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Development Of Optimal Czts Device Structure
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Book Synopsis Development of Optimal CZTS Device Structure: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-12-476 by :
Download or read book Development of Optimal CZTS Device Structure: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-12-476 written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Suntricity Corporation and NREL will develop an optimal CZTS device structure. In this process absorber materials provided by Suntricity Corporation will be used for testing. For this purpose Suntricity Corporation will provide dried film precursors or ink precursors. NREL will process these into PV material and complete cells with buffer, window and contacts.
Book Synopsis Growth Studies of CIGSe and CZTS Thin Films Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Co-Electrodeposition Methods by : Matthew Beres
Download or read book Growth Studies of CIGSe and CZTS Thin Films Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Co-Electrodeposition Methods written by Matthew Beres and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reliable production of clean, inexpensive energy to meet the growing global demand remains one of the most significant challenges to modern society. As high-technology, high power-consumption machines and devices proliferate and as underserved populations around the globe come "on the grid," energy demand will significantly expand. Photovoltaic (PV) technologies represent one of the most direct paths to harvesting solar energy, converting solar energy directly into electricity with no moving parts, no pollution, and no greenhouse gas emissions. These technologies often utilize materials that may not exist in sufficient abundance to meet large-scale (TW) deployment demands. For instance, the highly successful Cu(In,Ga)Se2 material system has achieved module efficiencies up to 15% [1] but contains In and Se, which are relatively scarce and expensive. Shafarman reports that the availability of In would limit total installed capacity to 0.1TW [2], far below the 10 - 20 TW required to meet global energy demand. Moreover, CIGSe devices typically involve processing with highly toxic H2Se gas [2]. Therefore, significant research has recently been devoted to discovering and developing PV devices that use non-toxic, inexpensive, earth-abundant elements. Based on the success of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 material system, the development of the electronically analogous Cu2ZnSnS4 material system represents a natural next step. CZTS replaces the scarce Group III (In/Ga) elements with more abundant Group II (Zn) and Group IV (Sn) elements. Sulfur also replaces Selenium, allowing less-toxic processing conditions. With a direct band gap of 1.5eV and high optical absorption > 104cm-1, CZTS represents an ideal absorber layer for conventional single-junction solar cells [3]. Further, it is hoped that CZTS, which shares similar crystal structure and electronic attributes with CIGSe, may also share a similar resilience in its opto-electronic properties to grain boundaries and to stoichiometric deviations that has afforded CIGSe devices much success [2]. Devices with moderately high efficiencies of 12.6% have been fabricated using Se-alloyed CZTSeS absorber layers [4]. In general, however, the fabrication of high-quality CZTSeS absorber layers has been extremely challenging, due to the narrow phase formation region for CZTSeS [3, 5], elemental and compound volatility [3, 6-8], and phase decomposition at the surface and back contacts [9, 10]. Despite the moderately high device efficiencies achieved, all aspects of CZTS device design merit continued investigation. Scalable and reliable fabrication methods that are capable of producing phase-pure, void-free CZTSeS absorber layers have yet to be demonstrated. Such advancements will require better understanding of the crystal formation processes and defect behavior of CZTSeS. The work in this dissertation aims to improve understanding of the growth processes of CZTS thin films and to provide a pathway to fabrication of high-quality absorber layers for use in photovoltaic devices. Reliable growth of high-quality CZTS thin films will enable investigation of the fundamental properties of CZTS, as well as device and interface behavior, necessary to improve device efficiency. This dissertation investigated the growth behavior of CIGSe and CZTS thin films developed for use as photovoltaic absorber layers. The CIGSe thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition, and the CZTS thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition and co-electrodeposition methods. The effects of deposition and annealing parameters on the film properties were systematically investigated, critical growth parameters identified, and optimized fabrication conditions recommended. In pulsed laser deposited CIGSe thin films, annealing in sulfur background significantly improved the electronic quality of the films, reducing carrier concentrations and increasing Hall mobilities. In pulsed laser deposition of CZTS thin films, proper adjustment of the laser fluence