Distributive Politics In Developing Countries

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Distributive Politics in Developing Countries

Author : Mark Baskin
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 073918069X
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Distributive Politics in Developing Countries by : Mark Baskin

Download or read book Distributive Politics in Developing Countries written by Mark Baskin and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2014-10-23 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the increasing use of Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) in emerging democratic governments in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania. CDFs dedicate public money to benefit parliamentary constituencies through allocations and/or spending decisions influenced by Members of Parliament (MPs). The contributors employ the term CDF as a generic term although such funds have a different names, such as electoral development funds (Papua New Guinea), constituency development catalyst funds (Tanzania), or Member of Parliament Local Area Development Fund (India), etc. In some ways, the funds resemble the ad hoc pork barrel policy-making employed in the U.S. Congress for the past 200 years. However, unlike earmarks, CDFs generally become institutionalized in the government’s annual budget and are distributed according to different criteria in each country. They enable MPs to influence programs in their constituencies that finance education, and build bridges, roads, community centers, clinics and schools. In this sense, a CDF is a politicized form of spending that can help fill in the important gaps in government services in constituencies that have not been addressed in the government’s larger, comprehensive policy programs. This first comprehensive treatment of CDFs in the academic and development literatures emerges from a project at the State University of New York Center for International Development. This project has explored CDFs in 19 countries and has developed indicators on their emergence, operations, and oversight. The contributors provide detailed case studies of the emergence and operations of CDFs in Kenya, Uganda, Jamaica, and India, as well as an analysis of earmarks in the U.S. Congress, and a broader analysis of the emergence of the funds in Africa. They cover the emergence, institutionalization, and accountability of these funds; analyze key issues in their operations; and offer provisional conclusions of what the emergence and operations of these funds say about the democratization of politics in developing countries and current approaches to international support for democratic governance in developing countries.

The Sources of Non-discretionary Distributive Politics in Africa

Author : Joseph Asunka
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sources of Non-discretionary Distributive Politics in Africa by : Joseph Asunka

Download or read book The Sources of Non-discretionary Distributive Politics in Africa written by Joseph Asunka and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 2000s, more and more governments in the developing world have introduced programs to transfer cash and deliver complementary public services directly to citizens using purely economic and other technical criteria. A number of careful studies on some of these programs show that political criteria play no role in predicting who does and does not receive benefits. Some scholars suggest that the rising popularity of non-discretionary distribution of public resources by politicians in some developing countries is indicative of a potential decline of clientelism in those countries. That political support for non-discretionary forms of resource distribution is growing and clientelism may be declining in the developing world is welcome news. But these emerging patterns of public resource distribution by politicians raise important questions. In this dissertation, I develop a theory to explain why politicians would design policies and allocate valued benefits to voters in ways that reduce or eliminate their own discretion. I argue that non-discretionary distributive strategies enable incumbent politicians to build electoral support and thus enhancing their chances of reelection in two ways: first, these strategies enable incumbents to extend benefits to voters outside their circle of loyal voters, potentially broadening their electoral support among those voters. Second, non-discretionary distributive strategies help to reduce the risk of offending and potentially alienating some of their loyal voters. This concern is particularly salient in Africa where access to state resources influences electoral behavior. I test this theory with audit and survey data collected in Ghana. I show that the patterns of resource allocation strategies by politicians and the electoral behavior of voters are best explained by the argument presented in this project. Chapter 2 lays out the main argument and identifies a number of empirical implications. I contrast these implications with those of existing theories of clientelism and those on the effects of economic development on bureaucratic reforms. Chapter 2 concludes with preliminary evidence on the impact of public benefits on voting behavior in Ghana using the 2012 Afrobarometer survey. The results show that voters who benefit from a government healthcare program are more likely to vote for the party in government. This effect is driven largely by voters not affiliated to any party. Chapter 3 tests one of the main implications of my argument: that when incumbents are concerned about their chances of reelection they would be more likely to favor non-discretionary forms of resource distribution in swing areas. I use data from a nationwide assessment of all local governments in Ghana on their compliance with budget allocation rules to test this prediction. The results show that local governments in districts with a swing history score significantly higher on their compliance with budget implementation rules than those without a swing history. Moreover, the magnitude of swing reinforces this effect: compliance with budget implementation rules is significantly higher in those districts where the size of the swing is larger. Chapter 4 analyzes survey data to show how the electoral behavior of voters varies with politicians' resource distribution strategies. I show that voters, particularly swing voters, are significantly more likely to vote for incumbent politicians if they believe that the allocation of public resources by these politicians is fair, that is, non-discretionary. The results also show that among loyal voters of incumbent politicians, support for those politicians who are perceived to favor non-discretionary distributive strategies is slightly higher than those perceived to pursue largely discretionary distributive strategies. Chapter 5 concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of the findings.

