Echocardiography And Cardiovascular Function Tools For The Next Decade

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Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Function: Tools for the Next Decade

Author : Julio E. Pérez
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461561450
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Function: Tools for the Next Decade by : Julio E. Pérez

Download or read book Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Function: Tools for the Next Decade written by Julio E. Pérez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over a quarter of a century, echocardiography has made an unparalleled contribution to clinical cardiology as a major tool for real-time imaging of cardiac dynamics. Echocardiography is widely used to assess cardiac function, and provides noninvasive information which is invaluable for the diagnosis of various disease states. In spite of its numerous advantages, in the clinical arena echocardiography has remained mostly qualitative and subjective. However, continued progress in our understanding of the interactions between ultrasound and tissue characteristics have brought about several new developments which allow quantitative analysis of ultrasound data. Among these new developments are endocardial boundary detection (frequently referred to as Acoustic Quantification), Color Kinesis and Doppler myocardial imaging. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with the background necessary to understand and successfully utilize these methodologies. Chapters summarize in detail the studies that have validated these techniques thus far, and discuss their future applications.

Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Function: Tools for the Next Decade

Author : Julio E. Pérez
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781461378167
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (781 download)

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Book Synopsis Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Function: Tools for the Next Decade by : Julio E. Pérez

Download or read book Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Function: Tools for the Next Decade written by Julio E. Pérez and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-11-05 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over a quarter of a century, echocardiography has made an unparalleled contribution to clinical cardiology as a major tool for real-time imaging of cardiac dynamics. Echocardiography is widely used to assess cardiac function, and provides noninvasive information which is invaluable for the diagnosis of various disease states. In spite of its numerous advantages, in the clinical arena echocardiography has remained mostly qualitative and subjective. However, continued progress in our understanding of the interactions between ultrasound and tissue characteristics have brought about several new developments which allow quantitative analysis of ultrasound data. Among these new developments are endocardial boundary detection (frequently referred to as Acoustic Quantification), Color Kinesis and Doppler myocardial imaging. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with the background necessary to understand and successfully utilize these methodologies. Chapters summarize in detail the studies that have validated these techniques thus far, and discuss their future applications.

Transoesophageal Echocardiography in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine

Author : Jan Poelaert
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470759968
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Transoesophageal Echocardiography in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine by : Jan Poelaert

Download or read book Transoesophageal Echocardiography in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine written by Jan Poelaert and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transoesophageal Echocardiography (TOE) has a major impact on patient management during the perioperative period. It is an evolving tool in diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and haemodynamic assessment. The knowledge required for the examination and the practice of TOE is enormous and is continuously evolving. Consequently there is a clear need for a new comprehensive text written by experts involved in the perioperative care, not (only) by the cardiologists or full time echocardiographers.

Gene Transfer in the Cardiovascular System

Author : Keith L. March
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461562775
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Gene Transfer in the Cardiovascular System by : Keith L. March

Download or read book Gene Transfer in the Cardiovascular System written by Keith L. March and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of gene transfer is protein expression. a process brought about by the insertion of a gene coding for a foreign protein into target cells resulting in the synthesis of the foreign protein For gene therapy, a tmnsferred therapeutic gene must be expressed at a level beneficial for the patient. This chapter provides an introductory overview of the rapidly evolving field of non-viral approaches for gene delivery to rnarnrnalian cells. Although currently there are fewer ongoing clinical trials using non-viral approaches than those using viral based systems, the number of non-viral trials is increasing. The long range goal of some research groups is the development of a genetically engineered artificial virus targeted to specific cells in the human body. An arurual conference, organized by Cambridge Healthtech Institute entitled "Artificial Self-Assembling Systems for Gene Transfer", brings together researchers interested in this field [1]. Assembly of an artificial virus is very complex; other research groups aim to develop simpler delivery systems consisting of a plasmid combined with delivery agents. Viral-based systems are very successful for gene delivery, but despite their successes, viral-based systems have some geneml limitations and system-specific limitations. When employing a viml-based system, the following limitations should be considered: • size limitation of the inserted gene due to packaging constraints (e. g. adenovirus, retrovirus) . • potential tumorigenesis (e. g. retrovirus) • potential for insertional mutagenesis (greater than plasmid based systems) • potential imrnunogenicity (e. g.

