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Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea For Children In Rural India
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Book Synopsis Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea for Children in Rural India by : Jyotsna Jalan
Download or read book Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea for Children in Rural India written by Jyotsna Jalan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's health improves on average as a result of policy interventions that expand access to piped water. However, the gains largely bypass children in poor and poorly educated families.
Book Synopsis Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea for Children in Rural India? by : Jyotsna Jalan
Download or read book Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea for Children in Rural India? written by Jyotsna Jalan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: August 2001Children's health improves on average as a result of policy interventions that expand access to piped water. However, the gains largely bypass children in poor and poorly educated families.The effects of public investments aimed at directly improving children's health are theoretically ambiguous, since the outcomes also depend on indirect effects through parental inputs. Jalan and Ravallion investigate the role of such inputs in influencing the incidence of child health gains from access to piped water in rural India.Using propensity score matching methods, they find that the prevalence and duration of diarrhea among children under five are significantly less on average for families with piped water than for families without it. But health gains largely bypass children in poor families, particularly when the mother is poorly educated. The authors' findings point to the importance of combining infrastructure investments with effective public action to promote health knowledge and income poverty reduction.This paper - a product of Poverty, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to better measure and understand the welfare impacts of development projects. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project quot;Policies for Poor Areasquot; (RPO 681-39). The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Book Synopsis Essays on the Time Use and Behavioral Patterns of Women's Access to Household Water in Rural India by : Shiuli Vanaja
Download or read book Essays on the Time Use and Behavioral Patterns of Women's Access to Household Water in Rural India written by Shiuli Vanaja and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation, three independent research papers are joined together by the common research theme of 'Women's access to household water' in India. The first two papers are based on the self-collected data from selected villages of Jharkhand, India. In these papers, I am studying the role of behavioral factors, like water quality perceptions and water handling practices in determining source choices, drinking water quality, and risk of diarrhea for women in rural households. The third paper uses the data provided by the Indian Human Development Survey and analyses the effect of access to piped water on women's time use and absenteeism from school for children in rural India. In the first paper, I use panel data collected for 30 villages in Jharkhand, under a household fixed effect model to study the reasons for low drinking water quality and its implications for health costs. The E. coli test results for water samples collected from the field are used as a proxy for water quality. We find that choosing safe water sources improves drinking water quality, but contamination can still happen at home. Thus, the households that use water filters and wash hands tend to have significantly better water quality and lower risk of diarrhea. In the second paper, I use revealed and stated preference data from Jharkhand to explore the role of perceptions of water quality in drinking water source choices when the physical quality of water is not known. A mixed logit model is used for this analysis. We find that taste and color based quality perceptions are significant determinants of drinking water source choices. Furthermore, households are willing to pay between 4 to 68 and between 2 to 40 U.S. Dollars per month for improvements in the taste and color of their drinking water. In the third paper, I study the impact of households' access to piped water on time savings and school attendance for children in rural India by using child and household fixed effects along with the non-self-community ratio as an instrumental variable for piped water. The results indicate that there are time savings for families that have access to piped water, which in turn reduces the number of days children miss school annually by 35 percent. We do not find any differences in school absenteeism by the gender of the child in rural India.
Book Synopsis Child Mortality in Rural India by : Limin Wang
Download or read book Child Mortality in Rural India written by Limin Wang and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Van der Klaauw and Wang focus on infant and child mortality in rural areas of India. They construct a flexible duration model framework that allows for frailty at multiple levels and interactions between the child's age and individual socioeconomic, and environmental characteristics. The model is estimated using the 1998-99 wave of the Indian National Family and Health Survey. The estimated results show that socioeconomic and environmental characteristics have significantly different effects on mortality rates at different ages. These are particularly important immediately after birth. The authors use the estimated model for policy experiments. These indicate that child mortality can be reduced substantially, particularly by improving the education of women and reducing indoor air pollution caused by cooking fuels. In addition, providing access to electricity and sanitation facilities can reduce under-five-years mortality rates significantly. This paper--a product of the Environment Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to improve our understanding of environmental determinants of child mortality in rural India.
Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2) by : Robert Black
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2) written by Robert Black and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.