Poverty Amidst Plenty

Author : Edward Weisband
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000307867
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Poverty Amidst Plenty by : Edward Weisband

Download or read book Poverty Amidst Plenty written by Edward Weisband and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-06-26 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edward Weisband's pioneering text is destined to transform the current teaching of world political economy at both the introductory and the advanced level. Outlining the moral principles and ethical concepts fundamental to grasping the human significance of poverty, he clearly reveals what is often hinted at but rarely stated–that the political dimensions of poverty and distributive justice constitute the organizing framework of the study of world political economy. Against a backdrop of readings, Professor Weisband's insightful, interpretative essays generate an interdisciplinary discussion, a synthesis of theoretical perspectives and value orientations, providing students with a critical comprehension of the complex workings of the world economy. The essays link basic approaches to world politics and international relations, international law and organization, international sociology, development studies, and moral philosophy to give texture to such basic theories as modes of production, dependency, world systems, unequal exchange, the labor theory of value, free-trade liberalism, neomercantilism, Marxism, and neo-Marxism. Alternative value orientations are also explored, including realist and neo-realist, conservative and liberal, egalitarian and cosmopolitan, radical and materialist. Poverty Amidst Plenty combines theory and analysis with historical and normative perspectives to offer students a relevant, prescriptive, and most of all, human picture of the far-reaching system that governs much of our lives.

Three Essays on Distributive Politics in India

Author : Shikhar Singh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (719 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Distributive Politics in India by : Shikhar Singh

Download or read book Three Essays on Distributive Politics in India written by Shikhar Singh and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents three essays on distributive politics in India:Governments distribute a variety of benefits to win votes. Why do some benefits have greater electoral impact than others? This paper provides descriptive evidence that a USD10 cooking gas cylinder and USD2000 house have comparable electoral impact in India. This motivates a typology in which distributive decisions can be organized on two dimensions: the cost of a benefit, and how it is distributed. Politicians face two key trade-offs: first, given a finite budget, they can widely distribute a cheap benefit or give an expensive benefit to fewer voters; and second, they can either distribute the benefit through brokers or as a rule based, non-contingent, direct transfer. Clientelism skews distribution in favor of party loyalists but provides effective credit claiming. Programmatic distribution provides better targeting but worse credit claiming. Using data from India's National Election Studies, I show that there is political targeting of the cooking gas cylinder but not the house. Cooking gas cylinder recipients are also more likely to be contacted by the ruling party broker before elections but not house recipients. The evidence suggests that party elites pursue a mixed strategy of distribution: relying on brokers to deliver cheap benefits and government programs to deliver expensive benefits. Brokers make up for the value difference in benefits through effective canvassing.Can an expensive material benefit, delivered programmatically to voters outside the ruling party's ethnic core, win support for the benefit-giving party, and undercut the distributive salience of ethnicity? The literature says that material benefits can compensate for ethnic or ideological disutility, and that socioeconomic targeting can weaken beliefs about co-ethnic politicians being more likely to deliver benefits to the voter. I find that a large-scale, rural housing program in India generates support for the benefit-giving party among ethnically opposed voters and even those that do not receive the benefit. Beneficiaries feel gratitude, while non-beneficiaries report that many people like them have benefited from the program. There is no impact on the distributive salience of ethnicity. Beneficiaries recognize that the ruling party has done something for them, and are aware of the programmatic features of distribution. Yet, ethnic considerations predominantly shape distributive beliefs about politicians in a behavioral game. This finding has implications for ethnically diverse, developing democracies where programmatic competition is seen as an antidote to ethnic politics. Even an expensive benefit like a house, delivered programmatically, does little to reduce the distributive salience of ethnicity.Governments in developing countries spend considerable money distributing material benefits to their citizens. Some of these benefits are distributed through brokers, others as rule based, non-contingent, direct transfers. Governments are less likely to adopt programmatic distribution if voters do not prioritize efficient implementation, namely less leakage and more accurate targeting. Since rule based, non-contingent, direct transfers can end up benefiting out-partisans and ethnic out-groups, supporters of the ruling party should not punish their party for benefiting non-supporters. To assess whether voter behavior incentivizes programmatic distribution, I conduct two pre-registered studies in India, an online survey experiment and a telephone-based survey experiment fielded in 12 different languages. Indian voters reward good distributive performance but are more focused on outcomes than efficient implementation. They place a modest premium on distributive efficiency. Strikingly, ruling party supporters do not punish their party for benefiting ethnic out-groups. These findings suggest there are strong incentives for politicians to deliver benefits, though not entirely as rule-based, non-contingent direct transfers.

Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism

Author : Susan C. Stokes
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107042208
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism by : Susan C. Stokes

Download or read book Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism written by Susan C. Stokes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-23 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism studies distributive politics: how parties and governments use material resources to win elections. The authors develop a theory that explains why loyal supporters, rather than swing voters, tend to benefit from pork-barrel politics; why poverty encourages clientelism and vote buying; and why redistribution and voter participation do not justify non-programmatic distribution.

The Politics of Economic Adjustment

Author : Stephan Haggard
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691188033
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Economic Adjustment by : Stephan Haggard

Download or read book The Politics of Economic Adjustment written by Stephan Haggard and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1980s some developing countries adopted orthodox market-oriented policies in response to international economic crises, others experimented with alternative programs, and still others failed to develop coherent adjustment strategies of any sort. Building on the case studies in Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, these essays offer comparative analysis of these divergent experiences with macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustment. Barbara Stallings and Miles Kahler explore the external pressures on governments. Peter Evans and John Waterbury examine the role of the state in the adjustment process, Evans through the lens of earlier historical experience with economic restructuring, Waterbury by focusing on the politics of privatization. Joan Nelson analyzes the politics of income distribution in the adjustment process, and Haggard and Kaufman investigate the political correlates of inflation and stabilization. A final essay assesses the prospects for combining market-oriented reforms with political democratization.

Divide and Deal

Author : Ian Shapiro
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814740596
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Divide and Deal by : Ian Shapiro

Download or read book Divide and Deal written by Ian Shapiro and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2010-07-12 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are democracies so unequal? Despite the widespread expectation that democracy, via expansion of the franchise, would lead to redistribution in favor of the masses, in reality majorities regularly lose out in democracies. Taking a broad view of inequality as encompassing the distribution of wealth, risk, status, and well-being, this volume explores how institutions, individuals, and coalitions contribute to the often surprising twists and turns of distributive politics. The contributors hail from a range of disciplines and employ an array of methodologies to illuminate the central questions of democratic distributive politics: What explains the variety of welfare state systems, and what are their prospects for survival and change? How do religious beliefs influence people’s demand for redistribution? When does redistributive politics reflect public opinion? How can different and seemingly opposed groups successfully coalesce to push through policy changes that produce new winners and losers? The authors identify a variety of psychological and institutional factors that influence distributive outcomes. Taken together, the chapters highlight a common theme: politics matters. In seeking to understand the often puzzling contours of distribution and redistribution, we cannot ignore the processes of competition, bargaining, building, and destroying the political alliances that serve as bridges between individual preferences, institutions, and policy outcomes.

Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism

Author : Susan C. Stokes
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107435757
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism by : Susan C. Stokes

Download or read book Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism written by Susan C. Stokes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-16 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism addresses major questions in distributive politics. Why is it acceptable for parties to try to win elections by promising to make certain groups of people better off, but unacceptable - and illegal - to pay people for their votes? Why do parties often lavish benefits on loyal voters, whose support they can count on anyway, rather than on responsive swing voters? Why is vote buying and machine politics common in today's developing democracies but a thing of the past in most of today's advanced democracies? This book develops a theory of broker-mediated distribution to answer these questions, testing the theory with research from four developing democracies, and reviews a rich secondary literature on countries in all world regions. The authors deploy normative theory to evaluate whether clientelism, pork-barrel politics, and other non-programmatic distributive strategies can be justified on the grounds that they promote efficiency, redistribution, or voter participation.

Distributive Politics in Malaysia

Author : Hidekuni Washida
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351797980
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Distributive Politics in Malaysia by : Hidekuni Washida

Download or read book Distributive Politics in Malaysia written by Hidekuni Washida and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The election on 9 May 2018 ended six decades of rule by the ruling coalition in Malaysia (Barisan Nasional or BN, formerly the Alliance). Despite this result, the BN’s longevity and resilience to competition is remarkable. This book explores the mechanisms behind the emergence, endurance, fight for survival and decline of the party’s dominance. Using a systematic analysis of key resources (budgets, posts, and seats), Washida challenges the conventional argument that a punitive threat to exclude opposition supporters from distributive benefits sustained the loyalty of the masses as well as the elites. He also calls into question whether the mere existence of party organization in and of itself enables leaders to credibly commit to power-sharing. Instead he posits a theory of mobilization agency, in which a party leader needs to design an effective incentive mechanism. In addition, he explains how the BN had manufactured legislative dominance by tactical gerrymandering and malapportionment. The insights drawn from the Malaysian case can help deepen our understanding of the rise and fall of authoritarian parties and distributive politics in general.

Participation of Young People in Governance Processes in Africa

Author : Kurebwa, Jeffrey
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 152259390X
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Participation of Young People in Governance Processes in Africa by : Kurebwa, Jeffrey

Download or read book Participation of Young People in Governance Processes in Africa written by Kurebwa, Jeffrey and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-06-28 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Active political engagement requires the youth of today to begin their journeys now to be leaders of tomorrow. Young individuals are instrumental in providing valuable insight into issues locally as well as on a national and international level. Participation of Young People in Governance Processes in Africa examines the role of young peoples involvement in governance processes in Africa and demonstrates how they are engaging in active citizenship. There is an intrinsic value in upholding their right to participate in decisions that affect their daily lives and their communities, and the content within this publication supports this by focusing on topics such as good citizenship, youth empowerment, democratic awareness, political climate, and socio-economic development. It is designed for researchers, academics, policymakers, government officials, and professionals whose interests center on the engagement of youth in active citizenship roles.

Clients and Constituents

Author : Jennifer Bussell
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190945419
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Clients and Constituents by : Jennifer Bussell

Download or read book Clients and Constituents written by Jennifer Bussell and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scholars of distributive politics often emphasize partisanship and clientelism. However, as Jennifer Bussell demonstrates in Clients and Constituents, legislators in "patronage democracies" also provide substantial constituency service: non-contingent, direct assistance to individual citizens. Bussell shows how the uneven character of access to services at the local level-often due to biased allocation on the part of local intermediaries-generates demand for help from higher-level officials. The nature of these appeals in turn provides incentives for politicians to help their constituents obtain public benefits. Drawing on a new cross-national dataset and extensive evidence from India-including sustained qualitative shadowing of politicians, novel elite and citizen surveys, and an experimental audit study with a near census of Indian state and national legislators-this book provides a theoretical and empirical examination of political responsiveness in developing countries. It highlights the potential for an under-appreciated form of democratic accountability, one that is however rooted in the character of patronage-based politics.

Distributive Politics and Economic Growth

Author : Alberto Alesina
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Distributive Politics and Economic Growth by : Alberto Alesina

Download or read book Distributive Politics and Economic Growth written by Alberto Alesina and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the relationship between political conflict and economic growth in a simple model of endogenous growth with distributive conflicts. We study both the case of two "classes" (workers and capitalists) and the case of a continuum distribution of agents, characterized by different capital/labor shares. We establish several results concerning the relationship between the political influence of the two groups and the level of taxation, public investment, redistribution of income and growth. For example, it is shown that policies which maximize growth are optimal only for a government that cares only about the "capitalists." Also, we show that in a democracy (where the "median voter theorem' applies) the rate of taxation is higher and the rate of growth lower, the more unequal is the distribution of wealth We present empirical results consistent with these implications of the model.

