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Discrimination Algorithms For The Remediation Of Unexploded Ordnance
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Book Synopsis Discrimination Algorithms for the Remediation of Unexploded Ordnance by :
Download or read book Discrimination Algorithms for the Remediation of Unexploded Ordnance written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis considers analysis of magnetic and electromagnetic data for the purpose of discriminating between buried unexploded ordnance (UXO) and non-hazardous metallic clutter. Magnetic data acquired over a ferrous object are modelled as a magnetostatic dipole. For time-domain electromagnetic data, a linear combination of decaying, orthogonal dipoles represents the secondary magnetic field radiated by a conductor. Model parameters estimated with inversion can be input into a discrimination algorithm whose output is a ranked diglist of targets. Algorithms that have been applied to UXO discrimination can be broadly categorized as library or statistical methods. Library methods assume that for each ordnance type there is a single set of parameters which is representative of intrinsic target properties. Statistical methods try to formulate a decision rule with a training set of models for targets with known ground truth. Observed data can sometimes have non-normally distributed noise and consequently parameter estimates obtained via least squares inversion may be biased. Robust misfit functions provide improved estimates of model parameters when there are outliers in the data. I also investigate propagation of uncertainties from data to model parameters. For inversion of electromagnetic data I find that parameters derived from the dipole model are approximately normally distributed. However, when data coverage is poor or SNR is low, the posterior distribution of these parameters may be multimodal. I develop a statistical classification algorithm that incorporates parameter uncertainty by integrating over the posterior probability distribution. Simulations and applications to real data indicate that this technique can detect outliers to the distribution of ordnance sooner than conventional classifiers. I quantify the performance of a discrimination algorithm using metrics derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. I use a bootstrapping algorithm to.
Book Synopsis Discrimination of Subsurface Unexploded Ordnance by : Kevin A. O'Neill
Download or read book Discrimination of Subsurface Unexploded Ordnance written by Kevin A. O'Neill and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) pose a persistent and expensive problem throughout the world; over 11 million acres are potentially contaminated in the U.S. alone. However, detection requires a very high degree of reliability, the false alarm rate is typically enormous, and cleanup costs are very high. This Tutorial Text addresses the unique challenges of UXO detection and the following topics: fundamental physics and phenomenology; new, successful modeling and analysis methods; the design, development, and testing of new instruments that provide expanded and superior data; innovative processing techniques; and highly successful discrimination performance in blind field tests at standardized sites. The book is written for lay scientists and engineers, as well as specialists in the field, requiring only some familiarity with basic vector calculus and matrix methods, common statistical concepts, and elementary physics.
Book Synopsis Improving the Discrimination of Unexploded Ordnances by : Alan Yehren Chen
Download or read book Improving the Discrimination of Unexploded Ordnances written by Alan Yehren Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexploded ordnances, UXOs, are a significant safety and economic problem in the US and worldwide. Typically, they consist of munitions such as rockets, artillery shells, and missiles. They are buried in unknown locations and present a danger due to both their explosive nature and their environmental impact. Across the US, UXOs are suspected to infest over 15 million acres of land consisting of troop training areas, weapons testing sites, and munitions storage facilities. One of the difficult challenges facing UXO clearance work is discriminating whether a detected target is an UXO and needs to be excavated or an inert object that can be left in the ground. An electromagnetic induction, EMI, sensor is commonly used in UXO clearance work. This research introduces two strategies that change the way the EMI sensor is used in order to improve discrimination. The first strategy is to use more target specific sensor swaths and to use an odometer based positioning system. This research shows that this can improve discrimination over the traditional GPS-based approach because there is less relative error in the sensor position estimates. The next strategy is to use an adaptive sensing algorithm to determine where to move and how to orient an EMI sensor. Allowing the sensor to rotate increases the directions at which the target can be illuminated. The adaptive sensing algorithm exploits this new flexibility to maximize the information obtained during a sensor run, thereby improving UXO discrimination.
