Determinants and Impact of Smallholder Collection Action in Kenya

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Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736941447
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Determinants and Impact of Smallholder Collection Action in Kenya by : Elisabeth Marija Fischer

Download or read book Determinants and Impact of Smallholder Collection Action in Kenya written by Elisabeth Marija Fischer and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2012-10-22 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary Smallholders face numerous constraints that keep them from taking advantage of market opportunities. Because they often live in poverty and remoteness, on less than a hectare of land with poor road and market infrastructure, they face high costs of market exchange. In order for smallholders to compete with large-scale farms and benefit from the observed and ongoing transformation of the agri-food sector, institutional solutions are necessary that address the small scale problem. One potential option is through farmer collective action. However, the existing literature has not yet sufficiently identified the explicit mechanisms and dynamics by which collective action generates benefits for men and women. In three related articles, this research investigates how farmer groups facilitate access to input and output markets by reducing transaction costs, thereby promoting intensification and commercialization of small farms. It addresses the existing research gap by analyzing determinants, participation dynamics and impacts of farmer groups, using the case of small-scale banana producers in Kenya. For the analysis cross-sectional data from 444 farm households was collected in the central highlands region of Kenya, where bananas provide an important source of food and income. Recently established farmer groups initiated by two local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), TechnoServe and Africa Harvest, introduced institutional change in the national banana market chain. Within such groups, farmers can more easily access clean tissue culture (TC) banana planting material, get agronomic and market information, negotiate better prices and gain access to urban, high-value markets through collective selling. However, the marketing performance of these groups is unclear, and commitment varies greatly between members. Gender issues are partly left unaddressed by NGOs and group leadership. These issues pose serious threats to the groups’ viability in the long run. The first chapter focuses on the determinants and impacts of smallholder organization. Farmer groups are generally inclusive of the poor, although wealthier households are more likely to join. Access to credit plays a role, as the adoption of relatively costly TC planting material is technically encouraged among group members. Distance to paved roads and mobile phone ownership facilitate participation and thus have a positive effect on the likelihood of group membership. Employing a propensity score matching method to reduce possible selection bias in impact assessment, we show positive income effects for group members. However, the magnitude of the economic benefits correlates with the mode of participation, since we find positive income effects only for members selling through the group. A considerable number of members are not participating in collective marketing. Yet, price advantages of collective marketing are small, as highvalue market potentials have not yet been tapped. Increases in income therefore stem from specialization effects and the expansion of banana plantations, facilitated by the improved access to TC planting material. In addition, group members are more likely to follow good agricultural practices in banana cultivation. Hence, beyond prices, farmer groups function as important catalysts for innovation adoption through promoting efficient information flows. In conclusion, some of the motivations for collective action do not seem to apply in the case of banana in Kenya. With significant improvements in road infrastructure, supply chains have become relatively short over the past years. Nor do farmers suffer from monopsonic power of up- and downstream actors that could render collective bargaining beneficial. In terms of price benefits, farmer collective action may thus make more sense in high-value and export markets, which are more difficult to access for individual smallholders. The fact that the magnitude of benefits from group membership is linked to the degree of participation motivates the thematic focus in the second chapter. Within farmer groups, the commitment of individual members to achieve shared objectives can