Lesson written by Henry Hazlitt and published by Crown Currency. This book was released on 2010-08-11 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With over a million copies sold, Economics in One Lesson is an essential guide to the basics of economic theory. A fundamental influence on modern libertarianism, Hazlitt defends capitalism and the free market from economic myths that persist to this day. Considered among the leading economic thinkers of the “Austrian School,” which includes Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich (F.A.) Hayek, and others, Henry Hazlitt (1894-1993), was a libertarian philosopher, an economist, and a journalist. He was the founding vice-president of the Foundation for Economic Education and an early editor of The Freeman magazine, an influential libertarian publication. Hazlitt wrote Economics in One Lesson, his seminal work, in 1946. Concise and instructive, it is also deceptively prescient and far-reaching in its efforts to dissemble economic fallacies that are so prevalent they have almost become a new orthodoxy. Economic commentators across the political spectrum have credited Hazlitt with foreseeing the collapse of the global economy which occurred more than 50 years after the initial publication of Economics in One Lesson. Hazlitt’s focus on non-governmental solutions, strong — and strongly reasoned — anti-deficit position, and general emphasis on free markets, economic liberty of individuals, and the dangers of government intervention make Economics in One Lesson every bit as relevant and valuable today as it has been since publication.

Economics for Real People

Author : Gene Callahan
Publisher : Ludwig von Mises Institute
ISBN 13 : 1610164679
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Economics for Real People by : Gene Callahan

Download or read book Economics for Real People written by Gene Callahan and published by Ludwig von Mises Institute. This book was released on 2002 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Empathy Economics

Author : Owen Ullmann
Publisher : Public Affairs
ISBN 13 : 9781541701021
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Empathy Economics by : Owen Ullmann

Download or read book Empathy Economics written by Owen Ullmann and published by Public Affairs. This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The trailblazing story of Janet Yellen, the Ruth Bader Ginsburg of economics, and her lifelong advocacy for an economics of empathy that delivers the fruits of a prosperous society to people at the bottom half of the economic ladder. Owen Ullmann's intimate portrait of the heart and mind of Janet Yellen is the riveting story of one of the most remarkable government careers in recent times. The ultimate glass-ceiling buster, Yellen is the first person to hold all three of America's top economic policy positions. Currently Treasury Secretary (the first woman to hold the job), she has also been chair of the Federal Reserve and of the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Yellen's sheer brilliance was certainly foundational, as has been her meticulous preparation for every job she has held in academia and government. What stands out, though, are the human qualities she has maintained in a Washington policy world where fierce intellectual combat casts others as either friend or enemy, never more so than in our current age of polarization. While her accomplishments are historic, humility and compassion are her trademarks, qualities instilled by her parents: a family doctor father who labored in working class Brooklyn, treating people whether they had the ability to pay or not, and a mother who preached the ethic of public service, perseverance and nothing less than perfection in every task. As Ullmann vividly shows, empathy economics, the north star of Yellen's work as researcher, analyst, and policymaker stems from her early family life. Yellen has pushed back against the cold, abstract quality of a male-dominated economics profession that all too often promotes policies that benefit the already well-to-do. She has strived to remake her profession as a tool for shaping compassionate programs that help people find remedies for financial plights that stem from a lack of economic opportunity because of poverty, unemployment or job discrimination.

An Economist Goes to the Game

Author : Paul Oyer
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300218249
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis An Economist Goes to the Game by : Paul Oyer

Download or read book An Economist Goes to the Game written by Paul Oyer and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An engaging look at the ways economic thinking can help us understand how sports work both on and off the field "Mr. Oyer writes clearly and ranges across all sorts of sports as well as across the globe, introducing fascinating observations."--Henry D. Fetter, Wall Street Journal Are ticket scalpers good for teams? Should parents push their kids to excel at sports? Why do Koreans dominate women's golf, while Kenyans and Ethiopians dominate marathon racing? Why would Michael Jordan, the greatest player in basketball, pass to Steve Kerr for the game-winning shot? Paul Oyer shows the many ways economics permeates the world of sports. His topics range from the business of sport to how great athletes use economic thinking to outsmart their opponents to why the world's greatest sports powerhouse (at least per capita) is not America or China but the principality of Liechtenstein. Economics explains why some sports cannot stop the use of performance-enhancing drugs while others can, why hundred-million-dollar player contracts are guaranteed in baseball but not in football, how one man was able to set the world of sports betting on its ear--and why it will probably never happen again. This book is an entertaining guide to how a bit of economics can make you a better athlete and a more informed fan.

Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science (Fully Revised and Updated)

Author : Charles Wheelan
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393337642
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (933 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science (Fully Revised and Updated) by : Charles Wheelan

Download or read book Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science (Fully Revised and Updated) written by Charles Wheelan and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2010-04-19 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seeks to provide an engaging and comprehensive primer to economics that explains key concepts without technical jargon and using common-sense examples.

