Diversification Of The Energy Matrix In The Metropolitan Region Of Santiago De Chile With Focus On Renewable Energies

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Diversification of the Energy Matrix in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile with Focus on Renewable Energies

Author : Christian Altrichter
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3656008523
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (56 download)

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Book Synopsis Diversification of the Energy Matrix in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile with Focus on Renewable Energies by : Christian Altrichter

Download or read book Diversification of the Energy Matrix in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile with Focus on Renewable Energies written by Christian Altrichter and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-09 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Engineering - Power Engineering, grade: 1,3, University of Cologne (ITT Köln und Universidad Autonoma San Luis Potosí), course: Master in Technology & Resource Management, language: English, abstract: Abstract: This work aims to provide a solution for the diversification of the Chilean energy matrix with a focus on renewable energies. The research is embedded in the project called Risk Habitat Megacity, which investigates the development of urban settlements in the context of their sustainability. The first part explains the importance of cities and their link as energy consumption centers in the Chilean context. A historical analysis of the energy situation describes the three energy crisis the country has suffered from and how to overcome the energy shortages. Chile has recently changed its policy framework in favor of Renewable Energies. The electricity sector is a vital element of the analysis, as only a well-designed and competitive market allows the integration of renewable energies. The fourth chapter discusses measurements and shows a path into a more sustainable development, with enhanced energy security, a lower import dependency, but with the necessity for the Chilean government to develop a comprehensive long-term energy policy framework, that includes energy policy and energy efficiency programs alike. This investigation is an initial attempt. keywords: energy matrix, energy crisis, electricity sector, energy efficiency, energy security Resumen: Este proyecto tiene como objetivo proveer una solución para la matriz energética de Chile enfocando en las energías renovables. La investigación forma parte del proyecto "Risk Habitat Megacity", que investiga el desarrollo de asentamientos urbanos en el contexto de la sustentabilidad. La primera parte explica la importancia de las ciudades y su conexión como centros de consumo energético en Chile. Un análisis histórico de la situación energética analiza las

A status quo report: Energy policy framework in Chile 2010

Author : Christian Altrichter
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3640782232
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis A status quo report: Energy policy framework in Chile 2010 by : Christian Altrichter

Download or read book A status quo report: Energy policy framework in Chile 2010 written by Christian Altrichter and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2010-12-21 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: 1,0, Cologne University of Applied Sciences (ITT), language: English, abstract: This working paper investigates the current energy situation of Chile. After a long running reform process of its electricity market in the early eighties and the end of the dictatorship, Chile has shown a rapid growth that is coupled with a growing energy needs. Historically important stages are briefly described, with a short overview of the current energy policy framework. Chile has a, due to its geographical location and diversity, high potential for various renewable energy sources. These potentials are described for solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy, supported by numerous legislative decisions, such as the Law on Renewable Energies of 2008, which underpins the path towards the use of these resources. To what extent these measures are sufficient to overcome the energy shortages Chile has experienced, to ensure energy security is dicussed in the last section of this paper.

Renewable energy market analysis: Latin America

Author : International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA
Publisher : International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
ISBN 13 : 9292602101
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable energy market analysis: Latin America by : International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA

Download or read book Renewable energy market analysis: Latin America written by International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA and published by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). This book was released on 2016-11-01 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report offers a comprehensive review of the status and trends in the region’s renewable energy development. It highlights Latin America’s wealth of knowledge, draws key lessons, and outlines findings to support the continued expansion of renewables for power generation, transport and other end-uses.