and sputtering target composition enabled films with the desired stoichiometries to be deposited at room temperature. A two-step temperature profile involving a long dwell at low temperature and short dwell at the crystal formation temperature yielded the most-stable films with the optimum structural properties. Proposed growth mechanisms and optimized fabrication processes are presented. To study the deposition mechanisms active in the co-electrodeposition of S-containing CZTS precursors, cyclic voltammagrams were compared with varying potential depositions. Reduction mechanisms and peak assignments are proposed. Films deposited using a fabrication process from literature demonstrated rough, powdery morphologies with Zn-poor, Sn-rich compositions. The morphology was attributed to diffusion-limited growth mechanisms with significant hydrogen co-deposition. However, removing tartaric acid from the deposition bath dramatically reduced the roughness and increased the uniformity of the films. To further improve film composition and morphology, bath component concentrations were systematically modified to yield Cu-poor, Zn-rich films. Optimum bath compositions were successfully identified, although a delayed onset of damaging hydrogen evolution reaction was observed during growth. Stopping the deposition before its onset limited the damage caused by this reaction, but films were limited to small thicknesses. Stirring, increasing bath concentration, and galvanostatic control were investigated as possible methods to increase the film thickness before the onset of this reaction. Optimized co-electrodeposition processes were identified, with linearly-swept potential and pulsed stirring methods representing the most promising processes. Similar to the pulsed laser deposited CZTS films, a two-step temperature profile yielded the most-stable films with the optimum structural properties. Finally, co-electrodeposition of metallic CZT precursors was investigated. The as-deposited films were highly compact, uniform and free of damage, and the metal ratios in the film could be directly controlled by modifying the metal sulfate concentration ratios in the bath. Varying bath concentrations were investigated, in order to determine the effect on film thickness and composition. Optimized co-electrodeposition processes were identified. After sulfurization, films demonstrated ideal compositions and structures but also significant phase segregation, with the film laterally divided into regions of large-grained CZTS and small-grained ZnS phases. Annealing in Argon at low temperature prior to sulfurization significantly improved the film homogeneity, although a non-negligible density of pinholes remained. It is unclear if the lack of S-content in the precursors, the loss of sulfur overpressure, or both, contributed to the formation of voids and pinholes. The work in this dissertation provides a comprehensive foundation on which to further improve the deposition of co-electrodeposited S-containing and metallic precursors. The growth of high-quality CZTS precursors was demonstrated and a pathway to additional optimization recommended. With minor adjustments in the electrodeposition process, and improved monitoring and control of the sulfur overpressure, it is believed that very high-quality CZTS films can be reliably fabricated using a two-step co-electrodeposition and sulfurization process. Notably, the co-electrodeposition method represents a simple fabrication method that utilizes low-toxicity components, complies with existing plating technologies, and provides high throughput. The demonstration of such a process would represent a significant step forward in the development of the earth-abundant, low-toxicity CZTS material system.
Book Synopsis Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells by : Kentaro Ito
Download or read book Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells written by Kentaro Ito and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-12-11 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with an overview and historical background of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) technology, subsequent chapters cover properties of CZTS thin films, different preparation methods of CZTS thin films, a comparative study of CZTS and CIGS solar cell, computational approach, and future applications of CZTS thin film solar modules to both ground-mount and rooftop installation. The semiconducting compound (CZTS) is made up earth-abundant, low-cost and non-toxic elements, which make it an ideal candidate to replace Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and CdTe solar cells which face material scarcity and toxicity issues. The device performance of CZTS-based thin film solar cells has been steadily improving over the past 20 years, and they have now reached near commercial efficiency levels (10%). These achievements prove that CZTS-based solar cells have the potential to be used for large-scale deployment of photovoltaics. With contributions from leading researchers from academia and industry, many of these authors have contributed to the improvement of its efficiency, and have rich experience in preparing a variety of semiconducting thin films for solar cells.