vary, because the expected net benefits are not the same for all, and opportunities to free-ride exist. Since the benefits of collective action emerge primarily through the exploitation of economies of scale, and services are financed through collective marketing, low participation rates in joint activities may jeopardize the performance and viability of farmer groups. The second chapter therefore investigates commitment to collective action in terms of participation intensity and free-riding. Sequential probit and doublehurdle regression models are used to explain participation in group meetings and collective marketing. The results suggest that family labor availability and previous benefits that members received through the groups positively influence their intensity of participation in group meetings and collective marketing. There is evidence that hints at a middle size effect. That is, those with very small and very large banana plantations are less likely to participate intensively in group activities, as their cost-benefit ratio is negative. Free-riding is mostly attributed to structural and institutional conditions, such as group size and the timing of payments. Furthermore, more diversified farmers are less likely to sell collectively. Since smallholders are often highly diversified in their agricultural activities, farmer groups should also diversify their activities to include more than one crop. These findings underline that it is important to go beyond considering participation in collective action as a binary variable. Commitment is not only influenced by opportunistic behavior but also by member constraints, which contribute to lower than optimal supply of collective goods and services. The knowledge of individual behavior and constraints allows policy makers to design and implement more successful and viable forms of collective action. Based on experiences from data collection in the field, men increasingly become involved in banana production, although banana traditionally belongs to the women’s sphere of control because of its importance as a semi-subsistence food crop. Although agricultural intensification and commercialization can have diverse effects on men and women, gender mainstreaming in farmer groups does not exist. The third chapter therefore investigates changes in gender relations due to group membership and related effects on household food security and nutrition. With membership in farmer groups, new economic opportunities emerge, which transform gender relations and may affect household welfare. Descriptive statistics are used to show that men increasingly become involved in banana production and revenue decisions when market and technology access improves. Controlling for possible selection bias, regression analysis suggests that dietary quality deteriorates when men seize control over revenues from banana production, although no effect on calorie supply can be observed. Finally, it is shown that female membership in farmer groups enables women to sustain their claims on banana output. Particularly the poorest women are thus able to increase their contribution to household income and strengthen their position within the household. Female membership enables women to better negotiate and sustain their claims on banana output within the family. These results emphasize the potential of farmer groups for the empowerment of women as farmers and as wives. The three chapters provide important insights into the distinct mechanisms of collective action by which benefits for smallholders emerge. In the case of staple foods, economic benefits emerge primarily through access to improved technology and information, since the motivation for market-oriented collective action may not hold as strongly as in high-value or export markets. Positive income effects in this concrete case can therefore mostly be attributed to specialization and intensification, which are important preconditions for smallholder commercialization. The binary definition of group membership used in most empirical studies may be misleading, as the costs and benefits of active participation may differ across individual members, so that different participation intensities are often observed. Knowledge of these differences allows policy makers to tackle some of the problems of farmer groups regarding market performance and viability in the longer term. Finally, farmer groups can be an important pro-poor tool for the empowerment of women. Yet, this potential has not yet been sufficiently explored by researchers and policy makers. Zusammenfassung Im Zugang zu Märkten stehen kleinbäuerliche Familien in Entwicklungsländern vor immensen Herausforderungen. Oft leben sie in Armut, müssen mit weniger als