Multi Criteria Analysis in the Renewable Energy Industry

Author : José Ramón San Cristóbal Mateo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447123468
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Multi Criteria Analysis in the Renewable Energy Industry by : José Ramón San Cristóbal Mateo

Download or read book Multi Criteria Analysis in the Renewable Energy Industry written by José Ramón San Cristóbal Mateo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-03 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decision makers in the Renewable Energy sector face an increasingly complex social, economic, technological, and environmental scenario in their decision process. Different groups of decision-makers become involved in the process, each group bringing along different criteria therefore, policy formulation for fossil fuel substitution by Renewable Energies must be addressed in a multi-criteria context. Multi Criteria Analysis in the Renewable Energy Industry is a direct response to the increasing interest in the Renewable Energy industry which can be seen as an important remedy to many environmental problems that the world faces today. The multiplicity of criteria and the increasingly complex social, economic, technological, and environmental scenario makes multi-criteria analysis a valuable tool in the decision-making process for fossil fuel substitution. The detailed chapters explore the use of the Multi-criteria decision-making methods and how they provide valuable assistance in reaching equitable and acceptable solutions in the selection of renewable energy projects. Common multi-criteria decision-making methods including Analytical Hierarchy Process, PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, TOPSIS and VIKOR are explored in detail with an application case of each method included at the end of each chapter. As such, Multi Criteria Analysis in the Renewable Energy Industry is an ideal resource for those groups of individuals, institutions and administration such as local authorities, academic institutions, environmental groups, and governments that, through their priorities and evaluation systems, have interests at stake and directly or indirectly influence the decision-making process.

Methodology for Energy Transition Evaluation

Author : Henar Rabadan Perucha
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Methodology for Energy Transition Evaluation by : Henar Rabadan Perucha

Download or read book Methodology for Energy Transition Evaluation written by Henar Rabadan Perucha and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world full of inequalities, energy disparity directly affects development. Developed societies are focused on renewable energies while developing countries are investing in all the different types of energy resources. However, all countries have something in common, the necessity to provide energy to society under the best economic and environmental conditions. This study describes a global methodology for energy transition evaluation applied to the Balearic Islands, Spain. This region is an archipelago 100 miles away from the Iberian Peninsula, well-known as part of the environmental protection program Natura 2000 network. In terms of electricity generation, it is a semi- isolated system where the islands are interconnected and have a connection to the peninsular electric system that covers an average of 22.5% of the energy demand of the archipelago. Almost 95% of the remaining demand is supplied by non-renewable resources. Since European legislation has set goals to promote cleaner energy generation, this document studies all the technically and legislatively viable energy resources in this region and evaluates the trade-offs of transitioning following different strategies. In the first part of the methodology, existing technologies like fossil fuels, onshore wind power, and utility-scale solar are accepted as potential future resources. In addition, new options like microwind, distributed solar PV, hybrid and concentrating solar, and biomass are assessed as viable while others are discarded. During the second part of the analysis, the energy transition in the period 2020 to 2030 is evaluated according to 4 possible scenarios to meet demand: (1) natural gas focus, (2) submarine connection expansion, (3) 50% natural gas/ 50% renewables, and (4) 20% renewables/ 40% natural gas/ 40% submarine connection expansion. The parameters involved in this analysis consider tourism rates, electric vehicle penetration, electricity market prices, and 5 environmental impact indices (global warming, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, particulate matter, and land use). Results show that coal and diesel are responsible for higher environmental impacts, renewables land use could limit their expansion, natural gas use is subject to energy security constraints, and submarine connection expansion, although the best option, could encounter social challenges. In conclusion, this methodology helps to identify trade-offs of different approaches which can be used for technical and strategic analysis.

The Dynamic Impact of Market Integration

Author : Luis E. Gonzales
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dynamic Impact of Market Integration by : Luis E. Gonzales

Download or read book The Dynamic Impact of Market Integration written by Luis E. Gonzales and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective and economical expansion of renewable energy is one of the most urgent and important challenges of addressing climate change. However, many countries are facing a problem because existing network infrastructures (i.e., transmission networks) were not originally built to accommodate renewables, which creates disconnections between demand centers and renewable supply. In this paper, we study the static and dynamic impacts of market integration on renewable energy expansion. Our theory highlights that statically, market integration improves allocative efficiency by gains from trade, and dynamically, it incentivizes new entry of renewable power plants. Using two recent grid expansions in the Chilean electricity market, we empirically test our theoretical predictions and show that commonly-used event study estimation underestimates the dynamic benefits if renewable investments occur in anticipation of market integration. We build a structural model of power plant entry and show how to correct for such bias. We find that market integration resulted in price convergence across regions, increases in renewable generation, and decreases in generation cost and pollution emissions. Furthermore, a substantial amount of renewable entry would not have occurred in the absence of market integration. We show that ignoring this dynamic effect would substantially understate the benefits of transmission investments.

