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Determining Greenland Ice Sheet Sensitivity To Regional Climate Change
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Book Synopsis Determining Greenland Ice Sheet Sensitivity to Regional Climate Change by : Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel
Download or read book Determining Greenland Ice Sheet Sensitivity to Regional Climate Change written by Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Greenland Ice Sheet, which extends south of the Arctic Circle, is vulnerable to melt in a warming climate. Complete melt of the ice sheet would raise global sea level by about 7 meters. Prediction of how the ice sheet will react to climate change requires inputs with a high degree of spatial resolution and improved simulation of the ice-dynamical responses to evolving surface mass balance. No Greenland Ice Sheet model has yet met these requirements. A three-dimensional thermo-mechanical ice sheet model of Greenland was enhanced to address these challenges. First, it was modified to accept high-resolution surface mass balance forcings. Second, a parameterization for basal drainage (of the sort responsible for sustaining the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream) was incorporated into the model. The enhanced model was used to investigate the century to millennial-scale evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet in response to persistent climate trends. During initial experiments, the mechanism of flow in the outlet glaciers was assumed to be independent of climate change, and the outlet glaciers' dominant behavior was to counteract changes in surface mass balance. Around much of the ice sheet, warming resulted in calving front retreat and reduction of total ice sheet discharge. Observations show, however, that the character of outlet glacier flow changes with the climate. The ice sheet model was further developed to simulate observed dynamical responses of Greenland's outlet glaciers. A phenomenological description of the relation between outlet glacier discharge and surface mass balance was calibrated against recent observations. This model was used to investigate the ice sheet's response to a hypothesized 21st century warming trend. Enhanced discharge accounted for a 60% increase in Greenland mass loss, resulting in a net sea level increment of 7.3 cm by year 2100. By this time, the average surface mass balance had become negative, and widespread marginal thinning had caused 30% of historically active calving fronts to retreat. Mass losses persisted throughout the century due to flow of dynamically responsive outlets capable of sustaining high calving rates. Thinning in these areas propagated upstream into higher elevation catchments. Large drainage basins with low-lying outlets, especially those along Greenland's west coast and those fed by the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, were most susceptible to dynamic mass loss in the 21st century.
Book Synopsis Coupling a Regional Climate Model with a Greenland Ice Sheet Model for 21st Century Climate Change by : Jeroen Gerlo
Download or read book Coupling a Regional Climate Model with a Greenland Ice Sheet Model for 21st Century Climate Change written by Jeroen Gerlo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721263622 Total Pages :30 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (636 download)
Book Synopsis Determining Greenland Ice Sheet Accumulation Rates from Radar Remote Sensing by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Determining Greenland Ice Sheet Accumulation Rates from Radar Remote Sensing written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-16 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important component of NASA's Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA) is a mass balance investigation of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The mass balance is calculated by taking the difference between the snow accumulation and the ice discharge of the ice sheet. Uncertainties in this calculation include the snow accumulation rate, which has traditionally been determined by interpolating data from ice core samples taken throughout the ice sheet. The sparse data associated with ice cores, coupled with the high spatial and temporal resolution provided by remote sensing, have motivated scientists to investigate relationships between accumulation rate and microwave observations. Jezek, Kenneth C. Goddard Space Flight Center
Book Synopsis The Ice Chronicles by : Paul Andrew Mayewski
Download or read book The Ice Chronicles written by Paul Andrew Mayewski and published by UPNE. This book was released on 2012-07-03 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exciting account of revolutionary new discoveries for understanding the earth's climate, and their implications for future scientific research and global environmental policy.
Book Synopsis Abrupt Climate Change by : National Research Council
Download or read book Abrupt Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-04-23 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The climate record for the past 100,000 years clearly indicates that the climate system has undergone periodic-and often extreme-shifts, sometimes in as little as a decade or less. The causes of abrupt climate changes have not been clearly established, but the triggering of events is likely to be the result of multiple natural processes. Abrupt climate changes of the magnitude seen in the past would have far-reaching implications for human society and ecosystems, including major impacts on energy consumption and water supply demands. Could such a change happen again? Are human activities exacerbating the likelihood of abrupt climate change? What are the potential societal consequences of such a change? Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises looks at the current scientific evidence and theoretical understanding to describe what is currently known about abrupt climate change, including patterns and magnitudes, mechanisms, and probability of occurrence. It identifies critical knowledge gaps concerning the potential for future abrupt changes, including those aspects of change most important to society and economies, and outlines a research strategy to close those gaps. Based on the best and most current research available, this book surveys the history of climate change and makes a series of specific recommendations for the future.