Book Synopsis Sulfide and Selenide Based Materials for Emerging Applications by : Goutam Kumar Dalapati
Download or read book Sulfide and Selenide Based Materials for Emerging Applications written by Goutam Kumar Dalapati and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-06-17 with total page 804 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sulfide and Selenide-Based Materials for Emerging Applications explores a materials and device-based approach to the transition to low-cost sustainable thin film photovoltaic devices and energy storage systems. Part 1 examines recent advances in renewable technologies and materials for sustainable development, as well as photovoltaic energy storage devices. Part 2 discusses thin film solar cells with earth abundant materials, highlighting the power conversion efficiency of the kesterite-based solar cells. Kesterite film technology including different synthesis and doping method designs are also discussed, along with emerging sulfide semiconductors with potential in thin film photovoltaics/flexible devices. In Part 3 sulfur- and selenides-based materials for thermoelectric applications are explored. Part 4 covers chalcogenide semiconductors with applications in electrochemical water splitting for green hydrogen generation and oxygen generation, as well as the latest research on layered 2D transition metal chalcogenides for electrochemical water splitting. To conclude, part 5 discusses recent developments of storage technologies such as Li-S batteries, sulfide-based supercapacitors and metal-ion batteries, and the development of 3D printing sulfides/selenides for energy conversion and storage. This book is a useful resource for those involved in green energy technology and decarbonization and is designed for a broad audience, from students to experienced scientists. - Discusses the emerging sulfide/selenide based thin film absorber materials and their deposition methods - Previews device engineering techniques that have been developed to enhance the power conversion efficiency and lifetime of sulfide/selenide based thin film solar cells - Provides an update on what low cost sulfide/selenide based electro-catalysts have become available and the comparison of their performance vs. noble metal catalysts
Book Synopsis Semiconductors by : Rosalinda Inguanta
Download or read book Semiconductors written by Rosalinda Inguanta and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-03-07 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semiconducting materials are widely used in several applications such as photonics, photovoltaics, electronics, and thermoelectrics, because of their optical and electro-optical features. The fundamental and technological importance of these materials is due to the unique physical and chemical properties. Over the years, numerous methods have been developed for the synthesis of high-efficient semiconductors. Moreover, a variety of approach and characterization methods have been used to study the numerous and fascinating properties of the semiconducting materials. This book collects new developments about semiconductors, from the fundamental issues to their synthesis and applications. Special attention has been devoted to electrochemical growth and characterization.
Book Synopsis Semiconductor Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells by : M. Parans Paranthaman
Download or read book Semiconductor Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells written by M. Parans Paranthaman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-16 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the current status of semiconductor materials for conversion of sunlight to electricity, and highlights advances in both basic science and manufacturing. Photovoltaic (PV) solar electric technology will be a significant contributor to world energy supplies when reliable, efficient PV power products are manufactured in large volumes at low cost. Expert chapters cover the full range of semiconductor materials for solar-to-electricity conversion, from crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon to cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium sulfide selenides, dye sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and environmentally friendly copper zinc tin sulfide selenides. The latest methods for synthesis and characterization of solar cell materials are described, together with techniques for measuring solar cell efficiency. Semiconductor Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells presents the current state of the art as well as key details about future strategies to increase the efficiency and reduce costs, with particular focus on how to reduce the gap between laboratory scale efficiency and commercial module efficiency. This book will aid materials scientists and engineers in identifying