Social System Accounts

Author : Karl A. Fox
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792380368
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Social System Accounts by : Karl A. Fox

Download or read book Social System Accounts written by Karl A. Fox and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997-11-30 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-Invasive Imaging of Atherosclerosis is a primer, reference and review of some of the key features of current activities in the field of atherosclerosis. The Editors' goal is to provide material and stimulating ideas to basic scientists and clinical researchers in order to extend the application of vascular imaging and to further develop methods suitable for investigation of the arterial wall. The first section presents current knowledge about pathology, vascular mechanics and compensatory mechanisms active during atherogenesis. It explores the early lesion, complications of plaques and early detection of plaques. Section II reviews several key methodological issues of B-mode ultrasound imaging and some of the most current data. Quantitative B-mode ultrasound is an established non-invasive tool widely used in large epidemiologic studies and interventional clinical trials of atherosclerosis. The last section addresses the most promising areas of development in vascular imaging. This involves new techniques to evaluate the atherosclerotic bed, to follow atheroma progression/regression and to evaluate vascular mechanics in atherosclerotic arteries. The last chapter places the application of non-invasive imaging in perspective.

Cardiovascular Genetics for Clinicians

Author : P.A.F.M. Doevendans
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401010196
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Genetics for Clinicians by : P.A.F.M. Doevendans

Download or read book Cardiovascular Genetics for Clinicians written by P.A.F.M. Doevendans and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All physicians practicing medicine encounter patients suffering from cardiovascular disease. This book has been outlined in such a way that vascular surgeons, general internists, neurologists and cardiologists should be able to use it. The book covers the complete scope of cardiac diseases in addition to chapters on hypertension and atherosclerosis. In many patients there is a family history of cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial disease. Also in patients reporting collaps, palpitations and arrhythmias the family is crucial and can provide clues to a genetic cause of the disease. This book is published to guide physicians in the process of determining whether a genetic component is likely to be present. Furthermore, information is provided what the possibilities and limitations of DNA diagnostic techniques are. Finally, the importance of newly identified categories of potential patients, i. e. gene carriers without symptoms or any inducible sign of disease, is highlighted. For some patients a genetic diagnosis is essential to determine appropriate therapy and for counseling? In some other diseases DNA diagnostic tools are available but the relevant for the patients may be less clear. In other families the search for a disease causing gene is ongoing and the possibilities to find genes and to unravel the pathophysiology of the disease is limited by the lack of patients. To give insight into the current state of genetic diagnostics, the authors have classified the cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular Specific Gene Expression

Author : P.A.F.M. Doevendans
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401593213
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Specific Gene Expression by : P.A.F.M. Doevendans

Download or read book Cardiovascular Specific Gene Expression written by P.A.F.M. Doevendans and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving our insights into the genetic predisposition to cardiovascular disease is one of the most important challenges in our field in the next millennium, not only to unravel the cause of disease but also to improve the selection of patients for particular treatments. Nowadays, for example, subjects with a cholesterol above a particular plasma level are exposed to a cholesterol lowering regime based upon the beneficial outcome of epidemiological studies which include subjects not prone to the disease, despite a plasma cholesterol above the accepted level. Identification of the patients who are genetically predisposed to the consequences of this disorder will reduce the number of subjects unnecessarily treated and, hence, the costs of health care. Because in most cardiovascular diseases the genetic component is a consequence of more than one gene defect, only limited progress has as yet been made in identifying subjects genetically at risk. For example, in hypertension only in less than 10% of the patients the genetic defect has been identified. It has been known for quite some time that in heart and blood vessels fetal genes are as high blood pressure and upregulated or induced when they are exposed to such disorders ischemia. Little is known about the function of these genes in the cardiac and vascular adaptation to these disorders; only guesses can be made.