Book Synopsis Late Glacial and Holocene History of the Greenland Ice Sheet Margin in Nunatarssuaq, Northwestern Greenland by : Lauren Brett Farnsworth
Download or read book Late Glacial and Holocene History of the Greenland Ice Sheet Margin in Nunatarssuaq, Northwestern Greenland written by Lauren Brett Farnsworth and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is uncertain as to how the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) will respond to future climate changes. One means of assessing the sensitivity of the GrIS to projected climate conditions is to determine its response to past conditions. I reconstructed late glacial and Holocene (~15 ka-present) GrIS extents in the Nunatarssuaq, northwestern Greenland. I applied geomorphic mapping, 10Be surface exposure dating and 14C dating of subfossil plants to determine a chronology of past GrIS extents. I also analyzed sediment cores from a glacially fed lake. 10Be ages of boulders and bedrock exposed during deglaciation from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~26-19.5 ka) are apparently old due to 10Be inherited from prior periods of exposure. The youngest 10Be age (~15 ka) may also contain inherited 10Be but approximates the time of deglaciation. Subfossil plants transported to the GrIS margin on shear planes date to ~4.6 cal ka BP and indicate a less extensive GrIS during middle Holocene time. Geomorphic mapping documents higher levels of Nordsø, a glacial lake dammed by a more extensive GrIS margin. I constrain the age of this GrIS extent to ~3-2 ka using 14C ages of in situ subfossil plants on nunataks and 10Be ages of boulders on the drift deposited during the advance. A fresh drift occurs ~30-50 m beyond the present GrIS margin. 10Be ages of this fresh drift range from 2.2 to 0.5 ka. I interpret the youngest 10Be age (~0.5 ka) as the time the drift was exposed. 14C ages of in situ subfossil plants indicate that the GrIS was at or behind its present margin at AD ~1662-1897. I compare my record of GrIS extents to other glacial fluctuations and climate records. I find that the GrIS margin in Nunatarssuaq fluctuated at similar times as local ice masses and other GrIS margins. The middle Holocene GrIS recession occurred during relatively warm conditions registered by regional climate records and the late Holocene GrIS advances occurred during cooler conditions. I also document asynchronous GrIS margin fluctuations in Nunatarssuaq. These require further investigation to determine whether they were influenced by climate conditions or ice dynamics.
Book Synopsis Assessing Climate Change by : Donald Rapp
Download or read book Assessing Climate Change written by Donald Rapp and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-15 with total page 844 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated and revised new edition of Assessing Climate Change deals with the full gamut of essential questions in relation to global warming and climate change, uniquely providing a balanced and impartial discussion of this controversial subject. It shows that most of what is “known”about the Sun, historical climates and projections for the future lacks foundation and leaves great room for doubt. Assessing Climate Change (3rd Edition) examines the credibility of the global climate models which accuse greenhouse gases of causing the temperature rise of the 20th century, and provides a better understanding of the uncertainties regarding what might lie ahead in the future. Carefully considering the “evidence” brought forward by both alarmists and skeptics, this book: • has been brought completely up to date to end 2013; • examines the measurements of near surface temperatures on Earth and how much we can rely on them; • includes hundreds of graphs showing the data; • compares the current global warming trend with past climate fluctuations; • provides a systematic review of climate change in nearly all of its aspects; • expands the discussion of potential impacts of global warming (from whatever cause); • includes nearly 1000 references specific to the climate literature.
Author :Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9781009157971 Total Pages :755 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (579 download)
Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Book Synopsis Climate Stabilization Targets by : National Research Council
Download or read book Climate Stabilization Targets written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-03-11 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels have ushered in a new epoch where human activities will largely determine the evolution of Earth's climate. Because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is long lived, it can effectively lock the Earth and future generations into a range of impacts, some of which could become very severe. Emissions reductions decisions made today matter in determining impacts experienced not just over the next few decades, but in the coming centuries and millennia. According to Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts Over Decades to Millennia, important policy decisions can be informed by recent advances in climate science that quantify the relationships between increases in carbon dioxide and global warming, related climate changes, and resulting impacts, such as changes in streamflow, wildfires, crop productivity, extreme hot summers, and sea level rise. One way to inform these choices is to consider the projected climate changes and impacts that would occur if greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were stabilized at a particular concentration level. The book quantifies the outcomes of different stabilization targets for greenhouse gas concentrations using analyses and information drawn from the scientific literature. Although it does not recommend or justify any particular stabilization target, it does provide important scientific insights about the relationships among emissions, greenhouse gas concentrations, temperatures, and impacts. Climate Stabilization Targets emphasizes the importance of 21st century choices regarding long-term climate stabilization. It is a useful resource for scientists, educators and policy makers, among others.
