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Author : David Rae
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Does Demand Affect Markups? written by David Rae and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Michał Gradzewicz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)
Download or read book Unravelling the Markups Changes written by Michał Gradzewicz and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : António Afonso
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (961 download)
Download or read book Markups' Cyclical Behavior written by António Afonso and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Antonio Acconcia
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book The Effects of Local Demand and Supply Restrictions on Markup written by Antonio Acconcia and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Carlos Daniel Santos
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 53 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Demand, Supply and Markup Fluctuations written by Carlos Daniel Santos and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cyclical behavior of markups is at the center of macroeconomic debate on the origins of business-cycle fluctuations and policy effectiveness. In theory, markups may fluctuate endogenously with the business cycle due to sluggish price adjustment or to deeper motives affecting the price-elasticity of demand faced by individual producers. In this article we make use of a large firm- and product-level panel of Portuguese manufacturing firms in the 2004-2010 period. The biggest empirical challenge is to separate supply (TFP) from demand shocks. Our dataset allows to do so, by containing information on product-level prices at a yearly frequency. Furthermore, markups are mismeasured when calculated with the labor share. We use the share of intermediate inputs instead. Our main results suggest that markups are pro-cyclical with TFP shocks and generally counter-cyclical with demand shocks. We also show how markups become pro-cyclical if the markup is obtained using the labour share instead of intermediate inputs. Adjustment costs create a wedge between the labour share and the actual markup which explain the observed correlations.
Author : Fouad Sabry
Publisher : One Billion Knowledgeable
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (661 download)
Download or read book Markup Economics written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2024-02-04 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is Markup Economics The difference between the selling price of a product or service and the cost of producing that product or service is known as the markup. When represented as a percentage of the total cost, it is frequently used. Additionally, in order to generate a profit and cover the expenses that are associated with running a business, a markup is added to the total cost that is incurred by the producer of a product or service. A product's total cost is the sum of all of its expenses, both fixed and variable, that are incurred during the manufacturing and distribution processes. In addition to being expressed as a fixed sum, markup can also be expressed as a percentage of the total cost or selling price. The difference between the wholesale price and the retail price is typically used to compute the retail markup, which is then expressed as a percentage of the wholesale price. Additional approaches are also utilized. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Markup (business) Chapter 2: Cost accounting Chapter 3: Wholesaling Chapter 4: Retail Chapter 5: Price Chapter 6: Sales promotion Chapter 7: Pricing Chapter 8: Revenue Chapter 9: Cost-plus pricing Chapter 10: Cost of goods sold Chapter 11: Variety store Chapter 12: List price Chapter 13: Net income Chapter 14: Profit margin Chapter 15: Drop shipping Chapter 16: Gross margin Chapter 17: Contribution margin Chapter 18: Merchant account Chapter 19: Pricing strategies Chapter 20: Everyday low price Chapter 21: Invoice price (II) Answering the public top questions about markup economics. (III) Real world examples for the usage of markup economics in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Markup Economics.
Author : Sónia Félix
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513521519
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)
Download or read book What is the Impact of Increased Business Competition? written by Sónia Félix and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the macroeconomic effect and underlying firm-level transmission channels of a reduction in business entry costs. We provide novel evidence on the response of firms' entry, exit, and employment decisions. To do so, we use as a natural experiment a reform in Portugal that reduced entry time and costs. Using the staggered implementation of the policy across the Portuguese municipalities, we find that the reform increased local entry and employment by, respectively, 25% and 4.8% per year in its first four years of implementation. Moreover, around 60% of the increase in employment came from incumbent firms expanding their size, with most of the rise occurring among the most productive firms. Standard models of firm dynamics, which assume a constant elasticity of substitution, are inconsistent with the expansionary and heterogeneous response across incumbent firms. We show that in a model with heterogeneous firms and variable markups the most productive firms face a lower demand elasticity and expand their employment in response to increased entry.
Author : Dennis W. Carlton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Product Variety and Demand Uncertainty written by Dennis W. Carlton and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We demonstrate that demand uncertainty can explain equilibrium product variety in the presence of sunk costs. Product variety is an efficient response to uncertainty because it reduces the expected costs associated with excess capacity. We find that within the firm's product line, the highest quality product has the highest profit margin but the lowest percentage margin, while the lowest quality product has the highest percentage margin but the lowest absolute margin. Both of these relationships are consistent with evidence available from marketing studies.