Sustainability Assessment of Urban Systems

Author : Claudia R. Binder
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108655246
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainability Assessment of Urban Systems by : Claudia R. Binder

Download or read book Sustainability Assessment of Urban Systems written by Claudia R. Binder and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-26 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our world is becoming more urban. More than fifty percent of the global population now lives in cities, which poses new challenges for sustainable development. This book integrates theory and methods of sustainability assessment with concepts from systems science to provide guidelines for assessing the sustainability of urban systems. It discusses different aspects of urban sustainability, from energy and housing, to mobility and health, covering social, economic and environmental factors, as well as the various stakeholders and actors involved. The book argues for the need to find models and solutions in order to design sustainable cities of the future in light of the complexity of urban social life. Including diverse case studies from the developed and developing world, this book provides a useful reference for researchers and students from a broad range of disciplines working in the field of sustainability, as well as for environmental consultants and policy makers.

Integrated Spatial and Energy Planning

Author : Gernot Stoeglehner
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319318705
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrated Spatial and Energy Planning by : Gernot Stoeglehner

Download or read book Integrated Spatial and Energy Planning written by Gernot Stoeglehner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-02 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on spatial planning – an important determinant of energy saving and renewable energy supply. Revealing the key driving forces for spatial development supporting the shift towards energy efficiency and renewable energy supplies, it shows the importance of integrated spatial and energy planning approaches for a timely and sustainable change of energy systems, thus supporting policies of climate protection. As operating within the context of renewable energy sources is becoming a major policy issue at the international, European and national level, spatial dimensions of renewable energy systems as well as challenges, barriers and opportunities in different spatial contexts become more important. This book analyses not only the fundamental system interrelations between resources, technologies and consumption patterns with respect to energy, but also the links to the spatial context, and provides guidelines for researchers as well as practitioners in this new, emerging field. It presents innovative analytical tools to solve real-world problems and discusses the most important fields of action in integrated spatial and energy planning including planning contents, planning visions and principles as well as planning process design and planning methodology.

Risk Habitat Megacity

Author : Dirk Heinrichs
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642115446
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Habitat Megacity by : Dirk Heinrichs

Download or read book Risk Habitat Megacity written by Dirk Heinrichs and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-09 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Megacity development and the inherent risks and opportunities for humans and the environment is a theme of growing urgency in the 21st century. Focusing on Latin America where urbanization is most advanced, this book studies the complexity of a ‘mega-urban system’ and explores interrelations between sectors and issues by providing an in-depths study of one particular city, Santiago de Chile. The book attempts to (i) focus on the emergence of risk in megacities by analyzing risk elements, (ii) evaluate the extent and severity of risks, (iii) develop strategies to cope with adverse risks, and (iv) to guide urban development by combining concepts with empirical evidence. Drawing on the work of an interdisciplinary and international consortium of academic and professional partners, the book is written for scholars in cross-cutting areas of urban, sustainability, hazard, governance and planning research as well as practitioners from local, regional and international organizations.

Globalization Drivers for Renewable Energies Referring to Electricity Production of E On

Author : Stephan Jäger
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3640471040
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Globalization Drivers for Renewable Energies Referring to Electricity Production of E On by : Stephan Jäger

Download or read book Globalization Drivers for Renewable Energies Referring to Electricity Production of E On written by Stephan Jäger and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2009-11 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2009 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: 1,8, University of Applied Sciences Essen, language: English, abstract: Renewable energies have become more and more important as energy sources in the recent decades and they will become even more significant further on: They reveal as the main hope for the worldwide energy supply in the future. The presented Master Thesis concentrates on their importance for electricity production in the strategy of E.ON in consideration of special comparison to RWE. Both companies are the greatest energy suppliers in Germany. The special focus of the work lies on the important as¬pects of internationalization and globalization. The aim is to show how the globaliza¬tion drivers affect on renewable energies for electricity production and what that means to the strategy of E.ON and RWE.