Book Synopsis Assessing the Uncertainties of Future Changes in Ice Sheets and Polar Climate Related to Internal Climate Variability and Climate Model Structural Uncertainties by : Chii-yun Tsai
Download or read book Assessing the Uncertainties of Future Changes in Ice Sheets and Polar Climate Related to Internal Climate Variability and Climate Model Structural Uncertainties written by Chii-yun Tsai and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (hereafter, GrIS and AIS) have potential to be major contributors to future sea-level rise (SLR) and pose a major risk to human societies and coastal habitats. Current projections of polar climate and future SLR due to ice sheet mass loss remain highly uncertain and the sources of associated uncertainties are complex. In this dissertation, we seek to understand uncertainty of internal and forced variabilities within the climate system, and their impacts on polar climate variability and ice sheet disintegration. Three broad scientific questions are addressed in this dissertation: (1) How internal climate variability affects projections of polar climate? (2) What is the role of internal climate variability in affecting the GrIS and AIS evolution? (3) How does polar climate respond to anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) patterns and how would the responses differ across different climate model structures? Internal climate variability, which is inherently generated within the climate system due to natural processes, has shown to be one of the major contributors to uncertainty in future climate projections. Typically, the uncertainty in future climate due to internal climate variability can be estimated by conducting a large ensemble (LE) of model simulations with same external forcing but different initial conditions. To examine the impact of internal climate variability on polar climate and ice sheet evolutions, we use climate fields from two Community Earth System Model (CESM) LE experiments to force a three-dimensional ice sheet model. We investigate and quantify the impact of internal climate variability on influencing projections of the GrIS and AIS mass losses as well as their contributions to future SLR. Based on our simulations, internal climate variability can cause about 35 mm differences in the the GrIS contribution to SLR from 2000 to 2100, and for the AIS, the differences can be up to 80 mm, which is about 20% of the total change. Moreover, using ensemble-mean climate fields as the forcing in an ice sheet model significantly underestimates the GrIS and AIS mass losses and their contributions to SLR by about 12% and 29%, respectively. On estimating polar climate sensitivity to anomalous SSTs using a suite of large-ensemble model simulations with different configurations of atmospheric models, we identify that recent summer temperature changes over Greenland are sensitive to the north Atlantic SSTs and the sensitivity patters are consistent across different atmospheric model configurations. In addition, the recent summer Greenland temperature changes can be captured by a multi-linear model based on the associated sensitivity and SST information. However, sensitivity of polar climate over the Antarctic regions to anomalous SST patterns is model-dependent and its variability cannot be fully captured using a Green's function based model driven by SST information. Overall, this dissertation aims to highlight (1) the importance of internal climate variability in projecting ice sheet mass loss over the next few centuries and (2) the estimates of sensitivity of polar climate to anomalous SSTs can be strongly model-dependent over most of the polar regions due to climate model structural uncertainty. Thus, these two types of uncertainty should be considered and further investigated when estimating the future changes in polar climate and their impact on ice sheet contribution to future SLR.
Book Synopsis Global Outlook for Ice & Snow by : Pål Prestrud
Download or read book Global Outlook for Ice & Snow written by Pål Prestrud and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on 2007 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by more than 70 scientists from around the world, this publication assesses the state of the environment and the trends in ice and snow-covered regions (the cryosphere). It looks at the significance of climate changes for ecosystems and human well-being, both now and in the years to come, given that changes in ice and snow alter the distribution of the earth's heat and water, and influence regional and global ocean circulation. This publication is an official project of the International Polar Year 2007-2008.
Book Synopsis Greenland Ice Sheet Change: Surface Climate Variability and Glacier Dynamics by : Lei Yang
Download or read book Greenland Ice Sheet Change: Surface Climate Variability and Glacier Dynamics written by Lei Yang and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The co-variability of glacier ice discharges and climate variability is also examined by using Polar MM5 V1 modeled summer temperature and April-September Positive Degree Day (PDD) anomalies. Ice discharges from south Greenland glaciers are found to be sensitive to temperature change. Based on sensitivities of ice discharge to melt index anomalies, time series of total ice discharge from 28 major glaciers since 1958 are modeled. The global sea level rise contribution from Greenland ice sheet during past 50 years is estimated be ∼0.6 mm yr-1 in average.