research priorities to fulfill energy needs, and will also enable researchers to understand novel semiconductor materials that are emerging in the solar market. This integrated approach also gives science and engineering students a sense of the excitement and relevance of materials science in the development of novel semiconductor materials. · Provides a comprehensive introduction to solar PV cell materials · Reviews current and future status of solar cells with respect to cost and efficiency · Covers the full range of solar cell materials, from silicon and thin films to dye sensitized and organic solar cells · Offers an in-depth account of the semiconductor material strategies and directions for further research · Features detailed tables on the world leaders in efficiency demonstrations · Edited by scientists with experience in both research and industry
Book Synopsis Development of in situ methods for process monitoring and control and characterization of Cu-Zn-Sn-S based thin films by : Van Duren, Stephan
Download or read book Development of in situ methods for process monitoring and control and characterization of Cu-Zn-Sn-S based thin films written by Van Duren, Stephan and published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. This book was released on 2019-06-03 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has become an interesting alternative to copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) due to its non-toxic and earth abundant constituents. A variety of methods is being used to fabricate kesterite thin films, such as coevaporation, sputtering, electrodeposition, spray pyrolysis and others. Most of them include an annealing step to stimulate elemental mixing and interdiffusion. Although conversion efficiencies of kesterite solar cells have increased among different research groups, the record value of 12.6% set by IBM in 2014 has not been broken yet. Therefore, experimental and theoretical studies are needed to predict the effect of the secondary phases and detrimental defects on the electronical properties of the CZTS based solar devices. The work presented here studies non-destructive techniques for in situ process control and monitoring. With the aim to detect phases and phase transitions to optimize crucial processing steps such as pre-annealing of metal precursors, high temperature annealing and vacuum deposition of Cu-Sn-Zn-S based thin films. The research consists of three parts in which Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflectometry are used to explore this objective. In the first part Raman spectroscopy is investigated as an in situ monitoring technique during high temperature annealing of thin films. It investigates whether the occurrence of CZTS can be monitored when it is created from annealing a Mo/CTS/ZnS layered thin film. CuS, SnS, ZnS and CTS (Cu-Sn-S) films are prepared by physical vapor deposition. The Raman scattering intensity was compared to investigate whether their specific vibrational modes can be distinguished from each other at room temperature. Then, the CTS film is annealed between 50 and 550 °C in order to investigate whether CTS vibrational modes can be identified at elevated temperatures and to see which transitions take place within the thin film. Also, a CZTS reference film is annealed between 50 and 550 °C for reference purposes. The temperature dependence of the main CZTS modes is examined to investigate whether it can be used for in situ temperature control. Finally, a ZnS layer is deposited on the unannealed CTS film to obtain a Mo/CTS/ZnS layered film. This film is used to study the conversion of CTS/ZnS into CZTS at elevated temperatures. It was found that Raman spectroscopy can successfully be used to monitor formation of CZTS by identifying its main vibrational mode during the annealing process. The intensity of the CTS modes reduces at elevated temperatures. At 450 °C, the main CZTS mode at 338 cm-1 can be clearly identified. The second part also focuses on high temperature annealing. However, in this part the focus lies on annealing of the metal precursor films. It is explored whether specific alloys benefit or hinder the formation of secondary phases during formation of the CZTS absorber films. Also, to what extent this influences solar cell performance. In situ XRD was investigated for in situ monitoring of the pre-annealing process. Cu-poor metal precursor films are prepared by sputtering deposition. The precursors are annealed at 150 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C and 450 °C in a three zone tube furnace. The effect on the structural properties is analysed by XRD to study the formation mechanism of alloys. The precursor films are then sulfurized in a three zone tube furnace. The structural properties of the absorber are analysed and correlated with structures in the precursor. It is found that