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Earth Abundant Materials For Solar Cells
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Book Synopsis Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cells by : Fred Poplin
Download or read book Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cells written by Fred Poplin and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The novel reveals how the materials' actual electronic components impact their qualities, and how the group roles make them inappropriate for use with established solar power panel technological innovation. After describing these inadequate effectiveness, the information offers alternative window part components to improve the use of these absorbers. The power of photoemission and presentation of the data in terms of factors generally neglected in the literary works, such as the materials' corrosion and stage impurity, is confirmed. Comprising a unique referrals information, the information will be of significant interest and value to members of the photoemission group involved in solar power panel research, and to a broader components technology viewers as well.
Book Synopsis Thin Film Solar Cells From Earth Abundant Materials by : Subba Ramaiah Kodigala
Download or read book Thin Film Solar Cells From Earth Abundant Materials written by Subba Ramaiah Kodigala and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-11-14 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental concept of the book is to explain how to make thin film solar cells from the abundant solar energy materials by low cost. The proper and optimized growth conditions are very essential while sandwiching thin films to make solar cell otherwise secondary phases play a role to undermine the working function of solar cells. The book illustrates growth and characterization of Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 thin film absorbers and their solar cells. The fabrication process of absorber layers by either vacuum or non-vacuum process is readily elaborated in the book, which helps for further development of cells. The characterization analyses such as XPS, XRD, SEM, AFM etc., lead to tailor the physical properties of the absorber layers to fit well for the solar cells. The role of secondary phases such as ZnS, Cu2-xS,SnS etc., which are determined by XPS, XRD or Raman, in the absorber layers is promptly discussed. The optical spectroscopy analysis, which finds band gap, optical constants of the films, is mentioned in the book. The electrical properties of the absorbers deal the influence of substrates, growth temperature, impurities, secondary phases etc. The low temperature I-V and C-V measurements of Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 thin film solar cells are clearly described. The solar cell parameters such as efficiency, fill factor, series resistance, parallel resistance provide handful information to understand the mechanism of physics of thin film solar cells in the book. The band structure, which supports to adjust interface states at the p-n junction of the solar cells is given. On the other hand the role of window layers with the solar cells is discussed. The simulation of theoretical efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 thin film solar cells explains how much efficiency can be experimentally extracted from the cells. One of the first books exploring how to conduct research on thin film solar cells, including reducing costs Detailed instructions on conducting research
Author :Marcus Jackson Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721538751 Total Pages :364 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (387 download)
Book Synopsis Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cells by : Marcus Jackson
Download or read book Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cells written by Marcus Jackson and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on inorganic semiconductors made of nontoxic and abundant materials.The introductory chapter defines, with sample calculations, parameters such as abundance values, spectral efficiency, effective cubic lattice constant , the effective medium approximation, and interpolation schemes.This book is an authoritative source of information due to the in-depth discussions and adequate references, figures, tables, and appendices .Intended for scientists and engineers, in particular, in the fields of multinary semiconductor physics and a variety of photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.
Book Synopsis NREL Explores Earth-Abundant Materials for Future Solar Cells (Fact Sheet). by :
Download or read book NREL Explores Earth-Abundant Materials for Future Solar Cells (Fact Sheet). written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are using a theory-driven technique - sequential cation mutation - to understand the nature and limitations of promising solar cell materials that can replace today's technologies. Finding new materials that use Earth-abundant elements and are easily manufactured is important for large-scale solar electricity deployment.
Book Synopsis Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cells by : Sadao Adachi
Download or read book Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cells written by Sadao Adachi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-28 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Systematically describes the physical and materials properties of copper-based quaternary chalcogenide semiconductor materials, enabling their potential for photovoltaic device applications. Intended for scientists and engineers, in particular, in the fields of multinary semiconductor physics and a variety of photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.