Production Transformation Policy Review of Chile

Author : Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation
Publisher : Organization for Economic Co-Operation & Development
ISBN 13 : 9789264288331
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (883 download)

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Book Synopsis Production Transformation Policy Review of Chile by : Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation

Download or read book Production Transformation Policy Review of Chile written by Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation and published by Organization for Economic Co-Operation & Development. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chile is a relatively stable, well-connected, open economy. Over the last decade the country has managed to increase its participation in global value chains and to export new products. However, its knowledge base is limited, productivity is stagnating and economic opportunities are still concentrated in a few places and limited to a few activities and firms. Today's global production revolution offers a window of opportunity for Chile to "update" its growth model to become more inclusive and sustainable. The Production Transformation Policy Review of Chile (PTPR) uses a forward-looking framework to assess the country readiness to embrace change, with perspectives on solar energy, mining and agro-food, and identifies priorities for future reforms. This review is the result of government-business dialogue and rigorous analysis. It benefitted from peer learning from Sweden, Germany and the Emilia Romagna Region in Italy through the OECD Initiative for Policy Dialogue on Global Value Chains, Production Transformation and Development.

Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals

Author : Sven Teske
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030058433
Total Pages : 491 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals by : Sven Teske

Download or read book Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals written by Sven Teske and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents detailed pathways to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2050, globally and across ten geographical regions. Based on state-of-the-art scenario modelling, it provides the vital missing link between renewable energy targets and the measures needed to achieve them. Bringing together the latest research in climate science, renewable energy technology, employment and resource impacts, the book breaks new ground by covering all the elements essential to achieving the ambitious climate mitigation targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement. For example, sectoral implementation pathways, with special emphasis on differences between developed and developing countries and regional conditions, provide tools to implement the scenarios globally and domestically. Non-energy greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios define a sustainable pathway for land-use change and the agricultural sector. Furthermore, results of the impact of the scenarios on employment and mineral and resource requirements provide vital insight on economic and resource management implications. The book clearly demonstrates that the goals of the Paris Agreement are achievable and feasible with current technology and are beneficial in economic and employment terms. It is essential reading for anyone with responsibility for implementing renewable energy or climate targets internationally or domestically, including climate policy negotiators, policy-makers at all levels of government, businesses with renewable energy commitments, researchers and the renewable energy industry.

Barriers and Drivers for the Deployment of Renewable Energy Technology in Developing Countries

Author : Cynthia Dittmar
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3640377702
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Barriers and Drivers for the Deployment of Renewable Energy Technology in Developing Countries by : Cynthia Dittmar

Download or read book Barriers and Drivers for the Deployment of Renewable Energy Technology in Developing Countries written by Cynthia Dittmar and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2009-07 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Development Politics, grade: merit, University of Manchester (Institute for Development Policy and Management), course: Environment and Development, language: English, abstract: Renewable energy technology (RET) are considered as "one of the strong contenders to improve plight" (Painuly 2001: 73) for more than 2 billion people in developing coun-tries who don't have access to the clean modern energy which is essential to social and economic development (BMZ 2006). RET are increasingly recognised for their contri-bution to development especially in rural areas, increasing health, energy independence and climate change mitigation. Due to massive technological improvements in recent years, economies of scale in pro-duction and given the absence of market distortions, RET can be cost competitive with conventional energy sources. This counts especially for off-grid RET in rural and remote areas where costs for grid connection are excessively expensive and where 80% of people without access to electricity live. RET become even more competitive if environmental externalities are factored into the market price of competing fuels (Martinot et al. 2002). Despite those advantages, RET in developing and developed countries are only tapped to a small amount of their potential as there are several types of barriers to their deployment (Painuly 2001). While traditional renewable energy sources like bio-mass (i.e. fuel wood, animal wastes and crop residues) provide 30 - 45% of the energy supply in developing countries (up to 90 % in rural Sub-Sahara-Africa) RET produce only about 2 % of the global energy supply, mostly in developed countries (REN21 2005). This paper aims to identify major drivers and barriers to the deployment of renewable energy technology in developing countries. In chapter two the main drivers for RET, as well as their ability to contribute to development aims and