Cardiac Arrhythmias, Pacing & Electrophysiology

Author : P.E. Vardas
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401152543
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiac Arrhythmias, Pacing & Electrophysiology by : P.E. Vardas

Download or read book Cardiac Arrhythmias, Pacing & Electrophysiology written by P.E. Vardas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europace '97 was held in Athens, Greece, on 8-11 June Leads were, as usual, an important topic, with the earl 1997 in the city of classical civilisation and learning. iest mention of the then-new polyurethane leads. Future Though now held in modem surroundings and meeting conferences elaborated on these basic topics while pro facilities, the influence of the ancient city-state was un gressively adding sensors and sensor function, dual mistakable, with the architecture and learning of antiquity chamber pacing, and recognising the development of looming over the city, by its influence over the intellectual clinical cardiac electrophysiology. activities of the symposium. The ancient magnificence of Clinical cardiac electrophysiology and compre the site was matched by the novelty of modem art and hension of arrhythmias has been largely a development science, Europace is a European symposium, begun in of the twentieth century. With the description and 1979, and has occurred every second year since. Con recording of the bundle of His depolarisation, by direct sistent with its importance and continental reach the actual access and by catheter, modem clinical investigation of symposium has moved to different cities throughout arrhythmias and cardiac electrophysiology began. The Western Europe. The first symposium was held in London disciplines of cardiac stimulation and of investigation of and subsequent symposia have been held in Torremolinos, arrhythmias, impulse formation and A V conduction Ostend, Florence, Istanbul and other cities. Because of the were essentially separate for many years.

Surgical Options for the Treatment of Heart Failure

Author : R. Masters
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0585291918
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (852 download)

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Book Synopsis Surgical Options for the Treatment of Heart Failure by : R. Masters

Download or read book Surgical Options for the Treatment of Heart Failure written by R. Masters and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-14 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the significant decline in heart disease mortaht>' rates over the last 25 years, heart failure has remained a significant problem. We are now confronted with large numbers of terminally ill patients for whom conventional therapies for heart failure have been exhausted and for whom repeated hospital visits are necessary. There now is a major thrust towards a management strategy which embraces a comprehensive approach including vigorous preventive measures and earlier surgical interventions. This book outlines the major surgical options for the treatment of heart failure and brings together a very broad base of opinions with contributions from several outstanding individuals. With the improved knowledge and techniques to control rejection, transplantation has become the central pillar in the surgical management of this group of patients. Unfortunately, because of limited donor supply the teclmique cannot be applied to large numbers of patients. A great deal of excitement, however, exists in the potential for xenotransplantation as a supplement to homotransplantation. The use of cardiac assist devices has become a reality with several hundred LVADS and BiVADS implanted throughout the world and cardiac replacement with total artificial hearts continues to be used successfully as a bridge to transplantation. We are on the thieshold of the broad application of assist devices to provide prolonged relief of heart failure and restore patients to an ambulatoiy home environment and hopefully return to the work force in significant numbers.

Chronic Infection, Chlamydia and Coronary Heart Disease

Author : S. Gupta
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0585375984
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Chronic Infection, Chlamydia and Coronary Heart Disease by : S. Gupta

Download or read book Chronic Infection, Chlamydia and Coronary Heart Disease written by S. Gupta and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-23 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a major cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide. Classical risk factors for atherosclerosis fail to account fully for the wide variations in CHD prevalence and/or severity between differing populations. The search for hitherto unrecognised risk factors has recently focused on the potential role of chronic inflammation and common infections. Chronic Infection, Chlamydia and Coronary Heart Disease is the first book to review the wealth of evidence linking various infective agents with CHD, focusing particularly on the proposed pathogenetic role of the main candidate microorganism, Chlamydia pneumoniae. Written by two leading investigators in the field, the book provides a concise, clearly written and up-to-date account of the diverse lines of evidence - seroepidemiological, pathological, animal and in vitro data and clinical antibiotic trials. The possibility of an infective basis to atherosclerosis and CHD has already attracted much scientific interest. Chronic Infection, Chlamydia and Coronary Heart Disease highlights the key published works on the topic, and concludes with information on existing, ongoing, and future lines of enquiry.