Author : Mr.Jahangir Aziz
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1451843712
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (518 download)
Download or read book Cyclical Effects of the Composition of Government Purchases written by Mr.Jahangir Aziz and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1997-02-01 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper constructs a general equilibrium model with monopolistically competitive firms and endogenous markups where government spending consists of both consumption and investment goods. It is shown that when markups are countercyclical, increases in the share of investment goods in aggregate government expenditure entail a trade-off between greater long- run efficiency and higher short-run volatility. Estimates based on the model, calibrated to the postwar U.S. economy, show that the effects on output, employment, and welfare can be significant
Author : Ralph Turvey
Publisher : London ; Boston : G. Allen & Unwin
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Demand and Supply written by Ralph Turvey and published by London ; Boston : G. Allen & Unwin. This book was released on 1980 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : John B. Taylor
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780444501578
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Macroeconomics written by John B. Taylor and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-12-13 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Part 6: Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy. 19. Asset prices, consumption, and the business cycle (J.Y. Campbell). 20. Human behavior and the efficiency of the financial system (R.J. Shiller). 21. The financial accelerator in a quantitative business cycle framework (B. Bernanke, M. Gertler and S. Gilchrist). Part 7: Monetary and Fiscal Policy. 22. Political economics and macroeconomic policy (T. Persson, G. Tabellini). 23. Issues in the design of monetary policy rules (B.T. McCallum). 24. Inflation stabilization and BOP crises in developing countries (G.A. Calvo, C.A. Vegh). 25. Government debt (D.W. Elmendorf, N.G. Mankiw). 26. Optimal fiscal and monetary policy (V.V. Chari, P.J. Kehoe).
Author : James Joseph Heckman
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444506314
Total Pages : 1013 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Econometrics written by James Joseph Heckman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007 with total page 1013 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As conceived by the founders of the Econometric Society, econometrics is a field that uses economic theory and statistical methods to address empirical problems in economics. It is a tool for empirical discovery and policy analysis. The chapters in this volume embody this vision and either implement it directly or provide the tools for doing so. This vision is not shared by those who view econometrics as a branch of statistics rather than as a distinct field of knowledge that designs methods of inference from data based on models of human choice ...
Author : United States. Congress. Economic Joint Committee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book The Relationship of Prices to Economic Stability and Growth written by United States. Congress. Economic Joint Committee and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1501375695
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)
Download or read book written by and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Natalie Chen
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513529250
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Markups, Quality, and Trade Costs written by Natalie Chen and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-02-21 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate theoretically and empirically how exporters adjust their markups across destinations depending on bilateral distance, tariffs, and the quality of their exports. Under the assumption that trade costs are both ad valorem and per unit, our model predicts that markups rise with distance and fall with tariffs, but these effects are heterogeneous and are smaller in magnitude for higher quality exports. We find strong support for the predictions of the model using a unique data set of Argentinean firm-level wine exports combined with experts wine ratings as a measure of quality.
Author : Kwang Suk Kim
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 1684172195
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (841 download)
Download or read book Growth and Structural Transformation written by Kwang Suk Kim and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-03-17 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides a comprehensive overview of Korea’s macroeconomic growth and structural change since World War II, and traces some of the roots of development to the colonial period. The authors explore in detail colonial development, changing national income patterns, relative price shifts, sources of aggregate growth, and sources of sectoral structural change, comparing them with other countries.
Author : Vivek Ghosal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Product Market Competition and the Industry Price-Cost Markup Fluctuations written by Vivek Ghosal and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantifying differences in markup fluctuations between relatively competitive and non-competitive industries has received increasing attention in industrial organization and macroeconomics. We examine markup fluctuations in response to energy price and monetary changes, and the role played by product market competition. This paper contains several features that distinguish it from previous work. First, we separate the source of the shock, cost versus demand. Previous studies have typically used the unemployment or the capacity utilization rate to study industry markup fluctuations. However, these measures are likely to provide only an overall picture of fluctuations over business cycles, and may conceal important information about the underlying impacts of demand and cost changes. Second, we address an important criticism raised by Rotemberg and Saloner (1986) that differences in markup fluctuations between the low and high concentration industries may be an artifact of differences in the degree of labor hoarding. Third, since we have a longer time-series (1958-91), we are better able to examine the causes of the narrowing of the markup gap between high and low concentration industries during the mid-1970's (Domowitz, Hubbard and Petersen, 1986) and the subsequent widening of the markup gap during the mid-1980's (Salinger, 1990). Our key findings are as follows: (1) While data show that labor-hoarding is an important phenomenon, we provide evidence that the degree of labor-hoarding does not systematically vary between the low and high concentration industries. This addresses the Rotemberg and Saloner criticism and implies that the cyclicality of markups in concentrated industries are not an artifact of differences in the degree of labor hoarding. (2) For concentrated industries, markups increase with monetary expansion and decrease when energy prices increase; the quantitative impact of energy prices is greater than monetary changes. Markups of the low concentration industries are generally unaffected by monetary changes and the energy price elasticities are statistically insignificant. Collectively, these findings indicate that (a) markups are procyclical and (b) the energy price increases (decreases) during the 1970's (1980's) may have been a key factor contributing to the narrowing (widening) of the markup gap between high and low concentration industries. (3) Markups are procyclical over the industry-specific cycle. (4) Greater import competition lowers markups only in the more concentrated industries.