Leveraging Renewable Energy to Make India Sustainable Through Solid Biofuels

Author : Niharika Mishra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Leveraging Renewable Energy to Make India Sustainable Through Solid Biofuels by : Niharika Mishra

Download or read book Leveraging Renewable Energy to Make India Sustainable Through Solid Biofuels written by Niharika Mishra and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India is at the global center stage ever since it has embarked on the journey of a profound socio-economic transformation. Propelled by world's largest and most vibrant democracy and home to over one-sixth of the world's population, India is already in the top league being the third-largest economy. India's industrialization and modernization has gathered significant momentum through conducive policies and recent campaigns like “Make in India” which envisage India as a manufacturing hub. Whilst there are many challenges for achieving envisaged success of “Make in India” campaign, how to sustainably fuel the manufacturing remains a major question. Manufacturing-based growth requires at least 10-fold more energy per unit of value added when compared with growth led by the services sector. For realizing the milestones envisaged for “Make in India”, the additional demands on energy arise primarily from industry. This additional energy shall be required by not only energy-intensive sectors but also from other industries that are targeted by the “Make in India” campaign such as textiles, food processing, industrial equipment and machinery. Besides consequential incremental energy demands from road freight, residential consumption and for a more mechanized and productive agricultural sector also rise. Whilst there has been a consistent increase in global renewable fuels by industrial consumers, the focus has been more on Solar and Wind and other unconventional sources which require significant investment. Amidst renewable energy resources, Biomass based Solid Biofuels offer a vast potential for feeding the fuel requirements of a variety of Industrial Boilers. Besides being fully eco-friendly, Biomass based Solid Biofuels can be easily manufactured. Rich availability of biomass from mainly agrarian economy of India fetches a good opportunity to produce green fuel with low investment and economic advantage.The paper discusses the potential of using Biomass Based Solid Biofuels like Briquettes and Pellets as sustainable and alternate fuel for industrial usage and related issues.

Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South

Author : Ankit Kumar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000397440
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South by : Ankit Kumar

Download or read book Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South written by Ankit Kumar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-16 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how, in the wake of the Anthropocene, the growing call for urgent decarbonisation and accelerated energy transitions might have unintended consequences for energy poverty, justice and democracy, especially in the global South. Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South brings together theoretical and empirical contributions focused on rethinking energy transitions conceptually from and for the global South, and highlights issues of justice and inclusivity. It argues that while urgency is critical for energy transitions in a climate-changed world, we must be wary of conflating goals and processes, and enquire what urgency means for due process. Drawing from a range of authors with expertise spanning environmental justice, design theory, ethics of technology, conflict and gender, it examines case studies from countries including Bolivia, Sri Lanka, India, The Gambia and Lebanon in order to expand our understanding of what energy transitions are, and how just energy transitions can be done in different parts of the world. Overall, driven by a postcolonial and decolonial sensibility, this book brings to the fore new concepts and ideas to help balance the demands of justice and urgency, to flag relevant but often overlooked issues, and to provide new pathways forward. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of energy transitions, environmental justice, climate change and developing countries. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003052821 has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Smart cities

Author : Netexplo
Publisher : UNESCO Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9231003178
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Smart cities by : Netexplo

Download or read book Smart cities written by Netexplo and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

World Development Report 2009

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 082137608X
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis World Development Report 2009 by : World Bank

Download or read book World Development Report 2009 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-11-04 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.