Book Synopsis Electrode Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion by : Mesfin A. Kebede
Download or read book Electrode Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion written by Mesfin A. Kebede and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-17 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and materials used in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, supercapacitors and conversion materials for solar and fuel cells. Chapters introduce the technologies behind each material, in addition to the fundamental principles of the devices, and their wider impact and contribution to the field. This book will be an ideal reference for researchers and individuals working in industries based on energy storage and conversion technologies across physics, chemistry and engineering. FEATURES Edited by established authorities, with chapter contributions from subject-area specialists Provides a comprehensive review of the field Up to date with the latest developments and research Editors Dr. Mesfin A. Kebede obtained his PhD in Metallurgical Engineering from Inha University, South Korea. He is now a principal research scientist at Energy Centre of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa. He was previously an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. His extensive research experience covers the use of electrode materials for energy storage and energy conversion. Prof. Fabian I. Ezema is a professor at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He obtained his PhD in Physics and Astronomy from University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His research focuses on several areas of materials science with an emphasis on energy applications, specifically electrode materials for energy conversion and storage.
Book Synopsis Electronic Characterisation of Earth‐Abundant Sulphides for Solar Photovoltaics by : Thomas James Whittles
Download or read book Electronic Characterisation of Earth‐Abundant Sulphides for Solar Photovoltaics written by Thomas James Whittles and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the electronic structure of earth-abundant and environmentally friendly materials for use as absorber layers within photovoltaic cells. The corroboration between high-quality photoemission measurements and density of states calculations yields valuable insights into why these materials have demonstrated poor device efficiencies in the vast literature cited. The book shows how the materials’ underlying electronic structures affect their properties, and how the band positions make them unsuitable for use with established solar cell technologies. After explaining these poor efficiencies, the book offers alternative window layer materials to improve the use of these absorbers. The power of photoemission and interpretation of the data in terms of factors generally overlooked in the literature, such as the materials’ oxidation and phase impurity, is demonstrated. Representing a unique reference guide, the book will be of considerable interest and value to members of the photoemission community engaged in solar cell research, and to a wider materials science audience as well.
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Low Cost Solar Cells based on Earth Abundant Materials for Sustainable Photovoltaics by : Mahmoud Abdelfatah
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Low Cost Solar Cells based on Earth Abundant Materials for Sustainable Photovoltaics written by Mahmoud Abdelfatah and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2016-07-08 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The low cost and low temperature electrochemical deposition technique was employed to grow Cu2O thin films and ZnO:Al thin films were deposited by d.c. magnetron sputtering in order to fabricate solar cells. The potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrodeposition modes were used to deposit the Cu2O thin films. Raman spectra of thin films have shown characteristic frequencies of crystalline Cu2O. The contact between Cu2O and Au is found to be an Ohmic contact. The devices grown by a potentiostatic mode have higher efficiency than those grown by a galvanostatic mode. The optimum thickness of Cu2O thin films as an absorber layer in solar cells. was found to be around 3 µm respect to a high efficiency. Flexible and light weight solar cell was fabricated on plastic substrate.
Book Synopsis Thin Film Solar Cells Using Earth-Abundant Materials by : Parag S. Vasekar
Download or read book Thin Film Solar Cells Using Earth-Abundant Materials written by Parag S. Vasekar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Semiconductor Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells by : M. Parans Paranthaman
Download or read book Semiconductor Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells written by M. Parans Paranthaman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-16 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the current status of semiconductor materials for conversion of sunlight to electricity, and highlights advances in both basic science and manufacturing. Photovoltaic (PV) solar electric technology will be a significant contributor to world energy supplies when reliable, efficient PV power products are manufactured in large volumes at low cost. Expert chapters cover the full range of semiconductor materials for solar-to-electricity conversion, from crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon to cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium sulfide selenides, dye sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and environmentally friendly copper zinc tin sulfide selenides. The latest methods for synthesis and characterization of solar cell materials are described, together with techniques for measuring solar cell efficiency. Semiconductor Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells presents the current state of the art as well as key details about future strategies to increase the efficiency and reduce costs, with particular focus on how to reduce the gap between laboratory scale efficiency and commercial module efficiency. This book will aid materials scientists and engineers in identifying research priorities to fulfill energy needs, and will also enable researchers to understand novel semiconductor materials that are emerging in the solar market. This integrated approach also gives science and engineering students a sense of the excitement and relevance of materials science in the development of novel semiconductor materials. · Provides a comprehensive introduction to solar PV cell materials · Reviews current and future status of solar cells with respect to cost and efficiency · Covers the full range of solar cell materials, from silicon and thin films to dye sensitized and organic solar cells · Offers an in-depth account of the semiconductor material strategies and directions for further research · Features detailed tables on the world leaders in efficiency demonstrations · Edited by scientists with experience in both research and industry
Book Synopsis NREL Explores Earth-Abundant Materials for Future Solar Cells (Fact Sheet) by :
Download or read book NREL Explores Earth-Abundant Materials for Future Solar Cells (Fact Sheet) written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are using a theory-driven technique - sequential cation mutation - to understand the nature and limitations of promising solar cell materials that can replace today's technologies. Finding new materials that use Earth-abundant elements and are easily manufactured is important for large-scale solar electricity deployment.
