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Author : Michael E. Bartkow
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 73 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (644 download)
Download or read book Development of Passive Air Samplers for Semivolatile Organic Compounds written by Michael E. Bartkow and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Joseph Ocheje Okeme
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)
Download or read book Development of Passive Samplers for Measuring Indoor Air Concentrations, and Measurement of Physical and Chemical Properties of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds written by Joseph Ocheje Okeme and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) including flame retardants (FRs) and plasticizers used in consumer products from indoor sources is a serious concern. These compounds are then advected to the outdoor environment which leads to regional and long-range transport and exposure to the ecosystem. This thesis aims to improve our understanding of exposure to selected SVOCs by developing tools, methods and providing data to facilitate exposure assessment particularly regarding indoor air. Three new passive air samplers (PAS), namely silicone rubber (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS), styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (XAD)-Pocket and XAD-PDMS were calibrated against an active air sampler and compared to the more popular polyurethane foam (PUF) PAS. Although the indoor sampling rates vary, we recommend from these studies a generic sampling rate of 1.7 m3 day-1dm-2 and 0.94 m3 day-1dm-2 for PDMS and PUF, respectively. The active air sampler was also used to assess the gas-particle distribution of the target compounds. The particle-phase partitioning fractions of SVOCs is a key determinant of their environmental behaviour and potential for exposure thus toxicity. A key finding here, is that some relatively volatile organophosphate ester FRs are present in the gas-phase where most published studies of active air sampling report them largely in the particle phase, indicating a sampling artifact. To improve chemical screening and modelling of the transport and fate, this thesis provides experimentally determined values of vapour pressures and octanol-air partition coefficients for over 50 SVOCs measured here using the well-established gas chromatography retention time method. Deployment of PDMS and PUF in residential homes gave comparable estimates of air concentrations for SVOCs in the gas-phase, although PUF was more able to capture compounds with higher fractions in the particulate phase. PDMS shows promise as a tool for estimating exposure to a wide range of SVOCs indoors, although its particle sampling efficiency warrants further work.
Author : Xianming Zhang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Passive Air Samplers for Semivolatile Organic Compounds written by Xianming Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Richard Greenwood
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080489508
Total Pages : 487 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)
Download or read book Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring written by Richard Greenwood and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-07-03 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monitoring pollutants in air, soil and water is a routine requirement in the workplace, and in the wider environment. Passive samplers can provide a representative picture of levels of pollutants over a period of time from days to months by measuring the average concentrations to which they have been exposed. Air monitors are widely used, for instance to measure the exposure of workers to volatile compounds, but also for monitoring the fate of pollutants in the atmosphere. Passive sampling devices are now becomining increasingly used to monitor pollutants in rivers, coastal waters and ground water where contamination results from sources such as domestic and industrial discharges, and the use of agrochemicals. Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring provides a timely collection of information on a set of techniques that help monitor the quality of air, surface and ground waters. Passive sampling can provide an inexpensive means of obtaining a representative picture of quality over a period of time, even where levels of pollutants fluctuate due to discontinuous discharges or seasonal application of chemicals such as pesticides. Recent changes in legislation have increased the pressure to obtain better information than that provided by classical infrequent spot sampling.Brought together in one source, this book looks at the performance of a range of devices for the passive sampling of metals, and of non-polar and polar organic chemicals in air and in water. The strengths and weaknesses and the range of applicability of the technology are considered.* Comprehensive review of passive sampling - covering air, water and majority of available technologies in one volume* Chapters written by international specialist experts * Covers theory and applications, providing background information and guidelines for use in the field
Author : Hang Xiao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780494677506
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (775 download)
Download or read book Development and Application of a Flow-Through Sampler for Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Air written by Hang Xiao and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The investigation of the atmospheric fate and transport of semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) often requires the sampling of large volumes of air (>100 m3) in a relatively short period of time. Conventionally high-volume pumps are not suitable for remote areas without access to reliable network power. We have developed a flow through sampler for such situations. It consists of a horizontally-oriented flow-tube, that can collect gaseous and particle-bound SOCs from large volumes of air by turning into the wind and having the wind blow through a porous sampling medium such as polyurethane foam. Through both indoor and outdoor experiments, we quantified its air sampling rate (through battery operated anemometers inside and outside of the flow tube), its sampling efficiency (by theoretical plate number analysis of the break-though curves for PCBs, PAHs, OCPs and PBDEs), and its accuracy (by comparison of concentrations, time trends, temperature dependences and isomer ratios with those obtained by conventional high-volume sampling) under conditions of constant and variable meteorological conditions (wind speed, temperature). The flow-through sampler was deployed to monitor SOC concentrations at a remote Chinese research station located close to Nam Co Lake, Tibet. During the campaign, fifteen 1 month-long samples were taken, corresponding to sample volumes between 5,000 and 20,000 m3. Despite those large sample volumes, only HCB and HCHs experienced break-through, but application of frontal chromatograph theory allows the estimation of breakthrough-corrected air concentrations even for those relatively volatile SOCs. The pesticide levels at Nam Co are generally very low. Most pesticides had higher levels during summer, resulting in a strong temperature dependence. This is correlated with air mass origin across the Himalayas in the Gangetic plains of India and Bangladesh. The flow through sampler constitutes a feasible method for reliably and quantitatively collecting SOCs from large air volumes.