Book Synopsis A Unified Approach to UXO Discrimination Using the Method of Auxiliary Sources by :
Download or read book A Unified Approach to UXO Discrimination Using the Method of Auxiliary Sources written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research described in this report was conducted in support of Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) SEED Broad Agency Announcement (BAA), Statement of Need UXSEED-05-02, Innovative Approaches to Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Cleanup. A SERDP SEED research and development project UX-1446 entitled A Unified Approach to UXO Discrimination Using the Method of Auxiliary Sources was proposed in response to the above BAA. The main emphasis of this research was to explore the fundamental characteristics of the Surface Magnetic Charge (SMC) and Standard Excitation Approach (SEA) methods when applied to UXO discrimination problems. Both methods were derived from the Method of Auxiliary Sources (MAS), and thus represent the secondary magnetic fields from a compact metallic target with a surface of magnetic charge. The SEA and SMC are relatively new modeling techniques for UXO discrimination. Therefore, we investigated some fundamental, as well as practical, characteristics of the forward model. These include the accuracy with which the methods can model sensor data, the speed to carry out the forward modeling, and the type of discrimination algorithms amenable to each of the forward modeling methods. For the SEA, we wanted to determine the ease with which the sources can be derived for a particular target. For the SMC, we wanted to determine if the surface magnetic charge distribution is a good discriminant, and, if so, what algorithm is required to obtain a stable estimate of the magnetic charge.
Book Synopsis Discrimination of Subsurface Unexploded Ordnance by : Kevin A. O'Neill
Download or read book Discrimination of Subsurface Unexploded Ordnance written by Kevin A. O'Neill and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) pose a persistent and expensive problem throughout the world; over 11 million acres are potentially contaminated in the U.S. alone. However, detection requires a very high degree of reliability, the false alarm rate is typically enormous, and cleanup costs are very high. This Tutorial Text addresses the unique challenges of UXO detection and the following topics: fundamental physics and phenomenology; new, successful modeling and analysis methods; the design, development, and testing of new instruments that provide expanded and superior data; innovative processing techniques; and highly successful discrimination performance in blind field tests at standardized sites. The book is written for lay scientists and engineers, as well as specialists in the field, requiring only some familiarity with basic vector calculus and matrix methods, common statistical concepts, and elementary physics.
Book Synopsis Advanced Magnetic System for UXO Detection and Discrimination by :
Download or read book Advanced Magnetic System for UXO Detection and Discrimination written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project addressed issues of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) detection, as a key component of the land remediation problem. Remediation is a formidably expensive operation. Much of the cost is a consequence of "dry" holes dug to reveal a benign object instead of the expected hazardous UXO, and of holes dug in the wrong location, or made much larger than they ought, thanks to faulty localization of the ordnance. The concept proposed for development in the present project is based on the fact that most UXO uses ferrous steel. Its ferromagnetic and conducting properties both distort the earth's static magnetic field and generate a secondary field in response to a time-dependent exciting field. The proposal and initial statement of work set out to develop a single instrument combining target detection and accurate localization (via passive magnetic gradiometry of the earth s-field distortion) with target-clutter discrimination (using the response to a broadband exciting field). No such single instrument exists today. The proposed instrument was to incorporate a full tensor magnetic gradiometer inside a three-axis excitation field source. With the source turned off, the gradiometer enables detection and localization. With the source turned on at closer range, the gradiometer measures the broadband response of the object and a classification algorithm, developed independently at Duke University, would decide whether the object was a UXO or not.