einem Hektar Land auskommen, haben kaum Anschluss an alljährlich befahrbare Straßen und leiden unter mangelndem Zugang zu Information über Märkte und verbesserte Anbaumethoden. Diese Faktoren erhöhen die Kosten des Marktaustausches und verhindern so ein profitables Wirtschaften. Wenn Kleinbauern konkurrenzfähig sein wollen, um von neuen Entwicklungen auf den Agrarmärkten zu profitieren, muss das Problem der geringen Skalenenerträge gelöst werden. Ein institutioneller Lösungsansatz hierfür ist kollektives Handeln, z.B. in Produzentengruppen, in denen Kleinbauern die nötigen Skalenvorteile erlangen, um Transaktionskosten zu reduzieren. Die Literatur hat die Mechanismen und Dynamiken aus denen die Vorteile kollektiven Handelns für Männer und Frauen hervorgehen, bisher nur unzureichend beschrieben. Daher wird hier in drei zusammenhängenden Beiträgen der Frage nachgegangen, ob und wie Produzentengruppen den Zugang zu Input- und Outputmärkten verbessern und zu einer Intensivierung und Kommerzialisierung der kleinbäuerlichen Landwirtschaft beitragen können. Um die verschiedenen Mechanismen zu beschreiben aus denen Vorteile entstehen, werden die Determinanten, Dynamiken und Auswirkungen von Produzentengruppen am Beispiel von Kleinbauern in Kenia analysiert. Für die Analyse wurden Querschnittsdaten von 444 Kleinbauern in der zentralen Hochlandregion Kenias erhoben, wo der Anbau von Bananen eine wichtige Nahrungs- und Einkommensquelle darstellt. Kürzlich gegründete Produzentengruppen, initiiert und unterstützt von zwei lokalen Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NROs), TechnoServe und Africa Harvest, stellen eine institutionelle Innovation in der nationalen Lieferkette für Bananen dar. Über die Gruppen können Kleinbauern verbesserte Gewebekulturpflanzen beziehen, erhalten Informationen über gute landwirtschaftliche Praxis und Märkte, sowie höhere Preise durch kollektives Verhandeln. Jedoch ist die tatsächliche Effektivität dieser Gruppen unklar. Zudem variiert das Engagement der einzelnen Mitglieder stark, und Genderaspekte werden nur unzureichend berücksichtigt. Diese Faktoren sind wichtig für den Erfolg und die wirtschaftliche Überlebensfähigkeit der Gruppen. Der erste Beitrag dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Determinanten und Auswirkungen der kleinbäuerlichen Organisation. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Produzentengruppen prinzipiell für ärmere Bevölkerungsgruppen zugänglich sind, aber besser gestellte Bauern tendenziell eher beitreten. Desweiteren spielt der Zugang zu Krediten, Straßeninfrastruktur und Kommunikationstechnologie eine Rolle für die Mitgliedschaft, da sie die Adoption von kostenintensivem Pflanzmaterial erleichtern, was über die Gruppen technisch unterstützt wird. Mittels der Propensity Score Matching Methode wird eine Wirkungsanalyse durchgeführt und dabei ein möglicher Selektionsbias reduziert. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf positive Einkommenseffekte der Produzentengruppen hin. Der Grad des Nutzens korreliert jedoch stark mit der Art der Partizipation, da sich positive Effekte nur für solche Bauern abzeichnen, die Bananen auch tatsächlich über die Gruppe verkaufen. Eine signifikante Anzahl an Mitgliedern tut dies nicht. Die Preisvorteile der kollektiven Vermarktung sind allerdings eher gering, da Potentiale in höherwertigen Lieferketten bisher kaum erschlossen sind. Einkommenszuwächse sind daher mehrheitlich auf Spezialisierungseffekte und Ausweitung der Bananenproduktion zurückzuführen, die durch den verbesserten Zugang zu Pflanzmaterial ermöglicht wurden. Außerdem wenden Gruppenmitglieder häufiger verbesserte Anbaumethoden in der Bananenproduktion an, was darauf hindeutet dass Produzentengruppen ein wichtiger Katalysator für Innovationsadoption und effiziente Informationsflüsse sind. Es wird abschließend festgestellt, dass einige der Motivationen für kollektives Handeln im Falle von Bananen in Kenia nicht gegeben sind. Mit einer bemerkenswerten Verbesserung der kenianischen Straßeninfrastruktur in den letzten Jahren sind auch alternative Lieferketten kürzer und somit effizienter geworden. Zudem sind Kleinbauern in der Untersuchungsregion kaum monopsonistischer Marktmacht ausgesetzt, da die Händler selbst klein und zahlreich sind. In Bezug auf Preisvorteile ist kleinbäuerliches kollektives Handeln somit eher in höherwertigen Märkten und Exportsegmenten sinnvoll. Die Tatsache, dass die Vorteile kollektiven Handelns mit dem Grad der Partizipation zusammenhängen, motiviert die Fragestellung im zweiten Beitrag. Der Einsatz Einzelner innerhalb der Gruppe ein gemeinsames Ziel zu erreichen kann stark variieren, da Nutzen und Kosten der aktiven Teilnahme unterschiedlich sind und Möglichkeiten zum Trittbrettfahren existieren. Da jedoch die Vorteile kollektiven Handelns hauptsächlich durch die Erzeugung von Skalenvorteilen entstehen und Dienstleistungen oft über die kollektive Vermarktung finanziert werden, kann geringe Beteiligung der Mitglieder in Gruppenaktivitäten den Erfolg und Überlebensfähigkeit der Gruppe langfristig gefährden. Der zweite Beitrag untersucht daher den individuellen Beitrag in der Gruppe im Sinne von Partizipationsintensität und Trittbrettfahrerverhalten. Sequentielle probit Modelle und Double-Hurdle Regression werden angewendet, um die Partizipation in Gruppensitzungen und kollektiver Vermarktung zu erklären. