Device Circuit Co-Design Issues in FETs

Download Device Circuit Co-Design Issues in FETs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000926427
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Device Circuit Co-Design Issues in FETs by : Shubham Tayal

Download or read book Device Circuit Co-Design Issues in FETs written by Shubham Tayal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-08-22 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of emerging semiconductor devices and their applications in electronic circuits, which form the foundation of electronic devices. Device Circuit Co-Design Issues in FETs provides readers with a better understanding of the ever-growing field of low-power electronic devices and their applications in the wireless, biosensing, and circuit domains. The book brings researchers and engineers from various disciplines of the VLSI domain together to tackle the emerging challenges in the field of engineering and applications of advanced low-power devices in an effort to improve the performance of these technologies. The chapters examine the challenges and scope of FinFET device circuits, 3D FETs, and advanced FET for circuit applications. The book also discusses low-power memory design, neuromorphic computing, and issues related to thermal reliability. The authors provide a good understanding of device physics and circuits, and discuss transistors based on the new channel/dielectric materials and device architectures to achieve low-power dissipation and ultra-high switching speeds to fulfill the requirements of the semiconductor industry. This book is intended for students, researchers, and professionals in the field of semiconductor devices and nanodevices, as well as those working on device-circuit co-design issues.

Device Circuit Co-design Issues in FETs

Download Device Circuit Co-design Issues in FETs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781003359234
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (592 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Device Circuit Co-design Issues in FETs by : Shubham Tayal

Download or read book Device Circuit Co-design Issues in FETs written by Shubham Tayal and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book will provide an overview of emerging semiconductor devices and their applications in electronic circuits design, which form the foundation of electronic devices. Device Circuit Co-design Issues in FETs provides readers with a better understanding of the ever-growing field of low-power electronic devices and their applications in the wireless, biosensing, and circuit domains. The book brings researchers and engineers from various disciplines of the VLSI domain together to tackle the emerging challenges in the field of engineering and applications of advanced low-power devices in an effort to improve the performance of these technologies. The chapters examine the challenges and scope of FinFET device circuits, 3D FETs and advanced FET for circuit applications. The book also discusses low power memory design, neuromorphic computing, and issues related to thermal reliability. The authors provide a good understanding of device physics and circuits, and discuss transistors based on the new channel/dielectric materials, and device architectures to achieve low-power dissipation and ultra-high switching speeds to fulfill the requirement of the semiconductor industry. This book is intended for students, researchers and professionals in the field of semiconductor devices and nanodevices, as well as those working on device-circuit co-design issues"--

Microwave Devices and Circuits for Advanced Wireless Communication

Download Microwave Devices and Circuits for Advanced Wireless Communication PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040114636
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microwave Devices and Circuits for Advanced Wireless Communication by : Dilip Kumar Choudhary

Download or read book Microwave Devices and Circuits for Advanced Wireless Communication written by Dilip Kumar Choudhary and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-08-27 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive overview of design and analysis of microwave devices and circuits for 5G and beyond wireless communication systems. It focuses on modern microwave antennas, filters, metamaterials, and MIMO systems. It includes a design approach based on Artificial Intelligence and the practical use of microwave devices and circuits in commercial, medical, and military applications. Microwave Devices and Circuits for Advanced Wireless Communications: Design and Analysis explores the performance of microwave devices and circuits by highlighting the difficulties encountered by researchers and designers such as latency, interoperability, wireless coexistence, data streaming, safety, security, and privacy. The book explores the most important aspects of antenna design, including radiation pattern control, impedance matching with bandwidth improvement, and gain enhancement. It also examines different categories of metasurfaces, including frequency-selective surfaces (FSS) and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures, and their distinct roles in antenna design. Additionally, the book examines concepts such as ultra-wideband (UWB) radar for 5G millimeter wave applications, and advanced techniques such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), beam-forming, compressed sensing, and diffraction tomography for enabling high-resolution imaging across wider application areas. The authors also present an overview on applying machine learning (ML) techniques to advanced wireless communication for signal-processing tasks such as signal denoising, equalization, and modulation recognition. They then discuss the potential significance of UAV communication systems in achieving seamless connection, quality of service (QoS), as well as the difficulties and potential remedies involved in building dependable networks using UAVs. Throughout the book the authors offer a critical assessment of the strengths and limitations of each topic and approach presented, thus providing valuable guidance for future research in this exciting field. This book will be helpful for graduate students, researchers, and engineers working in the area of design and reliability of circuits for microwave and communication systems.