Book Synopsis Does Access to Improved Sanitation Reduce Childhood Diarrhea in Rural India? by : Santosh Kumar
Download or read book Does Access to Improved Sanitation Reduce Childhood Diarrhea in Rural India? written by Santosh Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost nine million children under 5 years of age die every year. Diarrhea is considered to be the second leading cause of under-five mortality in developing countries. About one out of five deaths is caused by diarrhea. In this paper, we use the newly available data set District Level Household Survey 3 to quantify the impact of access to improved sanitation on diarrheal morbidity for children less than 5 years of age in India. Using propensity score matching, we find that access to improved sanitation reduces the risk of contracting diarrhea by 2.2 percentage points. There is considerable heterogeneity in the impacts of improved sanitation. We find statistically insignificant treatment effects for children in low or middle socioeconomic status households and for girls; however, boys and children in high socioeconomic status households experienced economically significant treatment effects. The magnitude of the treatment effect differs largely by hygiene behavior.
Book Synopsis Drinking Water Security in Rural India by : M. Dinesh Kumar
Download or read book Drinking Water Security in Rural India written by M. Dinesh Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-07 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the multi-pronged strategy for achieving sustainable rural domestic water supply in India. It deepens the understanding of groundwater (predominant source of water supply) behaviour in response to natural processes in different geological settings, analyses the factors influencing the performance of water supply schemes; identifies the conditions under which groundwater-based drinking water sources become sustainable, suggests measures for improving the sustainability of drinking water wells in hard rock regions (covering 2/3rd of India’s geographical area), presents a decision-making framework for planning rural water supply schemes in the country for ensuring long-term sustainability, and suggests physical strategies and policy measures for achieving them. The analyses for development and validation of various models that explain groundwater system behaviour and performance of rural water supply schemes are undertaken for different geological settings in Maharashtra, as the state represents a microcosm of the various hydrological, topographical, and geohydrological conditions encountered in the country. The final analysis for proposing nation-wide strategies considers the various hydrological, geological, geohydrological, and topographical and climatic settings and groundwater contamination and pollution in the country.
Book Synopsis The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africas Urban Water Supply by : Katrina Kosec
Download or read book The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africas Urban Water Supply written by Katrina Kosec and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2013-05-10 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identifying policies which can improve water sector management is critically important given the global burden of water-related disease. Each year, 1 in 10 child deathsroughly 800,000 in totalis the direct result of diarrhea. Can private-sector participation (PSP) in the urban piped water sector improve child health? The author uses child-level data from 39 African countries during 19862010 to show that introducing PSP decreases diarrhea among urban dwelling children under five years of age by 5.6 percentage points, or 35 percent of its mean prevalence. PSP also leads to greater reliance on piped water. To attribute causality, the author exploits time variation in the private water market share controlled by African countries former colonizers. A placebo analysis reveals that PSP does not affect symptoms of respiratory illness in the same children, nor does it affect a rural control group unaffected by PSP.
Book Synopsis The Economics of Poverty by : Martin Ravallion
Download or read book The Economics of Poverty written by Martin Ravallion and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 737 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are fewer people living in extreme poverty in the world today than 30 years ago. While that is an achievement, continuing progress for poor people is far from assured. Inequalities in access to key resources threaten to stall growth and poverty reduction in many places. The world's poorest have made only a small absolute gain over those 30 years. Progress has been slow against relative poverty as judged by the standards of the country and time one lives in, and a great many people in the world's emerging middle class remain vulnerable to falling back into poverty. The Economics of Poverty reviews critically past and present debates on poverty, spanning both rich and poor countries. The book provides an accessible new synthesis of current economic thinking on key questions: How is poverty measured? How much poverty is there? Why does poverty exist, and is it inevitable? What can be done to reduce poverty? Can it even be eliminated? The book does not assume that readers know economics already. Those new to the subject get a lot of help along the way in understanding its concepts and methods. Economics lives through its relevance to real world problems, and here the problem of poverty is both the central focus and a vehicle for learning.