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich die Verfügbarkeit von familiären Arbeitskräften und frühere positive Erfahrungen mit der Gruppe positiv auf die Partizipationsintensität auswirken. Desweiterin gibt es einen Mittelgrösse-Effekt, bei dem sehr kleine Bauern und sehr große Bauern weniger geneigt sind intensiv an Gruppenaktivitäten teilzunehmen. Trittbrettfahrerverhalten kann hauptsächlich strukturellen und institutionellen Bedingungen zugeschrieben werden, wie zum Beispiel der Gruppengröße und dem Zeitpunkt der Bezahlung. Stark diversifizierte Bauern tragen ebenfalls weniger zum Gruppenmarketing bei. Die Ergebnisse zeigen insgesamt auf, wie wichtig es ist, das in der Literatur gängige Verständnis von Gruppenpartizipation in Form einer einfachen binären Variable zu erweitern. Engagement in Situationen kollektiven Handelns wird nicht nur durch opportunistisches Verhalten, sondern auch von individuellen Gegebenheiten bestimmt. Beides kann dazu führen, dass das kollektive Gut nicht in der optimalen Menge produziert werden kann. Kenntnisse darüber erlauben die Entwicklung und Einführung langfristig überlebensfähigerer Formen von kollektivem Handeln. Erfahrungen bei der Datenerhebung vor Ort haben gezeigt, dass sich zunehmend Männer in die Bananenproduktion einbringen, obwohl Bananen aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung als Subsistenzeinkommensquelle traditionell eher in den Bereich der Frauen fallen. Obwohl Intensivierung und Kommerzialisierung der Landwirtschaft unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf Männer und Frauen haben können und durch marktorientiertes kollektives Handeln gefördert werden, wurden Genderaspekte in Bauerngruppen bisher kaum berücksichtigt. Der dritte Artikel untersucht daher Veränderungen im Geschlechterverhältnis, die durch die Mitgliedschaft in marktorientierten Gruppen entstehen können und die daraus resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Nahrungsmittelsicherheit und Ernährung. Deskriptive Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass sich Männer tatsächlich zunehmend an Entscheidungen über Bananenproduktion und -einnahmen beteiligen. Ergebnisse von Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass sich die Qualität der Ernährung verschlechtern kann, wenn Männer über die Einnahmen verfügen; es gibt jedoch keinen Effekt auf die Kalorienverfügbarkeit insgesamt. Schließlich wird gezeigt, dass Frauen eher ihr Recht auf Einnahmen verteidigen können, wenn die Mitgliedschaft in der Gruppe auf ihren Namen läuft. Insbesondere sehr armen Frauen wird so ermöglicht, ihren Anteil am Haushaltseinkommen zu erhöhen, was wiederum ihre Position innerhalb der Familie stärkt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Produzentengruppen sich positiv auf die Situation der Frauen in landwirtschaftlichen Regionen auswirken können. Die drei Artikel geben einen wichtigen Einblick in die Mechanismen kollektiven Handelns, durch die spezifische Vorteile für Kleinbauern entstehen. Im Falle von Grundnahrungsmitteln entstehen ökonomische Vorteile insbesondere dadurch, dass der Zugang zu neuen Technologien und Information verbessert wird. Die Notwendigkeit für kollektive Vermarktung, wie zum Beispiel in höherwertigen Märkten und Exportsegmenten, muss jedoch nicht unbedingt gegeben sein. Einkommenseffekte im konkreten Beispiel sind eher auf Spezialisierung und Intensivierung der Produktion zurückzuführen, die jedoch letztlich wichtige Voraussetzungen für die Kommerzialisierung von Kleinbauern sind. Die gängige binäre Definition von Mitgliedschaft in Bauerngruppen kann irreführend sein, da die tatsächlichen Kosten und Vorteile von Individuum zu Individuum unterschiedlich sind und somit unterschiedliche Partizipationsintensitäten üblich sind. Kenntnisse über diese Unterschiede erlauben die Probleme kollektiven Handelns, vor allem im Hinblick auf die Trittbrettfahrerproblematik, zu reduzieren. Schließlich können Produzentengruppen dazu beitragen, die Position armer Frauen in ländlichen Regionen zu stärken. Dieses Potenzial ist jedoch bisher kaum erschlossen.