Advanced Nanoscale MOSFET Architectures

Download Advanced Nanoscale MOSFET Architectures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1394188943
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (941 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Nanoscale MOSFET Architectures by : Kalyan Biswas

Download or read book Advanced Nanoscale MOSFET Architectures written by Kalyan Biswas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-07-03 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive reference on the fundamental principles and basic physics dictating metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) operation Advanced Nanoscale MOSFET Architectures provides an in-depth review of modern metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) device technologies and advancements, with information on their operation, various architectures, fabrication, materials, modeling and simulation methods, circuit applications, and other aspects related to nanoscale MOSFET technology. The text begins with an introduction to the foundational technology before moving on to describe challenges associated with the scaling of nanoscale devices. Other topics covered include device physics and operation, strain engineering for highly scaled MOSFETs, tunnel FET, graphene based field effect transistors, and more. The text also compares silicon bulk and devices, nanosheet transistors and introduces low-power circuit design using advanced MOSFETs. Additional topics covered include: High-k gate dielectrics and metal gate electrodes for multi-gate MOSFETs, covering gate stack processing and metal gate modification Strain engineering in 3D complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) and its scaling impact, and strain engineering in silicon–germanium (SiGe) FinFET and its challenges and future perspectives TCAD simulation of multi-gate MOSFET, covering model calibration and device performance for analog and RF applications Description of the design of an analog amplifier circuit using digital CMOS technology of SCL for ultra-low power VLSI applications Advanced Nanoscale MOSFET Architectures helps readers understand device physics and design of new structures and material compositions, making it an important resource for the researchers and professionals who are carrying out research in the field, along with students in related programs of study.

5G and Beyond Wireless Communications

Download 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 104011590X
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications by : Abhijit Bhowmick

Download or read book 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications written by Abhijit Bhowmick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-09-03 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a thorough introduction of 5G and B5G wireless networks, as well as cutting-edge technologies that aid in network design and development. This book also covers machine learning techniques for advanced communications. 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges discusses the newest technologies for 5G and future networks, including CR networks, D2D networks, UAV-assisted communications, RIS-assisted communications, and ML for communication networks. Additionally, it discusses using antenna systems for advanced communications networks. It also explores various security issues and their solutions, as well as power and interference management and machine learning for optimization of network parameters. The book also examines the design of 5G antennas from a materials perspective, and a thorough analysis of the materials utilized to create innovative antennas for advanced communication network is discussed. The book concludes by discussing the advancement of ML-based communication networks and their future opportunities and challenges. This book will be helpful for researchers and master students who want to focus their research work in the area of next-generation advanced wireless communications.

5G and Beyond Wireless Networks

Download 5G and Beyond Wireless Networks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1003836003
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 5G and Beyond Wireless Networks by : Indrasen Singh

Download or read book 5G and Beyond Wireless Networks written by Indrasen Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-02-26 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 5G and Beyond Wireless Networks: Technology, Network Deployments, and Materials for Antenna Design offers a comprehensive overview of 5G and beyond 5G wireless networks along with emerging technologies that support the design and development of wireless networks. It also includes discussions on various materials used for practical antenna design which are suitable for 5G, beyond 5G applications, and cell-free massive MIMO systems. The book discusses the latest techniques used in 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) communication, such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), device-to-device (D2D) communication, 6G ultra-dense O-RAN, rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA), simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO), and cell-free massive MIMO systems, which are explained in detail for 5G and beyond cellular networks. The description of NOMA and their benefit for 5G and beyond networks is also addressed along with D2D communication for next generation cellular networks. RSMA technique is also explained for 6G communication. Detailed descriptions for the design and development of 5G and beyond networks over various techniques are included. The materials specification to design antenna for 5G application are also given. The role of metalens in designing effective antennas and material specifications for 5G applications is explained in this book. Apart from the above emerging topics, this book also gives ideas about intelligent communication, Internet of Multimedia Things (IOMT), millimeter-wave MIMO-UFMC, and fog computing cloud networks. The last chapter gives details about the legal frameworks for 5G technology for responsible and sustainable deployment. Overall, this book may benefit network design engineers and researchers working in the area of next generation cellular networks. The contents of this book will be helpful for young researchers and master students, and network design engineers who are working in the area of next generation cellular networks.

Laser Applications in Manufacturing

Download Laser Applications in Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1003826911
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Applications in Manufacturing by : Pankaj Kumar

Download or read book Laser Applications in Manufacturing written by Pankaj Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-12-22 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the emerging areas of laser-based manufacturing such as additive manufacturing (AM) of metal matrix composites (MMCs), joining of hard-to-weld superalloys, damage-free machining of fiber-reinforced composites, surface properties enhancement using cladding techniques, and modeling and simulation of laser beam manufacturing techniques. Laser Applications in Manufacturing provides a quick guide for researchers and academicians to recent advancements in the development of powder-based MMCs manufactured using AM technology. This book: shows recent developments in functionally graded sheets or laminates and fabrication of fiber-reinforced composite using sheet lamination printing lists recent developments in the joining of dissimilar materials in diverse applications such as hybrid structures and lightweight components for increased performance and functionality includes many recent developments in machining carbon fiber, glass fiber, and natural fiber composite laminates for investigations of delamination and surface quality characteristics showcases different aspects of surface alloying of miniature components, hard and soft composite coating for various applications. Laser Applications in Manufacturing is recommended for researchers working on fabrication of numerous new and novel materials. The book serves as a resource for scientists and engineers working in laser-based manufacturing techniques who want to learn about the most up-to-date research.