Book Synopsis Development of Earth-abundant Materials and Low-cost Processes for Solar Cells by : Chih-Liang Wang
Download or read book Development of Earth-abundant Materials and Low-cost Processes for Solar Cells written by Chih-Liang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of renewable solar energy research is to develop low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaic technologies. However, with the growing deployment of solar cells, approaching the terawatt scale, absorber materials reliant upon rare or unfriendly elements become a crucial issue. Thus, the primary objective of this dissertation is the development of a low-cost fabrication method for (i) thin-film solar cells and (ii) dye-sensitized solar cells using earth-abundant materials. In thin-film solar cells, the kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 with earth abundant elements is used as an absorber layer. It possesses a high absorption coefficient, direct band gap, and good long-term stability compared to the traditional CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) absorber layers. A facile hot-injection approach for synthesizing Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 nanocrystals with varied Se to (S+Se) ratio is developed to systematically investigate the role of Se in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 nanocrystals and the evolution of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 nanocrystals to Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 film during the sulfurization step to address the problems associated with its narrow compositional window and the loss of Sn during heat treatment. Additionally, the existing substrate-type device configuration for these solar cells uses a molybdenum (Mo) back contact, which suffers from serious disadvantages like the (i) presence of a Schottky barrier at the Mo/Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 interface and (ii) decomposition of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 at the Mo interface. Accordingly, a low-cost and Mo-free superstrate-type device configuration of Au/Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4/CdS/TiO2/ITO/glass is developed to evaluate the conversion efficiency and to avoid the occurrence of a Schottky barrier at the interface and potential decomposition pathways induced by the formation of Mo(S,Se)2. Furthermore, with the addition of ethyl cellulose, the loss of Sn associated with the conversion of CZTSe to CZTSSe during the grain growth process is mitigated, leading to an increase in the conversion efficiency compared to that of the precursor film without using ethyl cellulose. Such an improvement can provide insight into the grain growth of CZTSSe during the sulfurization process and thereby enhance the feasibility of sustainable, high efficiency CZTSSe solar devices. The excellent characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with short energy-payback time, simple assembly, and eco-friendly features make them a potential option to utilize solar energy. Accordingly, a facile, low-cost, template-free route for TiO2 hollow submicrospheres embedded with SnO2 nanobeans is developed for use as a versatile scattering layer in DSSCs. Our designed structure simultaneously promotes dye adsorption, light harvesting, and electron transport, leading to a 28 % improvement in the conversion efficiency as compared with the film-based SnO2. In addition, a naturally-derived carbonaceous material as a Pt-free counter electrode for DSSCs is also developed for the first time: carbonized sucrose-coated eggshell membrane (CSEM). It is found that the carbonized sucrose-coated eggshell membranes consist of unique micropores of less than 2 nm, which effectively catalyze the triiodide into iodide in the light-electricity conversion process, leading to an improvement in the V [subscript oc] and a competitive efficiency as compared to that of a DSSC with a traditional Pt-based counter electrode.
Book Synopsis Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells by : Kentaro Ito
Download or read book Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells written by Kentaro Ito and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-02-23 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with an overview and historical background of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) technology, subsequent chapters cover properties of CZTS thin films, different preparation methods of CZTS thin films, a comparative study of CZTS and CIGS solar cell, computational approach, and future applications of CZTS thin film solar modules to both ground-mount and rooftop installation. The semiconducting compound (CZTS) is made up earth-abundant, low-cost and non-toxic elements, which make it an ideal candidate to replace Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and CdTe solar cells which face material scarcity and toxicity issues. The device performance of CZTS-based thin film solar cells has been steadily improving over the past 20 years, and they have now reached near commercial efficiency levels (10%). These achievements prove that CZTS-based solar cells have the potential to be used for large-scale deployment of photovoltaics. With contributions from leading researchers from academia and industry, many of these authors have contributed to the improvement of its efficiency, and have rich experience in preparing a variety of semiconducting thin films for solar cells.