The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Kenyan Crop Agriculture: A Ricardian Approach

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Kenyan Crop Agriculture: A Ricardian Approach by : Jane Kabubo-Mariara

Download or read book The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Kenyan Crop Agriculture: A Ricardian Approach written by Jane Kabubo-Mariara and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper measures the economic impact of climate on crops in Kenya. The analysis is based on cross-sectional climate, hydrological, soil, and household level data for a sample of 816 households, and uses a seasonal Ricardian model. Estimated marginal impacts of climate variables suggest that global warming is harmful for agricultural productivity and that changes in temperature are much more important than changes in precipitation. This result is confirmed by the predicted impact of various climate change scenarios on agriculture. The results further confirm that the temperature component of global warming is much more important than precipitation. The authors analyze farmers' perceptions of climate variations and their adaptation to these, and also constraints on adaptation mechanisms. The results suggest that farmers in Kenya are aware of short-term climate change, that most of them have noticed an increase in temperatures, and that some have taken adaptive measures.

A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland by : Pradeep Kurukulasuriya

Download or read book A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland written by Pradeep Kurukulasuriya and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the impact of climate change on cropland in Africa. It is based on a survey of more than 9,000 farmers in 11 countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The study uses a Ricardian cross-sectional approach in which net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. The results show that net revenues fall as precipitation falls or as temperatures warm across all the surveyed farms. In addition to examining all farms together, the study examined dryland and irrigated farms separately. Dryland farms are especially climate sensitive. Irrigated farms have a positive immediate response to warming because they are located in relatively cool parts of Africa. The study also examined some simple climate scenarios to see how Africa would respond to climate change. These uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across all of Africa. In addition, the study examined three climate change scenarios from Atmospheric Oceanic General Circulation Models. These scenarios predicted changes in climate in each country over time. Not all countries are equally vulnerable to climate change. First, the climate scenarios predict different temperature and precipitation changes in each country. Second, it is also important whether a country is already hot and dry. Third, the extent to which farms are irrigated is also important.

Essays on Market Access Through Collective Action

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Market Access Through Collective Action by : Julius Kirimi Sindi

Download or read book Essays on Market Access Through Collective Action written by Julius Kirimi Sindi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many smallholder farmers in developing countries suffer from poor access to vital financial services, improved inputs, and product markets. Collective action (CA), through the fostering of organizations such as farmer marketing groups, is frequently advocated as a solution to these problems. This study looks at the factors that contribute to the ability of such groups in semi-arid areas of rural Kenya to emerge, survive, and grow; the willingness of farmers to join and patronize them; and the impact of these groups on farmers' incomes and price risk. This work is based on transaction cost economic theory, which explains why economic agents choose different institutional arrangements ("governance structures") to mediate different types of economic transactions as the structure of transaction costs associated with the exchange vary (Williamson, 1979). We also use the work of Mancur Olson (1965) and Elinor Ostrom on CA to help frame our analysis. Using household panel and producer-level data collected from Kenya in 2003, 2005, and 2007, the dissertation is organized in five chapters. Chapter 1 reviews briefly the literature on CA and the study area background. Chapter 2 explores in depth the conditions necessary for effective and sustainable producer marketing groups (PMGs) to emerge. The study utilizes both qualitative approaches (case studies) and quantitative approaches (fractional logit and quantile regression) in the analysis. We develop a Group's Success Index and a Group Analysis Framework to identify intervention areas to improve groups' success rates. Chapter 3 explores the correlates of participation in PMGs (whether or not to join the organizations), patronage (the share of sales through the PMG once one has joined) using a Heckman selection model; and the number of CA efforts a farmer joins, estimated using Poisson regression. Chapter 4 examines the impact of PMGs on members' crop incomes and the price risk they face for their crops. We apply a difference in differences (DiD) model for this impact assessment. Chapter 5 discusses important results throughout the study as well as policy implications of the results and limitations in the study. The results from chapter 2 show that the presence of an altruistic leader or a "core group", good governance structures, diverse activities and regular financial subscription to the group improves success rate. Using a blend of quantitative and qualitative (methods triangulation) analysis, the results provide a broader and a deeper perspective of producer marketing group dynamics and sources of their success. In chapter 3, we find that households that had received assistance from a development agent were more likely to join a group and increase patronage. Access to mobile phones reduced farmer CA participation. Factors such as a democratic group, diverse membership, reciprocity, and risk-mitigating strategies increased CA participation. In chapter 4, the study finds that PMGs do not reduce members' price risk; however, participation did improve crop incomes for PMG members compared to non-members.