formation of SnS2 in the absorber is proportional to the remaining Sn in the pre-annealed precursor. Also, electron micrographs showed that pre-annealing temperature influences grain growth and surface precipitation of Sn-S and Zn-S. Pre-annealed absorbers at 450 °C did not exhibit these phases on the surface. Solar devices are fabricated from the absorber films and best performing devices were obtained from pre-annealed absorbers at 450 °C. They showed absence of Sn and SnS2 in, respectively, the precursor and absorber. It could be concluded that SnS2 phases are detrimental to device efficiency and that SnS2 XRD peak intensity follows an inverse proportionality with device efficiency. The third part explores reflectometry as a method to monitor a growing film during thermal evaporation in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) system. A set of six CZTS absorbers is examined by ex situ Raman spectroscopy and reflectometry to study the influence of secondary phases CuS and ZnS on reflection spectra. Composition strongly influences reflection spectra and CuS leaves a characteristic dip in the reflection spectrum at about 600 nm. An integration method was used to analyze this phenomenon quantitatively. Subsequently, a reflectometry setup is designed, developed and integrated in the PVD system. Four different CZTS co-evaporated and multi-layered films are deposited. Structural, morphological and vibrational properties are investigated. The reflection spectra are monitored during deposition and time-dependent reflection spectra are analyzed for characteristic aspects related to properties such as thickness, band gap and phase formation. CuS could not be detected in the films by the integration method due to the superposition of the CuS dip with developing interference fringes during film growth. However, in multilayered CTS/ZnS film it is found that the onset of ZnS deposition can be detected by increased reflection intensity due to reduced surface roughness. Additionally, the shifting onset of the interference fringes to lower photon energies can be used as a characteristic fingerprint during the deposition process. In conclusion, this work showed that Raman spectroscopy, XRD and reflectometry could be successfully implemented for in situ process control and monitoring of high temperature annealing and vacuum deposition of Cu-Sn-Zn-S based precursors and absorbers. The application of these in situ techniques can lead to the optimization of thin film material properties and solar cells. As such, this study has paved the way for further improvement of Cu-Sn-Zn-S based precursors and thin film absorbers. Innerhalb der letzten Jahre hat sich Kesterit Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) aufgrund seiner ungiftigen Bestandteile und deren hoher Verfügbarkeit zu einer interessanten Alternative zu Kupfer Indium Gallium (di-)Selenid (CIGS) entwickelt. Zur Herstellung von Kesterit Dünnschichten wird eine Vielzahl von Methoden verwendet wie Ko-Verdampfung, Sputtern, Elektrodeposition, Spray Pyrolyse und andere. Die meisten davon beinhalten einen Temper-Schritt um die Durchmischung und Interdiffusion der Elemente zu stimulieren. Obwohl der Wirkungsgrad der Kersterit Solarzellen von verschiedenen Forschungsgruppen erhöht wurde, ist der Rekordwert von IBM von 12,6 % noch nicht gebrochen worden. Daher werden experimentelle und theoretische Studien benötigt, die den Einfluss von Fremdphasen und schädlichen Defekten auf die elektronischen Eigenschaften der CZTS Solarzellen vorhersagen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht zerstörungsfreie Methoden für die in situ Prozesskontrolle und -überwachung. Dabei ist das Ziel, entscheidende Prozessschritte wie das Vortempern der Metall-Vorläufer sowie das Hochtemperatur-Tempern und die Vakuum-Abscheidung von Cu-Sn-Zn-S basierten Schichten zu optimieren. Die Untersuchung besteht aus drei Teilen, in denen Raman-Spektroskopie, Röntgendiffraktion (XRD) und Reflektometrie benutzt werden um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Im ersten Teil wird die Ramanspektroskopie als in situ Methode zur Überwachung des Hochtemperatur-Temperns von Dünnschichten betrachtet. Es wird untersucht, ob das Entstehen von CZTS beim Tempern von gestapelten Mo/CTS/ZnS Dünnschichten beobachtet werden kann. CuS, SnS, ZnS und CTS (Cu-Sn-S) Schichten werden durch physikalische Gasabscheidung hergestellt. Die Intensität der Raman Streuung wurde vergleichen um zu untersuchen, ob die spezifischen Vibrations-Moden bei Raumtemperatur voneinander unterschieden werden können. Dann werden die CTS Schichten zwischen 50 °C und 550 °C getempert um zu untersuchen, ob die CTS Vibrations-Moden bei höheren Temperaturen identifiziert werden können und um festzustellen, welche Übergänge innerhalb der Schicht auftreten. Außerdem wurde eine CZTS Referenzschicht zwischen 50 °C und 550 °C für Referenzzwecke getempert worden. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der CZTS Haupt-Moden werden betrachtet, um zu untersuche, ob sie für die in situ Temperaturüberwachung verwendet werden können. Abschließend wurde eine ZnS Schicht auf einem nicht getemperten CTS Film abgeschieden, um eine gestapelte Mo/CTS/ZnS Schicht zu erhalten. Diese Schicht wird verwendet, um die Umwandlung von CTS/ZnS zu CZTS bei erhöhten Temperaturen zu untersuchen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass Raman Spektroskopie erfolgreich verwendet werden kann, um die Bildung von CZTS zu überwachen, indem die Haupt-Vibrations-Moden während des Temperns identifiziert werden. Die Intensität der CTS Moden verringert sich bei höheren Temperaturen. Bei 450 °C kann die CZTS Hauptmode bei 338 cm-1 klar identifiziert werden. Der zweite Teil konzentriert sich ebenfalls auf das Hochtemperatur-Tempern. In diesem Teil liegt der Fokus allerdings auf dem Tempern der Metal-Vorläufer-Schichten. Es wird erforscht, ob bestimmte Legierungen die Entstehung von Fremdphasen während der Entstehung der CZTS Absorberschichten begünstigen oder hemmen und welchen Einfluss dies auf die Leistung der Solarzelle hat. In situ XRD wird verwendet, um die Prozesse des Vortemperns zu überwachen. Kupfer arme Metall-Vorläufer-Schichten werden durch Sputtern aufgetragen. Die Vorläufer werden bei 150 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C und 450 °C in einem Drei-Zonen-Röhren-Ofen getempert. Die Auswirkungen auf die strukturellen Eigenschaften werden mit XRD analysiert, um den Entstehungsmechanismus der Legierungen zu untersuchen. Die Vorläuferschichten werden dann in einem Drei-Zonen-Röhren-Ofen sulfurisiert. Die strukturellen Eigenschaften des Absorbers werden analysiert und mit der Struktur der Vorläufer korreliert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Entstehung von SnS2 im Absorber proportional zum verbleibenden Sn im vorgetemperten Vorläufer ist. Außerdem zeigen Bilder des Rasterelektronenmikroskops, dass die Temperatur des Vortemperns das Kornwachstum und das Abschieden von Sn-S und Zn-S an der Oberfläche beeinflusst. Bei 450 °C vorgetemperte Absorber weisen keine dieser Phasen an der Oberfläche auf. Solarzellen werden aus diesen Absorber-Schichten hergestellt und die besten Zellen entstanden aus den bei 450 °C vorgetemperten Absorbern. Bei diesen traten Sn und SnS2 weder im Vorläufer noch im Absorber auf. Es konnte geschlussfolgert werden, dass SnS2 Phasen schädlich für den Wirkungsgrad der Zellen sind und dass die Intensität der SnS2 XRD Peaks invers proportional zum Wirkungsgrad der Zellen ist. Der dritte Teil erforscht die Reflektometrie als Methode zur Überwachung des Schichtwachstums während des thermischen Verdampfens in einer Anlage zur physikalischen Gasabscheidung (PVD). Ein Satz aus sechs CZTS Absorbern wird mittels ex situ Raman-Spektroskopie und Reflektometrie vermessen, um den Einfluss der Fremdphasen CuS und ZnS auf die Reflexionsspektren zu untersuchen. Die Zusammensetzung beeinflusst die Reflexionsspektren stark und CuS hinterlässt eine charakteristische Senkung bei 600 nm im Reflexionsspektrum. Eine Integrationsmethode wurde verwendet um dieses Phänomen quantitativ zu analysieren. Anschließend wurde ein Reflektometrieaufbau entworfen, entwickelt und in die PVD-Anlage integriert. Vier verschiedene CZTS koverdampfte und Mehrschicht-Filme wurden abgeschieden. Strukturelle, morphologische und Vibrationseigenschaften werden untersucht. Die Reflexionsspektren werden während des Abscheidens aufgenommen und zeitabhängige Reflexionsspektren werden auf charakteristische Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit Eigenschaften wie Dicke, Bandlücke und Entstehung von Phasen untersucht. CuS konnte in den Schichten mit der Integrations-Methode wegen der Überlagerung der CuS Senkung mit dem entstehenden Interferenzmuster nicht detektiert werden. Allerdings wurde in gestapelten CTS/ZnS Schichten beobachtet werden, dass der Beginn der ZnS Abscheidung durch eine ansteigende Intensität der Reflektion aufgrund der verringerten Oberflächenrauigkeit detektiert werden kann. Zusätzlich kann die Verschiebung des Startpunkts der Interferenzen zu niedrigeren Photonenenergien als charakteristischer Fingerabdruck während des Abscheidungsprozesses verwendet werden. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass Raman-Spektroskopie, XRD und Reflektrometrie erfolgreich als in situ Prozesskontrolle und –überwachung bei Hochtemperatur-Tempern und Vakuum-Abscheidung von Cu-Sn-Zn-S basierten Vorläufern und Absorbern realisiert werden konnten. Die Anwendung dieser in situ Techniken kann zu einer Optimierung der Eigenschaften von Dünnschicht-Materialien und von Solarzellen führen. Als solche hat diese Untersuchung den Weg für weitere Verbesserung von Cu-Sn-Zn-S basierte Vorläufer und Dünnschicht-Absorber geebnet.