Book Synopsis Study of Earth Abundant TCO and Absorber Materials for Photovoltaic Applications by : Tejas Prabhakar
Download or read book Study of Earth Abundant TCO and Absorber Materials for Photovoltaic Applications written by Tejas Prabhakar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to make photovoltaic power generation a sustainable venture, it is necessary to use cost-effective materials in the manufacture of solar cells. In this regard, AZO (Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide) and CZTS (Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide) have been studied for their application in thin film solar cells. While AZO is a transparent conducting oxide, CZTS is a photovoltaic absorber. Both AZO and CZTS consist of earth abundant elements and are non-toxic in nature. Highly transparent and conductive AZO thin films were grown using RF sputtering. The influence of deposition parameters such as working pressure, RF power, substrate temperature and flow rate on the film characteristics was investigated. The as-grown films had a high degree of preferred orientation along the (002) direction which enhanced at lower working pressures, higher RF powers and lower substrate temperatures. Williamson-Hall analysis on the films revealed that as the working pressure was increased, the nature of stress and strain gradually changed from being compressive to tensile. The fall in optical transmission of the films was a consequence of free carrier absorption resulting from enhanced carrier density due to incorporation of Al atoms or oxygen vacancies. The optical and electrical properties of the films were described well by the Burstein-Moss effect. CZTS absorber layers were grown using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis at a deposition temperature of 350 C and subsequently annealed in a sulfurization furnace. Measurements from XRD and Raman spectra confirmed the presence of pure single phase Cu2ZnSnS4 . Texture analysis of as-deposited and annealed CZTS films indicated that the (112) plane which is characteristic of the kesterite phase was preferred. The grain size increased from 50 nm to 100 nm on conducting post-deposition annealing. CZTS films with stoichiometric composition yielded a band gap of 1.5 eV, which is optimal for solar energy conversion. The variation of tin in the film changed its resistivity by several orders of magnitude and subsequently the tin free ternary chalcogenide Cu2ZnS2 having very low resistivity was obtained. By carefully optimization of concentrations of tin, zinc and copper, a zinc-rich/tin-rich/copper-poor composition was found to be most suitable for solar cell applications. Etching of CZTS films using KCN solution reduced their resistivity, possibly due to the elimination of binary copper sulfide phases. CZTS solar cells were fabricated both in the substrate and superstrate configurations.
Book Synopsis Perovskite Photovoltaics by : Aparna Thankappan
Download or read book Perovskite Photovoltaics written by Aparna Thankappan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perovskite Photovoltaics: Basic to Advanced Concepts and Implementation examines the emergence of perovskite photovoltaics, associated challenges and opportunities, and how to achieve broader development. Consolidating developments in perovskite photovoltaics, including recent progress solar cells, this text also highlights advances and the research necessary for sustaining energy. Addressing different photovoltaics fields with tailored content for what makes perovskite solar cells suitable, and including commercialization examples of large-scale perovskite solar technology. The book also contains a detailed analysis of the implementation and economic viability of perovskite solar cells, highlighting what photovoltaic devices need to be generated by low cost, non-toxic, earth abundant materials using environmentally scalable processes. This book is a valuable resource engineers, scientists and researchers, and all those who wish to broaden their knowledge on flexible perovskite solar cells. Includes contributions by leading solar cell academics, industrialists, researchers and institutions across the globe Addresses different photovoltaics fields with tailored content for what makes perovskite solar cells different Provides commercialization examples of large-scale perovskite solar technology, giving users detailed analysis on the implementation, technical challenges and economic viability of perovskite solar cells
Book Synopsis Solar Cell Materials by : Arthur Willoughby
Download or read book Solar Cell Materials written by Arthur Willoughby and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-13 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comparison of solar cell materials, including both new materials based on organics, nanostructures and novel inorganics and developments in more traditional photovoltaic materials. It surveys the materials and materials trends in the field including third generation solar cells (multiple energy level cells, thermal approaches and the modification of the solar spectrum) with an eye firmly on low costs, energy efficiency and the use of abundant non-toxic materials.