Doughnut Economics

Author : Kate Raworth
Publisher : Chelsea Green Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1603587969
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Doughnut Economics by : Kate Raworth

Download or read book Doughnut Economics written by Kate Raworth and published by Chelsea Green Publishing. This book was released on 2018-03-08 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economics is the mother tongue of public policy. It dominates our decision-making for the future, guides multi-billion-dollar investments, and shapes our responses to climate change, inequality, and other environmental and social challenges that define our times. Pity then, or more like disaster, that its fundamental ideas are centuries out of date yet are still taught in college courses worldwide and still used to address critical issues in government and business alike. That’s why it is time, says renegade economist Kate Raworth, to revise our economic thinking for the 21st century. In Doughnut Economics, she sets out seven key ways to fundamentally reframe our understanding of what economics is and does. Along the way, she points out how we can break our addiction to growth; redesign money, finance, and business to be in service to people; and create economies that are regenerative and distributive by design. Named after the now-iconic “doughnut” image that Raworth first drew to depict a sweet spot of human prosperity (an image that appealed to the Occupy Movement, the United Nations, eco-activists, and business leaders alike), Doughnut Economics offers a radically new compass for guiding global development, government policy, and corporate strategy, and sets new standards for what economic success looks like. Raworth handpicks the best emergent ideas—from ecological, behavioral, feminist, and institutional economics to complexity thinking and Earth-systems science—to address this question: How can we turn economies that need to grow, whether or not they make us thrive, into economies that make us thrive, whether or not they grow? Simple, playful, and eloquent, Doughnut Economics offers game-changing analysis and inspiration for a new generation of economic thinkers.

The Economics of Justice

Author : Richard A. Posner
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674252810
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Economics of Justice by : Richard A. Posner

Download or read book The Economics of Justice written by Richard A. Posner and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1983-08-16 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richard A. Posner is probably the leading scholar in the rapidly growing field of the economics of law; he is also an extremely lucid writer. In this book, he applies economic theory to four areas of interest to students of social and legal institutions: the theory of justice, primitive and ancient social and legal institutions, the law and economics of privacy and reputation, and the law and economics of racial discrimination. The book is designed to display the power of economics to organize and illuminate diverse fields in the study of nonmarket behavior and institutions. A central theme is the importance of uncertainty to an understanding of social and legal institutions. Another major theme is that the logic of the law, in many ways but not all, appears to be an economic one: that judges, for example, in interpreting the common law, act as if they were trying to maximize economic welfare. Part I examines the deficiencies of utilitarianism as both a positive and a normative basis of understanding law, ethics, and social institutions, and suggests in its place the economist’s concept of “wealth maximization.” Part II, an examination of the social and legal institutions of archaic societies, notably that of ancient Greece and primitive societies, argues that economic analysis holds the key to understanding such diverse features of these societies as reciprocal gift-giving, blood guilt, marriage customs, liability rules, and the prestige accorded to generosity. Many topics relevant to modern social and philosophical debate, including the origin of the state and the retributive theory of punishment, are addressed. Parts III and IV deal with more contemporary social and jurisprudential questions. Part III is an economic analysis of privacy and the statutory and common law rules that protect privacy and related interests—rules that include the tort law of privacy, assault and battery, and defamation. Finally, Part IV examines, again from an economic standpoint, the controversial areas of racial and sexual discrimination, with special reference to affirmative action. Both Part III and Part IV develop as a sub-theme the issue of proper standards of constitutional adjudication by the Supreme Court.

The Knowledge Capital of Nations

Author : Eric A. Hanushek
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 026254895X
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Knowledge Capital of Nations by : Eric A. Hanushek

Download or read book The Knowledge Capital of Nations written by Eric A. Hanushek and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2023-08-15 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rigorous, pathbreaking analysis demonstrating that a country's prosperity is directly related in the long run to the skills of its population. In this book Eric Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann make a simple, central claim, developed with rigorous theoretical and empirical support: knowledge is the key to a country's development. Of course, every country acknowledges the importance of developing human capital, but Hanushek and Woessmann argue that message has become distorted, with politicians and researchers concentrating not on valued skills but on proxies for them. The common focus is on school attainment, although time in school provides a very misleading picture of how skills enter into development. Hanushek and Woessmann contend that the cognitive skills of the population—which they term the “knowledge capital” of a nation—are essential to long-run prosperity. Hanushek and Woessmann subject their hypotheses about the relationship between cognitive skills (as consistently measured by international student assessments) and economic growth to a series of tests, including alternate specifications, different subsets of countries, and econometric analysis of causal interpretations. They find that their main results are remarkably robust, and equally applicable to developing and developed countries. They demonstrate, for example, that the “Latin American growth puzzle” and the “East Asian miracle” can be explained by these regions' knowledge capital. Turning to the policy implications of their argument, they call for an education system that develops effective accountability, promotes choice and competition, and provides direct rewards for good performance.