Book Synopsis Functional materials with Charge Transfer Properties and Their Application in Photoelectric Devices by : Meng Zheng
Download or read book Functional materials with Charge Transfer Properties and Their Application in Photoelectric Devices written by Meng Zheng and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-12-29 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Materials Challenges by : Stuart J C Irvine
Download or read book Materials Challenges written by Stuart J C Irvine and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-11-25 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will provide an authoritative reference on the various aspects of materials science that will impact the next generation of photovoltaic (PV) module technology. The materials emphasis will bring a fresh perspective to the literature and will highlight the many issues that are often buried in other texts where the solution to materials challenges can be crucial in developing a new PV technology. The emphasis of the book will be on the range of thin film PV materials. Thin film PV is growing more rapidly that crystalline silicon and although only 10% of the current market could dominate in the longer term. This book will address the fundamental aspects of PV solar cell materials and give a comprehensive description of each of the major thin film materials either in research or in production. Particular attention will be given to the key materials drivers of solar conversion efficiency, long term stability, materials costs and materials sustainability. The book will be essential reading for materials scientists, energy technologists and all those involved in solid-state physics.
Book Synopsis Advanced Ceramic and Metallic Coating and Thin Film Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications by : Jing Zhang
Download or read book Advanced Ceramic and Metallic Coating and Thin Film Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications written by Jing Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-16 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the recent developments, perspectives on future research, and pertinent data from academia, industry, and government research laboratory to discuss fundamental mechanisms as well as processing and applications of advanced metallic and ceramic thin film and coating materials for energy and environmental applications. It is a platform to disseminate the latest research progress related to processing, characterization, and modelling. The authors address both thermal barrier and environmental coatings; magnetic and thermoelectric materials; and solar cell and solid oxide fuel cell materials. It is appropriate supplementary reading for students and primary reading for researchers in materials science and engineering.
Book Synopsis Thin Films Photovoltaics by : Beddiaf Zaidi
Download or read book Thin Films Photovoltaics written by Beddiaf Zaidi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thin film photovoltaic-based solar modules produce power at a low cost per watt. They are ideal candidates for large-scale solar farms as well as building-integrated photovoltaic applications. They can generate consistent power, not only at elevated temperatures but also on cloudy, overcast days and at low sun angles.Thin film photovoltaics are second-generation solar cells produced by depositing one or more thin layers, or thin films, of photosensitive material on a suitable substrate such as glass, polymer, or metal. Thin film solar cells are based on various materials such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si) are commercially used in several conventional and advanced technologies.