Book Synopsis Thin Film Solar Cells with Earth Abundant Elements by : Yue Yu
Download or read book Thin Film Solar Cells with Earth Abundant Elements written by Yue Yu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world energy consumption has increased rigorously in recent years due to the rapid economic development and the massive global population expansion. Today the world energy supply relies heavily on fossil fuels, known as non-renewable energy resources, which have limited reserves on Earth and do not form or replenish in a short period of time. Burning fossil fuels not only brings environmental pollutions but also results in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which are to blame for global warming. Therefore, to build a more sustainable and greener future, we have to develop alternative renewable energy resources. Photovoltaic (PV) cell, also commonly known as solar cell, is a very promising renewable energy technology. Here in this dissertation, we have studied two emerging PV materials with earth abundant elements, i.e. copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) and organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite. Having earth abundant elements means that the raw materials have rich reserves on Earth and the costs are relatively low. It also means that the materials have the potential capability to be produced in large scales in industry. We first explored two different deposition methods for preparing CZTS thin films. In the first method, the CZTS was fabricated by a solution based method with diethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent and the effect of spin speed on the properties of CZTS thin films was studied. The results indicated that a higher spin speed was more favorable for attaining a more densely packed and pinhole-free film while no crystallographic differences were observed. In the second method, CZTS was fabricated using sputtered metal precursors followed by a closed-space sulfurization (CSS) technique, which had high manufacturing compatibility and could be applied in industry. After exploring different sulfurization conditions, including temperatures and time, the champion cell was obtained at 590oC for 30min, with a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.2%. We then explored three different organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite materials for solar cell applications. The first perovskite material is methylammonium tin triiodide (MASnI3, bandgap ~1.3 eV). It was fabricated by a hybrid thermal evaporation. The as-deposited MASnI3 thin films exhibit smooth surfaces, uniform coverage across the entire substrate, and strong crystallographic preferred orientation along the 100 direction. Our results demonstrate the potential capability of the hybrid evaporation method for preparing high-quality MASnI3 perovskite thin films which can be used to fabricate efficient lead (Pb)-free perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). The second perovskite material is mixed-cation (formamidinium and cesium) lead iodide (FA0.8Cs0.2PbI3). We find that one of the main factors limiting the PCEs of FA0.8Cs0.2PbI3 PVSCs could be the small grain sizes, which leads to relatively short mean carrier lifetimes. We further find that adding a small amount of lead thiocyanate additive can enlarge the grain size of FA0.8Cs0.2PbI3 perovskite thin films and significantly increase the mean carrier lifetime. As a result, the average PCE of FA0.8Cs0.2PbI3 PVSCs increases from 16.18 ± 0.50 (13.45 ± 0.78)% to 18.16 ± 0.54 (16.86 ± 0.63)% when measured under reverse (forward) voltage scans. The best-performing FA0.8Cs0.2PbI3 PVSC registers a PCE of 19.57 (18.12) % when measured under a reverse (forward) voltage scan. The third perovskite material is FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.7Br0.3)3 (bandgap ~1.75 eV). We find that the cooperation of lead thiocyanate additive and a solvent annealing process can effectively increase the grain size of the perovskite thin films while avoiding the undesired excess lead iodide formation. As a result, the average grain size of the FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.7Br0.3)3 perovskite thin films increases from 66 ± 24 nm to 1036 ± 111 nm and the mean carrier lifetime shows a more than 3-fold increase, from 330 ns to over 1000 ns. As a result, the average open-circuit voltage (Voc) of FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.7Br0.3)3 PVSCs increases by 80 (70) mV and the average PCE increases from 13.44 ± 0.48 (11.75 ± 0.34)% to 17.68 ± 0.36 (15.58 ± 0.55)% when measured under reverse (forward) voltage scans. The best-performing wide-bandgap (~1.75 eV) PVSC registers a stabilized PCE of 17.18%, demonstrating its suitability for top cell applications in all-perovskite tandem solar cells.