Human-Machine Interface Technology Advancements and Applications

Download Human-Machine Interface Technology Advancements and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000906299
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human-Machine Interface Technology Advancements and Applications by : Ravichander Janapati

Download or read book Human-Machine Interface Technology Advancements and Applications written by Ravichander Janapati and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-09-22 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human–Machine Interface Technology Advancements and Applications focuses on analysis, design, and evaluation perspectives in HMI technological breakthroughs and applications. It covers a wide range of ideas, methodologies, approaches, and instruments to give the reader a thorough understanding of the field's current academic and industry practice and debate. Physical, cognitive, social, and emotional factors are all considered in the work, which is exemplified by key application fields such as aerospace, automobile, medicine, and defense. This book covers AI and machine learning methodologies as well as biological signals and HMI applications. Nanotechnology, user interface design, and interactive systems are also featured. The MATLAB approach to signal processing applications is also included. This book discusses advances in the field of human–machine interfaces and provides practical knowledge in biomedical signal processing, AI, and machine learning. It discusses augmented reality/virtual reality-based HMI applications. It examines advances in nanotechnology, user interface design, and interactive systems. This book is intended to serve as a research guide that will both inform readers about the fundamentals of HMI from academic and industrial perspectives and provide a glimpse into how human-centered designers, such as engineers and human factors specialists, will attempt to design and develop human–machine systems in the future.

Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs

Download Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441915478
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs by : Serge Oktyabrsky

Download or read book Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs written by Serge Oktyabrsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-16 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs presents the fundamentals and current status of research of compound semiconductor metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) that are envisioned as a future replacement of silicon in digital circuits. The material covered begins with a review of specific properties of III-V semiconductors and available technologies making them attractive to MOSFET technology, such as band-engineered heterostructures, effect of strain, nanoscale control during epitaxial growth. Due to the lack of thermodynamically stable native oxides on III-V's (such as SiO2 on Si), high-k oxides are the natural choice of dielectrics for III-V MOSFETs. The key challenge of the III-V MOSFET technology is a high-quality, thermodynamically stable gate dielectric that passivates the interface states, similar to SiO2 on Si. Several chapters give a detailed description of materials science and electronic behavior of various dielectrics and related interfaces, as well as physics of fabricated devices and MOSFET fabrication technologies. Topics also include recent progress and understanding of various materials systems; specific issues for electrical measurement of gate stacks and FETs with low and wide bandgap channels and high interface trap density; possible paths of integration of different semiconductor materials on Si platform.

Nanowire Transistors

Download Nanowire Transistors PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316558622
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanowire Transistors by : Jean-Pierre Colinge

Download or read book Nanowire Transistors written by Jean-Pierre Colinge and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From quantum mechanical concepts to practical circuit applications, this book presents a self-contained and up-to-date account of the physics and technology of nanowire semiconductor devices. It includes a unified account of the critical ideas central to low-dimensional physics and transistor physics which equips readers with a common framework and language to accelerate scientific and technological developments across the two fields. Detailed descriptions of novel quantum mechanical effects such as quantum current oscillations, the metal-to-semiconductor transition and the transition from classical transistor to single-electron transistor operation are described in detail, in addition to real-world applications in the fields of nanoelectronics, biomedical sensing techniques, and advanced semiconductor research. Including numerous illustrations to help readers understand these phenomena, this is an essential resource for researchers and professional engineers working on semiconductor devices and materials in academia and industry.

Emerging Low-Power Semiconductor Devices

Download Emerging Low-Power Semiconductor Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000640183
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Low-Power Semiconductor Devices by : Shubham Tayal

Download or read book Emerging Low-Power Semiconductor Devices written by Shubham Tayal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-08-31 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives insight into the emerging semiconductor devices from their applications in electronic circuits. It discusses the challenges in the field of engineering and applications of advanced low-power devices. Emerging Low-Power Semiconductor Devices: Applications for Future Technology Nodes offers essential exposure to low-power devices, and applications in wireless, biosensing, and circuit domains. This book provides a detailed discussion on all aspects, including the current and future scenarios related to the low-power device. The book also presents basic knowledge about field-effect transistor (FET) devices and introduces emerging and novel FET devices. The chapters include a review of the usage of FET devices in various domains like biosensing, wireless, and cryogenics applications. The chapters also explore device-circuit co-design issues in the digital and analog domains. The content is presented in an easy-to-follow manner that makes it ideal for individuals new to the subject. This book is intended for scientists, researchers, and postgraduate students looking for an understanding of device physics, circuits, and systems.