Author : James N. Huckins
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781441939692
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (396 download)
Download or read book Monitors of Organic Chemicals in the Environment written by James N. Huckins and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-10-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors of this book are pioneers of the passive, integrative sampling approach and developers of globally applied semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The book will boost understanding of how passive samplers such as SPMD function by examining basic exchange processes that mediate the concentration of SVOCs in a sampling matrix. The book delineates fundamental theory and modeling techniques, while providing a practical guide for its proper application.
Author : Thomas Foken
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030521710
Total Pages : 1761 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements written by Thomas Foken and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 1761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks. Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 3 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (927 download)
Download or read book Development of Collection Methods for Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development and Application of a Flow-through Sampler for Semi-volatile Organic Compounds in Air written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PhD.
Author : Ronald A. Hites
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540291688
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (916 download)
Download or read book Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Great Lakes written by Ronald A. Hites and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-02-09 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollution threatens the Laurentian Great Lakes and is a serious problem. This book examines what is known about the major classes of persistent toxic organic pollutants. Agricultural runoff, urban waste, industrial discharge, landfill leachate, and atmospheric deposition, are all to blame. Contamination of the various ecosystems is reviewed, and what is known about the effects of this pollution. This volume provides an invaluable resource for those in environmental research, measurements, and decision making concerning the Great Lakes.
Author : Carey E. Donald
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (985 download)
Download or read book Advances in Passive Sampling written by Carey E. Donald and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Passive sampling devices have been used for decades to measure complex mixtures of bioavailable organic chemicals in a variety of environmental media. More recently passive sampler applications have expanded beyond monitoring chemical concentrations, and this dissertation continues to advance methods of passive sampling on many fronts. Despite their growing use, no practical, evidence-based guidelines exist to ensure concentrations of chemicals sequestered in passive samplers are stable in transport and storage. We demonstrated that concentrations of semivolatile chemicals sequestered within passive samplers would be stable with low-cost shipping from isolated locales by simulating in the laboratory a worst-case scenario at 35 °C for two weeks. Quantitative measures of the flux of semivolatile chemicals between soil and air have been limited by the challenges of collecting soil and estimating chemical fugacity from soil. We avoided these pitfalls by adapting passive sampling equipment to directly sample gas-phase chemicals in air above the soil. The sensitivity of the novel technique was demonstrated at three disparate sites, where volatilization was measured at a site with historically contaminated soil, and deposition was measured at another site with a recent oil spill and fire. In a related study, we deployed the same equipment on artificial turf fields to provide the first quantitative measure of semivolatile flux between artificial turf and overlying air. We detected an additional 26 compounds that have not been previously associated with artificial turf, including some that have known human health impacts. Finally, passive sampling principles were applied to measure chemicals in the human personal environment, using a newly-developed silicone passive sampler wristband. Nineteen pesticides were detected that were not reportedly used among 35 rural farmer participants, demonstrating the utility of the wristband in measuring personal exposures to pesticides. Pesticide concentrations in multiple wristbands, worn by a participant over time, were more similar to each other than to other participants, signifying the uniqueness of personal environments and the importance of taking personalized measurements when assessing risk. The advancements in this dissertation capitalize on the features of passive sampling techniques: easy, yet robust, transport capabilities were demonstrated to provide evidence-based transport criteria; ability to directly measure gas-phase chemicals led to quantitative flux measurements from soil and artificial turf; non-selective organic chemical sequestration allowed for identification of unexpected, or previously unreported chemicals; and the polymer qualities that mimic biological membranes sampled the bioavailable fraction for comparing human exposures. The advancements herein provide logistical solutions and sensitive measures of chemical transport and human exposures, and contribute to the expanding range of possibilities for passive sampling.
Author : David A. Alvarez
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781500220174
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (21 download)
Download or read book Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable Membrane Device (Spmd) and the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (Pocis) in Environmental Monitoring Studies written by David A. Alvarez and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of an environmental monitoring study using passive samplers, or any sampling method, begins in the office or laboratory. Regardless of the specific methods used, the general steps include the formulation of a sampling plan, training of personnel, performing the field (sampling) work, processing the collected samples to recover chemicals of inter- est, analysis of the enriched extracts, and interpretation of the data. Each of these areas will be discussed in the following sections with emphasis on specific considerations with the use of passive samplers.
Author : Xiaofeng Xie
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (987 download)
Download or read book High Flow Air Sampler for Rapid Analysis of Volatile and Semi-volatile Organic Compounds written by Xiaofeng Xie and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An equilibrium distribution sampling system was developed by absorbing selected analytes in granular PDMS to provide calibration for on-site instrumentation. Furthermore, a needle trap device was coupled in tandem to both high flow rate air samplers to perform second-stage concentration of VOCs down to the ppt level. Concentration factors of 104 to 105 were achieved within 30 min using both systems, i.e., over 10 to 100 times more sample was collected compared to conventional TD systems.