Heart Cell Communication in Health and Disease

Author : Walmor C. de Mello
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461555256
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Heart Cell Communication in Health and Disease by : Walmor C. de Mello

Download or read book Heart Cell Communication in Health and Disease written by Walmor C. de Mello and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Heart Cell Communication in Health and Disease an extensive review of different aspects of heart cell communication is presented. The book starts with the fundamental concept that cardiac cells are communicated, and then proceeds to the role of gap junctions in heart development, the molecular biology of gap junctions, the biophysics of the intercellular channels, the control of junctional conductance and the influence of gap junctions on impulse propagation. This is the first time that a single volume has described cell communication in the normal heart and under different pathological conditions such as heart failure, coronary disease, myocardial ischemia and cardiac arrhythmias. In this way the process of cell communication is analyzed at different levels of complexity, providing the reader with a wide view of this field and its relevance to cardiology.

Myocardial Damage

Author : Juan Carlos Kaski
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940172380X
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Myocardial Damage by : Juan Carlos Kaski

Download or read book Myocardial Damage written by Juan Carlos Kaski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The spectrum of unstable coronary syndromes has been the object of steadily increasing research particularly in respect of novel diagnostic and treatment modalities. Although the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction have been known for decades, there is still much debate as to the proper use of these, especially the handling of biochemical markers. Traditional enzymes have limitations in diagnostic power and new markers have unclarified applicability with regard to standardisation of assays and decision limits. Furthermore, the growing understanding of the conception of minimal myocardial damage in the borderzone between unstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction necessitates refinement in the definitions of the various entities within the kaleidoscope of acute myocardial ischaemia. There has been a strong impetus within the European Society of Cardiology to present this subject to a broad audience of cardiologists, and as a consequence the theme of biochemical markers has become an important constituent of the Education and Training Programmes of the Society. This book has fundamental implications for the overall comprehension of this complex area. This book on myocardial damage, compiled by international experts, will truly appeal to the basic scientist as well as the clinician searching for updated knowledge of the pathophysiology and risk stratification of unstable coronary syndromes.

Nondestructive Characterization and Imaging of Wood

Author : Voichita Bucur
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540438403
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Nondestructive Characterization and Imaging of Wood by : Voichita Bucur

Download or read book Nondestructive Characterization and Imaging of Wood written by Voichita Bucur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-05-12 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on the Nondestructive Characterization and Imaging of Wood by Professor Voichita Bucur is truly the most outstanding reference on the subject ever written. Since the origins of mankind, wood has played a key role in the history of humans and other living creatures, ranging from provision of life from trees giving air, heat, light, and food to nourish their bodies to structures to protect them from the elements. Wood has also played a key role in one of the world's primary religions. Nondestructive diagnostics methods have long found application in medi cal practice for examination of the human body in order to detect life threatening abnormalities and permit diagnosis to extend life. Nondestructive testing has been used for many years to insure the safety of machinery, air craft, railroads, tunnels, buildings and many other structures. Therefore, it is timely for a treatise, like the present one, to be written describing how wood can be characterized without employing destructive test methods. Since wood is so valuable to mankind, it is important to know the latest methods to nondestructively characterize wood for all practical applications.

Delayed Preconditioning and Adaptive Cardioprotection

Author : G.F. Baxter
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401153124
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Delayed Preconditioning and Adaptive Cardioprotection by : G.F. Baxter

Download or read book Delayed Preconditioning and Adaptive Cardioprotection written by G.F. Baxter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the ability of myocardium to adapt to ischaemic stress has continued to grow since the discovery of ischaemic preconditioning in 1986. In 1993, two reports heralded the recognition of a delayed preconditioning response in the heart, now commonly known as the `second window' of protection. Since then, a number of studies have described the ability of delayed preconditioning and related adaptive phenomena to protect against a variety of pathologies in the ischaemic and reperfused myocardium. Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of sub-acute adaptive cardioprotection has advanced considerably during this period. This compilation of state-of-the-art reviews by those who have made significant contributions to this field provides detailed and critical analysis of this research, from molecular basis to potential clinical relevance. The book aims to provide an authoritative, comprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date overview for scientists and clinicians engaged in, or observing, this rapidly-developing area of heart research. It will also be of interest to those engaged in research on other tissues where ischaemia-reperfusion pathology is of major concern.