Book Synopsis Multisensor Methods for Buried Unexploded Ordnance Deteciton, Discrimination, and Identification by : Dwain Butler
Download or read book Multisensor Methods for Buried Unexploded Ordnance Deteciton, Discrimination, and Identification written by Dwain Butler and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) cleanup is the number one priority Army installation remediation restoration requirement. The problem is enormous in scope, with millions of acres and hundreds of sites potentially contaminated. Before the UXO can be recovered and destroyed, it must be located. UXO location requires surface geopbysical surveys. The geophysical anomalies caused by the UXO must be detected, discriminated from geophysical anomalies caused by other sources, and ideally identified or classified. Recent UXO technology demonstrations, live site demonstrations, and practical UXO surveys for site cleanup confirm that most UXO anomalies can be detected (with probabilities of detection of 90 percent or better), however there is little evidence of discrimination capability (i.e., the false alarm rates are high), and there is no identification capability. Approaches to simultaneously increase probability of detection and decrease false alarm rate and ultimately to give identification/classification capability involve rational multisensor data integration for discrimination and advanced development of new and emerging technology for enhanced discrimination and identification. The goal of multisensor data integration is to achieve true joint inversion of data to a best-fitting model using realistic physics-based models that replicate UXO geometries and physical properties of the UXO and surrounding geologic materials. Data management, analysis, and display procedures for multisensor data are investigated. A magnetic modeling capability is developed, validated, and documented that uses a prolate spheroid model of UXO. The electromagnetic modeling of UXO signatures is more problematic, and an intermediate quasi-empirical modeling capability (a simple analytical model modified to reflect measured signature observations) is explored.
Book Synopsis Classification, Identification, and Modeling of Unexploded Ordnance in Realistic Environments by : Beijia Zhang
Download or read book Classification, Identification, and Modeling of Unexploded Ordnance in Realistic Environments written by Beijia Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) Therefore, these coefficients readily lend themselves for use as features by which objects can be classified as likely to be UXO or unlikely to be UXO. To do such classification, the relationship between these coefficients and the physical properties of UXO and clutter, such as differences in size or body-of-revolution properties or material heterogeneity properties, must be found. This thesis shows that such relationships are complex and require the use of the automated pattern recognition capability of machine learning. Two machine learning algorithms, Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks, are used to identify whether objects are likely to be UXO. Furthermore, the effects of small diffuse clutter fragments and uncertainty about the target position are investigated. This discrimination procedure is applied on both synthetic data from models and measurements of UXO and clutter. It is found that good discrimination is possible for up to 20 dB SNR. But the discrimination is sensitive to inaccurate estimations of a target's depth. It is found that the accuracy must be within a 10 cm deviation of an object's true depth. The general conclusion forwarded by this work is that while increasingly accurate discrimination capabilities can be produced through more detailed forward modeling and application of robust optimization and learning algorithms, the presence of noise and clutter is still of great concern. Minimization or filtering of such noise is necessary before field deployable discrimination techniques can be realized.
Book Synopsis Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation by : James Byrnes
Download or read book Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation written by James Byrnes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-19 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters in this volume were presented at the July–August 2008 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation. The conference was held at the beautiful Il Ciocco resort near Lucca, in the glorious Tuscany region of northern Italy. For the ninth time we gathered at this idyllic spot to explore and extend the reciprocity between mathematics and engineering. The dynamic interaction between world-renowned scientists from the usually disparate communities of pure mathematicians and applied scientists which occurred at our eight previous ASI’s continued at this meeting. The detection and neutralization of unexploded ordnance (UXO) has been of major concern for very many decades; at least since the First World war. UXO continues to be the subject of intensive research in many ?elds of science, incl- ing mathematics, signal processing (mainly radar and sonar) and chemistry. While today’s headlines emphasize the mayhem resulting from the placement of imp- vised explosive devices (IEDs), humanitarian landmine clearing continues to draw signi?cant global attention as well. In many countries of the world, landmines threaten the population and hinder reconstruction and fast, ef?cient utilization of large areas of the mined land in the aftermath of military con?icts.