Book Synopsis Rethinking Contemporary Indian Polity by : Dr Shalini Saxena
Download or read book Rethinking Contemporary Indian Polity written by Dr Shalini Saxena and published by Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book talks about the Indian political regime after 2014. It explores the changing meaning of diaspora and reflects upon the nature and features of Diaspora Policy of Prime Minister Modi and its impact on the changing perception about India in the world. The book also gives a glimpse of gender based perspective on how security of the environment promotes gender security. It also explores the adequate options existing for women to participate in order to improve human security in current political regime. A review of social welfare policies of current government is another highlight of this book; the present Government’s social welfare schemes aim to make programmes and schemes more efficient and give priority to empowerment of the vulnerable sections of the society including women, children and the marginalised. It also emphasises on the fact that Indian federalism is conducive to the social structure of India which has a plural and multicultural socio-cultural split. Furthermore it explains about how India followed a geopolitical code of regional ‘brothers’, a foreign policy belief system. The issue of Maoism and failure of the policy is also discussed in this tome. There is an emphasis on National Security which symbolizes a sense of confidence that the government of a sovereign state is able to instill into its citizenry through its proactive approach and actions. Moreover there is an enhanced focus on the increasingly localised economic development, which is a global concern, and currently gaining momentum.
Book Synopsis Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia by : Amina Denboba
Download or read book Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia written by Amina Denboba and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-08-06 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 2000s, Indonesia has taken a number of steps to prioritize early childhood development - ranging from the inclusion of Early Childhood Development (ECD) in the National Education System Law No. 20 in 2003 to a Presidential Declaration on Holistic and Integrated ECD and the launch of the country's first ever ECD Census in 2011. These policy milestones have occurred in parallel with sustained progress on outcomes included in the Millennium Development Goals, including for child malnutrition, child mortality and universal basic education. Additional progress could be achieved by strengthening ECD policies further. This report presents findings from an assessment of ECD policies and programs in Indonesia based on two World Bank tools: the ECD module of the Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) and a guide on essential interventions for investing in young children. Results from the application of both tools to Indonesia are used to suggest a number of policy options for consideration.
Book Synopsis Water and Development by : The World Bank
Download or read book Water and Development written by The World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-06-30 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development patterns, increasing population pressure, and the demand for better livelihoods in many parts of the globe all contribute to a steadily deepening global water crisis. Development redirects, consumes, and pollutes water. It also causes changes in the state of natural water reservoirs, directly by draining aquifers and indirectly by melting glaciers and the polar ice caps. Maintaining a sustainable relationship between water and development requires that current needs be balanced against the needs of future generations. The development community has transformed and broadened its approach to water since the 1980s. As stresses on the quality and availability of water have increased, donors have begun to move toward more comprehensive approaches that seek to integrate water into development in other sectors. This evaluation examines the full scope of the World Bank s lending and grant support for water activities. More than 30 background papers prepared for the evaluation have analyzed Bank lending by thematic area and by activity type. IDA and IBRD (the Bank) have supported countries in many water-related sectors. The evaluation, by definition, is retrospective, but it identifies changes that will be necessary going forward, including those related to strengthening institutions and increasing financial sustainability. Lessons and results from nearly 2,000 loans and credits, and work with 142 countries are identified.
Book Synopsis Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models by : L. Anselin
Download or read book Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models written by L. Anselin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spatial econometrics deals with spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, critical aspects of the data used by regional scientists. These characteristics may cause standard econometric techniques to become inappropriate. In this book, I combine several recent research results to construct a comprehensive approach to the incorporation of spatial effects in econometrics. My primary focus is to demonstrate how these spatial effects can be considered as special cases of general frameworks in standard econometrics, and to outline how they necessitate a separate set of methods and techniques, encompassed within the field of spatial econometrics. My viewpoint differs from that taken in the discussion of spatial autocorrelation in spatial statistics - e.g., most recently by Cliff and Ord (1981) and Upton and Fingleton (1985) - in that I am mostly concerned with the relevance of spatial effects on model specification, estimation and other inference, in what I caIl a model-driven approach, as opposed to a data-driven approach in spatial statistics. I attempt to combine a rigorous econometric perspective with a comprehensive treatment of methodological issues in spatial analysis.