Carbon Nanotube Electronics

Download Carbon Nanotube Electronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387692851
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (876 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Carbon Nanotube Electronics by : Ali Javey

Download or read book Carbon Nanotube Electronics written by Ali Javey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-21 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a complete overview of the field of carbon nanotube electronics. It covers materials and physical properties, synthesis and fabrication processes, devices and circuits, modeling, and finally novel applications of nanotube-based electronics. The book introduces fundamental device physics and circuit concepts of 1-D electronics. At the same time it provides specific examples of the state-of-the-art nanotube devices.

Microwave Journal

Download Microwave Journal PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1400 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microwave Journal by :

Download or read book Microwave Journal written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Energy Limits in Computation

Download Energy Limits in Computation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319934589
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Energy Limits in Computation by : Craig S. Lent

Download or read book Energy Limits in Computation written by Craig S. Lent and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-03 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a single-source reference to the issues involved in the Landauer principle, which has gained new prominence recently, due to the large amount of heat generated by today’s computers. If Landauer’s principle is correct, there may be ways to build computers that dissipate far less power (corresponding to heat generated) than today’s computers. This book brings together all sides of the discussions regarding Landauer’s principle, both theoretical and experimental, empowering readers to gain better understanding of dissipation in computation, and the limits if any to progress in computation related to energy dissipation. It represents the best and most thorough examination of the important issue of Landauer’s principle that is available in one volume. Provides an in-depth investigation of the Landauer principle and how it relates to the possible existence of lower bounds on dissipation in computation; Gathers together both sides of the discussion: those who agree with Landauer and his conclusions, and those who think that Landauer was not correct, offering fresh perspective on the issues in the new light of experiments; Offers insight into the future of silicon CMOS and the limits if any to progress in computation related to energy dissipation.

High-k Materials in Multi-Gate FET Devices

Download High-k Materials in Multi-Gate FET Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Science, Technology, and Management
ISBN 13 : 9780367639693
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (396 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High-k Materials in Multi-Gate FET Devices by : Shubham Tayal

Download or read book High-k Materials in Multi-Gate FET Devices written by Shubham Tayal and published by Science, Technology, and Management. This book was released on 2023-09-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on high-k materials for advanced FET devices. It discusses emerging challenges in the engineering and applications and considers issues with associated technologies.

RF Circuit Design

Download RF Circuit Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080553427
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis RF Circuit Design by : Christopher Bowick

Download or read book RF Circuit Design written by Christopher Bowick and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-08 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's Back! New chapters, examples, and insights; all infused with the timeless concepts and theories that have helped RF engineers for the past 25 years!RF circuit design is now more important than ever as we find ourselves in an increasingly wireless world. Radio is the backbone of today's wireless industry with protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMax, and ZigBee. Most, if not all, mobile devices have an RF component and this book tells the reader how to design and integrate that component in a very practical fashion. This book has been updated to include today's integrated circuit (IC) and system-level design issues as well as keeping its classic "wire lead" material. Design Concepts and Tools Include•The Basics: Wires, Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors•Resonant Circuits: Resonance, Insertion Loss •Filter Design: High-pass, Bandpass, Band-rejection•Impedance Matching: The L Network, Smith Charts, Software Design Tools•Transistors: Materials, Y Parameters, S Parameters•Small Signal RF Amplifier: Transistor Biasing, Y Parameters, S Parameters•RF Power Amplifiers: Automatic Shutdown Circuitry , Broadband Transformers, Practical Winding Hints•RF Front-End: Architectures, Software-Defined Radios, ADC's Effects•RF Design Tools: Languages, Flow, ModelingCheck out this book's companion Web site at: http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companion.jsp?ISBN=9780750685184 for full-color Smith Charts and extra content! - Completely updated but still contains its classic timeless information - Two NEW chapters on RF Front-End Design and RF Design Tools - Not overly math intensive, perfect for the working RF and digital professional that need to build analog-RF-Wireless circuits

High Speed Heterostructure Devices

Download High Speed Heterostructure Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080864384
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High Speed Heterostructure Devices by :

Download or read book High Speed Heterostructure Devices written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1994-07-06 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 41 includes an in-depth review of the most important, high-speed switches made with heterojunction technology. This volume is aimed at the graduate student or working researcher who needs a broad overview andan introduction to current literature. - The first complete review of InP-based HFETs and complementary HFETs, which promise very low power and high speed - Offers a complete, three-chapter review of resonant tunneling - Provides an emphasis on circuits as well as devices