Author : Leo M.L. Nollet
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420027980
Total Pages : 1290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, Third Edition written by Leo M.L. Nollet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-11-29 with total page 1290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, Third Edition is a detailed handbook on different chromatographic analysis techniques and chromatographic data for compounds found in air, water, soil, and sludge. Taking on a new perspective from previous editions, this third edition discusses the parameters of each environmental compartment in a consistent format that highlights preparation techniques, chromatographic separation methods, and detection methods. Most of the data are compiled in tables and figures to elucidate the text as needed. Separate chapters approach specific aspects of sampling methods especially designed for environmental purposes, quantification of environmental analytes in difficult matrices, and data handling. The second part of the book focuses on the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the environment, including volatile organic carbons (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In addition, the authors feature information on compounds such as phosphates, organic acids, halogenated VOCs, amines, and n-ntirosamines, isocyanates, phthalate esters, and humic substances. Presenting important theoretical and practical aspects from sample collection to laboratory analysis, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, Third Edition is a unique resource of chromatographic techniques, data, and references that are useful to all scientists involved in the analysis of environmental compounds.
Author : Erik Kissa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824704728
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (47 download)
Download or read book Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents, Second Edition, written by Erik Kissa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-02-09 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion of the synthesis, problems, theories and applications of fluorinated surfactants, this second edition is updated with four new chapters on repellency and protection against soiling and staining and over 2900 references, equations, and drawings (800 more than the previous edition). It lists alphabetically and explores numerous applications of fluorinated surfactants. Called "...a most useful introduction to these fascinating materials" by the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology and "...a coherent and stimulating handbook...the most useful book in the fluorinated surfactants field to date. Recommended." by the Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions - this book is a source of factual data, methods of manufacture, and chemical structures for the surfactant scientist and user.
Author : Jenna L. Armstrong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (874 download)
Download or read book Passive and Active Air Sampling for Residential Exposures to Airborne Organophosphorus Pesticides and Oxygen Analogs ("Oxons") in Central Washington State written by Jenna L. Armstrong and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are some of the most widely used insecticides in the United States, and spray applications are a concern for public health due to potential human exposures from distant transport via off target volatilization and particulate drift. Initial tests on active air sampling methods found the NIOSH recommended sampling matrix (OVS XAD-2 Resin Tubes) to artificially transform substantial amounts of chlorpyrifos (CPF) to its oxygen analog (CPF-O) in the laboratory (up to 32%) and in the field, leading to inaccuracies in reported levels CPF and CPF-O in past field studies. A series of side-by-side tests identified the PUF matrix as a superior sampling medium for OP pesticides and their oxygen analogs. Passive air sampling methods were developed and tested in a laboratory exposure chamber and in the field to measure airborne exposures to OP pesticides and oxygen analogs in an agricultural community. Results show that the new PUF-PAS method combined with sensitive analysis (LC/MS-MS) may be used to improve our understanding of the continued fate and transport at low levels typical of residential communities down to method limits of quantification of 0.01to 0.05 ng/m3. PUF-PAS air sampling rates were similar to other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), ranging from 1.6-8.4 m3/day. The PUF-PAS devices were deployed in the Yakima Valley region of Washington State and measured cumulative monthly air concentrations during pre-thinning, thinning, and non-application seasons. Results demonstrated that air concentrations of CPF during pre-thinning season were 5-10x higher than AZM during thinning season. Households proximal to tree fruit fields ([greater or equal to]250m) reported significantly higher outdoor air concentrations CPF and AZM than non-proximal households. Indoor air concentrations were significantly reduced compared to outdoors, and farmworker households reported higher mean air concentrations of CPF than non-farmworker households. Very few samples detected oxygen analogs indoors. Indoor surface deposition (ng/m2) and air concentration (ng/m3) measurements were correlated. Higher proportions of oxygen analogs (2-35%) were identified in air, particularly in samples further from potential sources of application and during times of increased cumulative solar radiation (mJ/m2). This research highlights the ability of oxygen analogs ability to persist in air, resulting from atmospheric transport, photolysis, or reaction with oxidizing agents. Opportunity for exposure to oxygen analogs outdoors is a greater concern than indoor exposures. When considering cumulative and aggregate effects of exposure to OP pesticides in order to protect the unique health needs of children, the inclusion of oxygen analogs in risk assessments is necessary.
Author : Guibin Jiang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811394474
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)
Download or read book A New Paradigm for Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology written by Guibin Jiang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-09 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides comprehensive coverage of the theoretical developments and technological breakthroughs that have deepened our understanding of environmental pollution and human health, while also promoting a comprehensive strategy to address these problems. The respective chapters highlight groundbreaking concepts fueling the development of environmental chemistry and toxicology; revolutionary analytical and computational approaches providing novel insights into environmental health; and nature-inspired, innovative engineering solutions for tackling complex hazardous exposures. The book also features a forward-looking perspective on emerging environmental issues that call for new research and regulatory paradigms, laying the groundwork for future advances in the broad field of environmental chemistry and toxicology. Written by respected authorities in the field, A New Paradigm for Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology - From Concepts to Insights will offer an invaluable reference guide for concerned researchers and professional practitioners for years to come.