Book Synopsis Multisensor Methods for Buried Unexploded Ordnance Detection, Discrimination, and Identification by : Dwain K. Butler
Download or read book Multisensor Methods for Buried Unexploded Ordnance Detection, Discrimination, and Identification written by Dwain K. Butler and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) cleanup is the number one priority Army installation remediation/restoration requirement The problem is enormous in scope, with millions of acres and hundreds of sites potentially contaminated. Before the UXO can be recovered and destroyed, it must be located. UXO location requires surface geophysical surveys. The geophysical anomalies caused by the UXO must be detected, discriminated from geophysical anomalies caused by other sources, and ideally identified or classified. Recent UXO technology demonstrations, live site demonstrations, and practical UXO surveys for site cleanup confirm that most UXO anomalies can be detected (with probabilities of detection of 90 percent or better), however there is little evidence of discrimination capability (i.e., the false alarm rates are high), and there is no identification capability. Approaches to simultaneously increase probability of detection and decrease false alarm rate and ultimately to give identification/classification capability involve rational multisensor data integration for discrimination and advanced development of new and emerging technology for enhanced discrimination and identification. The goal of multisensor data integration is to achieve true joint inversion of data to a best-fitting model using realistic physics-based models that replicate UXO geometries and physical properties of the UXO and surrounding geologic materials. Data management, analysis, and display procedures for multisensor data are investigated. The role of empirical, quasi-empirical, and analytical modeling for UXO geophysical signature prediction are reviewed and contrasted with approaches that require large signature databases (e.g., expert systems, neural nets, signature database comparison) for training or best-fit comparison. A magnetic modeling capability is developed, validated, and documented that uses a prolate spheroid model of UXO.
Book Synopsis Feature-based UXO Detection and Discrimination by :
Download or read book Feature-based UXO Detection and Discrimination written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With current technology and survey practices, unexploded ordnance (UXO) site characterization is inefficient and incomplete. Not all buried UXO are routinely detected, and those that are cannot be routinely distinguished from other items in the ground that pose no risk (e.g., scrap metal objects and other artifacts), which leads to an enormous amount of expensive digging. Over the past decade, DoD has invested heavily in developing survey data analysis and processing techniques for use with commercial sensors that can improve UXO detection and discrimination between UXO and clutter. These techniques include characterization procedures for estimating target features from survey data (size, shape, depth of burial, orientation, etc.) and feature-based classification procedures to aid decision making. Our technical approach promotes the selection of potential UXO targets using quantitative evaluation criteria and transparent decision-making processes. As such, we developed UX-Analyze, an analysis framework within Oasis montaj (trademark) that integrates quantitative analysis algorithms and custom-designed visualization schemes. The analysis algorithms assume a dipolar source and derive the best set of induced dipole model parameters that account for the spatial variation of the signal as the sensor is moved over the object. The model parameters are target location and depth, three dipole response coefficients corresponding to the principal axes of the target (electromagnetic induction [EMI] only), and the three angles that describe the orientation of the target. The source's size can be estimated using empirical relationships between either the dipole moment for magnetic data or the sum of the targets' response coefficients. The objective of this technology demonstration was to discriminate 4.2 inch mortars from native clutter at Camp Sibert, Alabama, by characterizing and classifying anomalies identified in EMI and magnetic survey data.
Download or read book Program Solicitation written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advanced MTADS Classification for Detection and Discrimination of UXO. by :
Download or read book Advanced MTADS Classification for Detection and Discrimination of UXO. written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chemistry Division of the Naval Research Laboratory has developed the Multi-sensor Towed Array Detection System (MTADS) for the detection and classification of buried unexploded ordnance. In order to increase the discrimination ability of the system, we have developed advanced analysis algorithms for the Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) sensor data. In order to critically test the performance of these algorithms, we performed a magnetometer and two EMI surveys of a seeded, 10-acre site on the Impact Area of the Badlands Bombing Range, SD. We quantitatively compare the predictions from a baseline MTADS magnetometry analysis, an advanced EMI analysis, and a probabilistic neural net approach developed in a related SERDP program against actual remediation results. In addition, we discuss the performance the EMI system in both a low- and high-SNR environment.
Book Synopsis Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics by :
Download or read book Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets by :
Download or read book Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Clearance, Active Range UXO Clearance, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Programs by :
Download or read book Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Clearance, Active Range UXO Clearance, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Programs written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1994 and the Future Years Defense Program: Military readiness and defense infrastructure by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services
Download or read book Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1994 and the Future Years Defense Program: Military readiness and defense infrastructure written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