Myocardial Viability

Author : A.E. Iskandrian
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401140804
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Myocardial Viability by : A.E. Iskandrian

Download or read book Myocardial Viability written by A.E. Iskandrian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AMI E. ISKANDRIAN & ERNST E. VAN DER WALL The first edition of this book was published in 1994. Since then important advances have occurred in the field of myocardial viability. This, coupled with increasing interest by the scientific community in the broader issues of its relevance to patient care, suggested to us the need to write the second edition. We are most fortunate to have the help of a distinguished group of experts who have helped shape the field; we appreciate their commitments and contributions. Almost all chapters have been radically modified. Chapter 1 deals with pathophysiology of myocardial hibernation and stunning; Chapter 2 with apoptosis; Chapter 3 with the role of positron emission tomography; Chapters 4 and 5 with the role of single photon emission computed tomography with thallium-201 and technetium agents, respectively; Chapter 6 with the role of SPECT fatty acid imaging; Chapter 7 with the role of SPECT FDG imaging; Chapter 8 with the role of cardiac catheterization angiography; Chapter 9 with the role of echocardiography; Chapter 10 with the role of magnetic resonance imaging; and Chapter 11 with clinical applications. Finally, Chapter 12 provides a short summary.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases

Author : C.A. Nienaber
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792355175
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (551 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases by : C.A. Nienaber

Download or read book Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases written by C.A. Nienaber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-03-31 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes recent surgical techniques developed to improve prognosis in aortic diseases, and discusses recent interventional strategies such as endovascular stent-graft placement and non-surgical reconstruction of the aorta. Chapters deal with aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm, surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms and dissections, inherited disorders of the aorta, aortic trauma, aortitis, and etiology and pathology of aortic malformations. Each chapter is organized in a similar fashion, with information on demographic aspects, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Textbook of Coronary Thrombosis and Thrombolysis

Author : R. C. Becker
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0585337543
Total Pages : 660 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Textbook of Coronary Thrombosis and Thrombolysis by : R. C. Becker

Download or read book Textbook of Coronary Thrombosis and Thrombolysis written by R. C. Becker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-21 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teleologically, the hemostatic mechanism is among The of Coronary Thrombosis and the most fundamental yet complex physiologic pro- in essence, represents a heartfelt gift of cesses in humans. Early scientists and physicians were knowledge from a dedicated group of scientists and fascinated by the blood's ability to remain in a liquid clinicians, who collectively have set out on a mission state only to clot in response to vascular injury. The to minimize the societal impact of"hemostasis in the cellular and noncellular components of normal wrong place. " The book is divided into four distinct hemostasis took centuries to discover, and the intrica- sections: Part 1, Scientific Principles, lays down the cies of their delicate interactions are still being unrav- supporting foundation; Part 2, Clinical Application eled today. As is so often the case, an in-depth of Scientific Principles, places the knowledge base in appreciation of physiologic hemostasis, representing a a working perspective, directly applying science to basic life-sustaining sequence of events, paved the patient care; Part 3, New Dimensions, provides a way for understanding abnormal hemostasis or glimpse of tomorrow. Steering the field clear of se- pathologic thrombosis. Aristotle, Malpighi, and proclaimed victory and the dangers of complacency as Osier, representing but a few of the founding fathers we move into the 21st century, Part 4, Evolution of in the field, would undoubtedly be honored to see Thrombocardiology, focuses on laboratory standards, their observations form the template for lifesaving clinical trials, and drugs in development.