Demanding Development

Author : Adam Michael Auerbach
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108491936
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Demanding Development by : Adam Michael Auerbach

Download or read book Demanding Development written by Adam Michael Auerbach and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-31 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains the uneven success of India's slum dwellers in demanding and securing essential public services from the state.

Distributive Justice and Economic Development

Author : Andrés Solimano
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Distributive Justice and Economic Development by : Andrés Solimano

Download or read book Distributive Justice and Economic Development written by Andrés Solimano and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the growth-equity relationship in developing countries

Distributive politics and economics growth

Author : Alberto Alesina
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Distributive politics and economics growth by : Alberto Alesina

Download or read book Distributive politics and economics growth written by Alberto Alesina and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Distributive Politics and Economic Research Growth

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (63 download)

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Download or read book Distributive Politics and Economic Research Growth written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Distributive Politics in Authoritarian Regimes

Author : Kangwook Han
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (647 download)

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Book Synopsis Distributive Politics in Authoritarian Regimes by : Kangwook Han

Download or read book Distributive Politics in Authoritarian Regimes written by Kangwook Han and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores the causes and consequences of distributive policies in autocracies. Existing scholarship argues that democratic responsiveness affects distributive allocations, because voters are able to hold politicians accountable in elections. However, researchers have not sufficiently paid attention to why dictators spend significant resources on distributive policies in autocracies as well, where accountability for policy performance is relatively low or non-existent. This dissertation argues that distributive policies represent the vehicle that autocrats use to maintain political dominance and to pursue autocratic legitimation. In the first essay, I focus on political budgetary cycles in autocratic redistribution. While political budgetary cycles in democracies have been rigorously studied in past decades, surprisingly little is known about the electorally motivated budgetary cycle in authoritarian regimes. This study analyzes how dictators strategically choose the timing of welfare expansion to cultivate electoral dominance even when election results are predetermined. I argue that dictators spend more on redistributive policy in election periods, and that citizens' evaluations of redistributive policy fluctuate according to the electoral cycle. Using budgetary spending data from 63 autocratic countries between 1972 and 2015 and Afrobarometer survey data in 18 African autocracies between 2008 and 2015, this paper finds cross-national evidence of the existence of an electoral cycle in autocratic redistribution. These findings contribute to the authoritarian politics literature by exploring macro- and micro-level mechanisms about how authoritarian elections contribute to regime durability. The second essay analyzes how autocratic welfare programs affect support for dictators. This essay argues that autocratic welfare programs alleviate the adverse effects of poor economic performance on citizens' support for the dictator. Negative conditions in the national economy can undermine the performance-based legitimacy of autocratic rulers. Welfare benefits can compensate for citizens' loss of income, however, and can thus serve as a means of purchasing citizens' support. Consequently, the provision of welfare benefits contributes to building autocratic legitimation even under conditions of economic recession. Using Afrobarometer Survey data from 22 African autocracies from 1999 to 2015, I explore the micro-foundations of autocratic support with a focus on autocratic welfare programs and citizens' evaluations of the national economy.While existing studies on authoritarian politics focus on the dictator-citizen relationship to examine the motivation of autocratic distribution, little attention has been paid to how dictators allocate government resources to manage relationships with the ruling elites. The last essay argues that dictators have an incentive to staff the legislature with the elites who have a close connection. Dictators deliver more targeted government transfers to localities where these legislators are elected. By doing this, dictators can legitimize their political dominance by improving loyal legislators' policy competence. Utilizing original data about legislators' attributes in South Korean military dictatorship between 1973 and 1987, I measure dictators' connection with legislators based upon legislators' military experience. I find that legislators' military experience significantly increases the distribution of targeted government transfers in their electoral districts. This paper highlights that military dictators strategically use authoritarian legislatures and distribute targeted government transfers to manage and control military forces.