Book Synopsis Resilience and Sustainability for Energy and Water by : Cristobal Noe Aguilar
Download or read book Resilience and Sustainability for Energy and Water written by Cristobal Noe Aguilar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-12-06 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy and water are essential parts of sustainability considerations. This innovative book addresses this by outlining novel strategies and trends in resilience and sustainability plans, highlighting best practices and presenting case studies from the energy sector and the water industry. Covering a fresh conceptual framework along with the recent trends, tools, and developments related to our environment, the book covers the basics of energy and water for a sustainable future, explores the theoretical and practical intersection between resilience and sustainability, and reviews resources available for strategic resilience and sustainability mechanisms for reshaping communities and organizations.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy by : Bekkay Hajji
Download or read book Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy written by Bekkay Hajji and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings present a selection of refereed papers presented at the 1st International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICEERE 2018) held during 15-17 April 2018, Saidi, Morocco. The contributions from electrical engineers and experts highlight key issues and developments essential to the multifaceted field of electrical engineering systems and seek to address multidisciplinary challenges in Information and Communication Technologies. The book has a special focus on energy challenges for developing the Euro-Mediterranean regions through new renewable energy technologies in the agricultural and rural areas. The book is intended for academia, including graduate students, experienced researchers and industrial practitioners working in the fields of Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy.
Book Synopsis Solar Cells and Modules by : Arvind Shah
Download or read book Solar Cells and Modules written by Arvind Shah and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-16 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive introduction to the field of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and modules. In thirteen chapters, it addresses a wide range of topics including the spectrum of light received by PV devices, the basic functioning of a solar cell, and the physical factors limiting the efficiency of solar cells. It places particular emphasis on crystalline silicon solar cells and modules, which constitute today more than 90 % of all modules sold worldwide. Describing in great detail both the manufacturing process and resulting module performance, the book also touches on the newest developments in this sector, such as Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCON) and heterojunction modules, while dedicating a major chapter to general questions of module design and fabrication. Overall, it presents the essential theoretical and practical concepts of PV solar cells and modules in an easy-to-understand manner and discusses current challenges facing the global research and development community.
Book Synopsis Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells by : Arvind Victor Shah
Download or read book Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells written by Arvind Victor Shah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-08-19 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaic technology has now developed to the extent that it is close to fulfilling the vision of a "solar-energy world," as devices based on this technology are becoming efficient, low-cost and durable. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of thin-film silicon, a prevalent PV material, in terms of its semiconductor nature, startin
Book Synopsis Chemical Methods for Processing Nanomaterials by : Vidya Nand Singh
Download or read book Chemical Methods for Processing Nanomaterials written by Vidya Nand Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the latest advancements in the processing of various types of nanomaterials. The main objective of the book is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the latest advances in synthesis as well as processing of almost all kinds of nanomaterials using various physical and chemical methods. The book includes chapters on Chemical Methods such as microemulsions, colloidal route, wet chemical method, chemical vapor deposition technique, sol-gel method, electrodeposition for growing different kinds of nanomaterials including Chalcogenides, Metal Oxide nanostructures, perovskite nanocrystals, nano structures on patterned electrode, Low Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials and applications at Nanoscale.
Book Synopsis Smart and Flexible Energy Devices by : Ram K. Gupta
Download or read book Smart and Flexible Energy Devices written by Ram K. Gupta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-03-23 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scientific community and industry have seen tremendous progress in efficient energy production and storage in the last few years. With the advancement in technology, new devices require high-performance, stretchable, bendable, and twistable energy sources, which can be integrated into next-generation wearable, compact, and portable electronics for medical, military, and civilian applications. Smart and Flexible Energy Devices examines the materials, basic working principles, and state-of-the-art progress of flexible devices like fuel cells, solar cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. Covering the synthesis approaches for advanced energy materials in flexible devices and fabrications and fundamental design concepts of flexible energy devices, such as fuel cells, solar cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, top author teams explore how newer materials with advanced properties are used to fabricate the energy devices to meet the future demand for flexible electronics. Additional features include: • Addressing the materials, technologies, and challenges of various flexible energy devices under one cover • Emphasizing the future demand and challenges of the field • Considering all flexible energy types, such as fuel cells, solar cells, batteries, and supercapacitors • Suitability for undergraduate and postgraduate students of material science and energy programs This is a valuable resource for academics and industry professionals working in the field of energy materials, nanotechnology, and energy devices.