Access to markets for smallholder farmers in Alto Molócue and Molumbo, Mozambique: Mid-term impact evaluation of INOVAGRO II

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Access to markets for smallholder farmers in Alto Molócue and Molumbo, Mozambique: Mid-term impact evaluation of INOVAGRO II by : Hosaena Ghebru

Download or read book Access to markets for smallholder farmers in Alto Molócue and Molumbo, Mozambique: Mid-term impact evaluation of INOVAGRO II written by Hosaena Ghebru and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-10-22 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Innovation for Agribusiness (InovAgro) project, which launched with its first three year phase in 2010, uses a market system development (MSD) approach towards the goal of increasing incomes of men and women small-scale farmers in northern Mozambique. InovAgro interventions promote improved agricultural productivity, participation in selected high-potential value chains and the development of inclusive and sustainable market systems, such that impacts are expected to last long beyond the termination of the project. This paper presents results from a midline quantitative impact evaluation of the second phase of the InovAgro project interventions (2014-2017). In it, we use a carefully designed and executed quasi-experimental study design to credibly attribute changes in market engagement and welfare of participating farmers to exposure to the InovAgro II project, identifying and testing in what respects the intervention was most successful, and what regard it had less impact. Although InovAgro II projects operate in 11 districts of Zambézia and Cabo Delgado provinces, this impact evaluation focuses on two districts in Zambézia province (Alto Molócue and Molumbo), and in terms of value chains, focuses on the soybean and pigeon pea high-potential value chains, while the InovAgro II project interventions focus on these in addition to maize, sesame and groundnut. A baseline survey was undertaken in 2015 covering the 2014/2015 agricultural season and a midline follow-up survey was conducted in 2017, covering the 2016/2017 agricultural season and reaching 1,749 households of the original 1,886 households interviewed in the baseline survey. Using difference-in-difference estimation and propensity score matching, we find that exposure to the InovAgro II project is associated with an increase in the proportion of households selling soybean and pigeon pea by approximately 5% and 16%, respectively (significant at the .01 level). Exposure to the InovAgro II project also results in significantly higher shares of smallholder farmers using improved seed for soybean and pigeon pea (an increase of 6% for soybean and 2% for pigeon pea). We find that the InovAgro II project is also associated with significant increases in access to agricultural output market information from formal sources (5%) and hired labor for farming activities (8%). Despite the significant impacts on short term outcome variables, exposure to the InovAgro II project had limited impact on long term outcome variables, such as on rural-urban migration as well as engagement in the non-farm sector (two proxies for assessing potential welfare implications of the project) however this finding is not surprising given the impact evaluation covers only two years-a short period of time to bring about the long-term impacts expected to eventually emanate from an MSD project.

The World Banana Economy, 1985-2002

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251050576
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis The World Banana Economy, 1985-2002 by : Pedro Arias

Download or read book The World Banana Economy, 1985-2002 written by Pedro Arias and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2003 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bananas are grown in all tropical regions and play a key role in the economics of many developing countries. The volume of bananas exported worldwide in the period 1985-2002 grew at an unprecedented average annual rate of 5.3 percent, twice that of the previous 24 years. This expansion was accompanied by minor technological changes but major developments in the world trade situation. This publication reviews the impacts of these events on the world banana economy. It is the first of a series of FAO Commodity Studies that focus primarily on themes relating to individual commodities or commodity groups.

Market information and access to structured markets by small farmers and traders: Evidence from an action research experiment in central Malawi

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Market information and access to structured markets by small farmers and traders: Evidence from an action research experiment in central Malawi by : Ochieng, Dennis O.