Book Synopsis Conditional Cash Transfers by : Ariel Fiszbein
Download or read book Conditional Cash Transfers written by Ariel Fiszbein and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009-02-09 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the receivers' actions. That is, the government only transfers the money to persons who meet certain criteria. These criteria may include enrolling children into public schools, getting regular check-ups at the doctor's office, receiving vaccinations, or the like. They have been hailed as a way of reducing inequality and helping households break out of a vicious cycle whereby poverty is transmitted from one generation to another. Do these and other claims make sense? Are they supported by the available empirical evidence? This volume seeks to answer these and other related questions. Specifically, it lays out a conceptual framework for thinking about the economic rationale for CCTs; it reviews the very rich evidence that has accumulated on CCTs; it discusses how the conceptual framework and the evidence on impacts should inform the design of CCT programs in practice; and it discusses how CCTs fit in the context of broader social policies. The authors show that there is considerable evidence that CCTs have improved the lives of poor people and argue that conditional cash transfers have been an effective way of redistributing income to the poor. They also recognize that even the best-designed and managed CCT cannot fulfill all of the needs of a comprehensive social protection system. They therefore need to be complemented with other interventions, such as workfare or employment programs, and social pensions.
Book Synopsis Health Insurance Impacts on Health and Nonmedical Consumption in a Developing Country by : Adam Wagstaff
Download or read book Health Insurance Impacts on Health and Nonmedical Consumption in a Developing Country written by Adam Wagstaff and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors examine the effects of the introduction of Vietnam's health insurance (VHI) program on health outcomes, health care utilization, and non-medical household consumption. The use of panel data collected before and after the insurance program's introduction allows them to eliminate any confounding effects due to selection on time-invariant un-observables, and their coupling of propensity score matching with a double-difference estimator allows them to reduce the risk of biases due to inappropriate specification of the outcome regression model. The authors' results suggest that Vietnam's health insurance program impacted favorably on height-for-age and weight-for-age of young school children, and on body mass index among adults. Their results suggest that among young children, VHI increases use of primary care facilities and leads to a substitution away from the use of pharmacists as a source of advice and non-prescribed medicines toward the use of them as a supplier of medicines prescribed by a health professional. Among older children and adults, VHI results in a marked increase in the use of hospital inpatient and outpatient departments. The results also suggest that VHI causes a reduction in annual out-of-pocket expenditures on health and an increase in non-medical household consumption, including food consumption, but mostly nonfood consumption. The authors' estimate of the VHI-induced reduction in out-of-pocket health spending is considerably smaller than their estimate.
Book Synopsis Water and Sanitation in Uganda by : Clarence Tsimpo
Download or read book Water and Sanitation in Uganda written by Clarence Tsimpo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-01-18 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This World Bank Study provides a basic diagnostic of access to safe water and sanitation in Uganda and their relationship with poverty. The analysis relies on a series of nationally representative household surveys for the period 2002†“13, as well as on qualitative data collection. The study first relies on household surveys to analyze trends in access to safe water and some of the constraints faced by households for access. The issue of the cost of water for households without a connection to the piped water network is discussed. This includes a discussion of public stand pipes. Next, qualitative data are presented on the obstacles faced by households in accessing safe water. The next two chapters are devoted to sanitation. The focus is again first on analyzing household survey data about sanitation, including with respect to toilets, bathrooms, waste disposal, and hand washing, and next on an analysis of qualitative data from focus groups and key informants. Finally, the study reviews some of the policies and programs that have been implemented in order to improve access to safe water and sanitation for the poor as well as options going forward.
Book Synopsis Crop Improvement, Adoption and Impact of Improved Varieties in Food Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa by : Thomas S. Walker
Download or read book Crop Improvement, Adoption and Impact of Improved Varieties in Food Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa written by Thomas S. Walker and published by CABI. This book was released on 2015-10-26 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following on from the CGIAR study by Evenson and Gollin (published by CABI in 2003), this volume provides up-to-date estimates of adoption outcomes and productivity impacts of crop variety improvement research in sub-Saharan Africa. The book reports on the results of the DIIVA Project that focussed on the varietal generation, adoption and impact for 20 food crops in 30 countries. It also compares adoption outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa to those in South Asia, and guides future efforts for global agricultural research