Book Synopsis Understanding Earth's Deep Past by : National Research Council
Download or read book Understanding Earth's Deep Past written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-08-02 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is little dispute within the scientific community that humans are changing Earth's climate on a decadal to century time-scale. By the end of this century, without a reduction in emissions, atmospheric CO2 is projected to increase to levels that Earth has not experienced for more than 30 million years. As greenhouse gas emissions propel Earth toward a warmer climate state, an improved understanding of climate dynamics in warm environments is needed to inform public policy decisions. In Understanding Earth's Deep Past, the National Research Council reports that rocks and sediments that are millions of years old hold clues to how the Earth's future climate would respond in an environment with high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Understanding Earth's Deep Past provides an assessment of both the demonstrated and underdeveloped potential of the deep-time geologic record to inform us about the dynamics of the global climate system. The report describes past climate changes, and discusses potential impacts of high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases on regional climates, water resources, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and the cycling of life-sustaining elements. While revealing gaps in scientific knowledge of past climate states, the report highlights a range of high priority research issues with potential for major advances in the scientific understanding of climate processes. This proposed integrated, deep-time climate research program would study how climate responded over Earth's different climate states, examine how climate responds to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and clarify the processes that lead to anomalously warm polar and tropical regions and the impact on marine and terrestrial life. In addition to outlining a research agenda, Understanding Earth's Deep Past proposes an implementation strategy that will be an invaluable resource to decision-makers in the field, as well as the research community, advocacy organizations, government agencies, and college professors and students.
Book Synopsis The Arctic Climate System by : Mark C. Serreze
Download or read book The Arctic Climate System written by Mark C. Serreze and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-10-13 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic can be viewed as an integrated system, characterised by intimate couplings between its atmosphere, ocean and land, linked in turn to the larger global system. This comprehensive, up-to-date assessment begins with an outline of early Arctic exploration and the growth of modern research. Using an integrated systems approach, subsequent chapters examine the atmospheric heat budget and circulation, the surface energy budget, the hydrologic cycle and interactions between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice cover. Reviews of recent directions in numerical modelling and the characteristics of past Arctic climates set the stage for detailed discussion of recent climate variability and trends, and projected future states. Throughout, satellite remote sensing data and results from recent major field programs are used to illustrate key processes. The Arctic Climate System provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the subject for researchers and advanced students in a wide range of disciplines.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Climate Science by : Andreas Schmittner
Download or read book Introduction to Climate Science written by Andreas Schmittner and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet by : J. Oerlemans
Download or read book The Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet written by J. Oerlemans and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Improving a Priori Regional Climate Model Estimates of Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Loss Through Assimilation of Measured Ice Surface Temperatures by : Mahdi Navari
Download or read book Improving a Priori Regional Climate Model Estimates of Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Loss Through Assimilation of Measured Ice Surface Temperatures written by Mahdi Navari and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Greenland ice sheet has been the focus of climate studies due to its considerable impact on sea level rise. Accurate estimates of surface mass balance components - including precipitation, runoff, and evaporation - over the Greenland ice sheet would contribute to understanding the cause of the ice sheet's recent changes (i.e., increase in melt amount and duration, thickening of ice sheet interior, thinning at the ice sheet margins) and help to forecast future changes. Deterministic approaches provide a general trend of the surface mass fluxes, but they cannot characterize the uncertainty of estimates. The data assimilation method developed in this dissertation aimed to optimally merge the satellite-derived ice surface temperature into a snow/ice model while taking into account the uncertainty of input variables. Satellite-derived ice surface temperatures were used to improve the estimates of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass fluxes. Three studies were conducted on the Greenland ice sheet. The goal of the first study was to provide a proof of concept of the proposed methodology. A set of observing system simulation experiments was performed to retrieve the true surface mass fluxes of the Greenland ice sheet. The data assimilation framework was able to reduce the RMSE of the prior estimates of runoff, sublimation/evaporation, surface condensation, and surface mass loss fluxes by 61%, 64%, 76%, and 62%, respectively, over the nominal prior estimates from the regional climate model. In the second study, satellite-derived ice surface temperatures were assimilated into a snow/ice model. The results show that the data assimilation framework was capable of retrieving ice surface temperatures with a mean spatial RMSE of 0.3 K which was 69% less than that of the prior estimate without conditioning on satellite-derived ice surface measurements. Evaluation of surface mass fluxes is a critical part of the study; however, it is limited by the spare amount of independent data sets. Several data sets were used to investigate the feasibility of verification of results. It was found that predicted melt duration is in agreement with melt duration from passive microwave measurements; however, more efforts are needed to further verify the results. In the third study, the feasibility of microwave radiance assimilation was investigated by characterizing the error and uncertainty in predicted passive microwave brightness temperature from the radiative transfer model. We found significant uncertainty between the predicted measurement and satellite-derived passive microwave brightness temperature due to error in snow states, coarse resolution of the passive microwave and also an imperfect coupled snow/ice and radiative transfer model. Based on our findings, radiance assimilation requires more accurate snow grain size parameterization to take into account temporal and spatial variability of snow grain size. Furthermore, coarse resolution of both passive microwave brightness temperature and snow/ice model and attribute uncertainties of both predicted and measured brightness temperature make the radiance assimilation unattractive. This research demonstrates that ice surface temperature measurements have valuable information that can be extracted by a data assimilation technique to improve the estimates of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass fluxes.