Download or read book Market information and access to structured markets by small farmers and traders: Evidence from an action research experiment in central Malawi written by Ochieng, Dennis O. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-03-12 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Small farmers and traders often lack the market information they need to earn the most from their crop sales. This paper analyzes the effects of an action research experiment in central Malawi, in which four groups of smallholder farmers were provided with maize and soybean price information from a local commodity exchange during the 2019 marketing season, while four other groups of smallholder farmers did not receive this information. Using data from a panel survey of 399 farmers and 78 traders conducted before and after the main marketing season and using kernel propensity score matching approach to account for possible differences between the treated and non-treated farmers, we estimate the effects of the intervention on a number of outcome indicators. A before versus after analysis was also employed to evaluate changes in traders’ marketing outcomes. We find positive but statistically insignificant effects on maize and soybean selling prices, sales through structured markets and levels of commercialization after the intervention. We also find a negative and statistically significant effect on the quantity of maize sold by farmers, suggesting paradoxically that providing farmers with price information reduced their sales volumes. The proportion of traders aware of structured markets and their share of sales through structured markets also increased significantly after the intervention. The quantity of maize sold by traders as well as the selling prices for maize and soy-bean also increased significantly, although this may be due to factors other than the intervention. The study concludes that provision of price information alone is not enough to facilitate small farmers’ and traders’ use of structured markets. Greater effort is needed to sensitize farmers and traders on the quality and quantity requirements as well as the operations of structured markets.

African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030451059
Total Pages : 2838 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation by : Walter Leal Filho

Download or read book African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation written by Walter Leal Filho and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-05-21 with total page 2838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses current thinking and presents the main issues and challenges associated with climate change in Africa. It introduces evidences from studies and projects which show how climate change adaptation is being - and may continue to be successfully implemented in African countries. Thanks to its scope and wide range of themes surrounding climate change, the ambition is that this book will be a lead publication on the topic, which may be regularly updated and hence capture further works. Climate change is a major global challenge. However, some geographical regions are more severly affected than others. One of these regions is the African continent. Due to a combination of unfavourable socio-economic and meteorological conditions, African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change and its impacts. The recently released IPCC special report "Global Warming of 1.5o C" outlines the fact that keeping global warming by the level of 1.5o C is possible, but also suggested that an increase by 2o C could lead to crises with crops (agriculture fed by rain could drop by 50% in some African countries by 2020) and livestock production, could damage water supplies and pose an additonal threat to coastal areas. The 5th Assessment Report produced by IPCC predicts that wheat may disappear from Africa by 2080, and that maize— a staple—will fall significantly in southern Africa. Also, arid and semi-arid lands are likely to increase by up to 8%, with severe ramifications for livelihoods, poverty eradication and meeting the SDGs. Pursuing appropriate adaptation strategies is thus vital, in order to address the current and future challenges posed by a changing climate. It is against this background that the "African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation" is being published. It contains papers prepared by scholars, representatives from social movements, practitioners and members of governmental agencies, undertaking research and/or executing climate change projects in Africa, and working with communities across the African continent. Encompassing over 100 contribtions from across Africa, it is the most comprehensive publication on climate change adaptation in Africa ever produced.

Agricultural Commercialization, Economic Development, and Nutrition

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Author :
Publisher : International Food Policy Research Insitute
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Commercialization, Economic Development, and Nutrition by : Joachim Von Braun

Download or read book Agricultural Commercialization, Economic Development, and Nutrition written by Joachim Von Braun and published by International Food Policy Research Insitute. This book was released on 1994 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subsistence production: a sign of market failure. Commercialization cannot be left to the market. Household effects of commercialization. Nutrition effects of commercialization. Policy action needed.

Impact of Contract Farming on Income: Linking small farmers, Packers, and Supermarkets in China

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Author :
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Impact of Contract Farming on Income: Linking small farmers, Packers, and Supermarkets in China by : Sachiko Miyata, Nicholas Minot, and Dinghuan Hu

Download or read book Impact of Contract Farming on Income: Linking small farmers, Packers, and Supermarkets in China written by Sachiko Miyata, Nicholas Minot, and Dinghuan Hu and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2009 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study compares contract and non-contract growers of apples and green onions in Shandong Province, China in order to explore the constraints on participation and the impact of contract farming on income. We find little evidence that firms prefer to work with larger farms, though all farms in the area are quite small. Using a Heckman selection-correction model, we find that contract farming raises income even after controlling for observable and unobservable household characteristics. These results suggest that contract farming can help raise small-farm income, though questions remain regarding the number of farmers that can be brought into such schemes.

Climate Variability and Water Resources Degradation in Kenya

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Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821365185
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Variability and Water Resources Degradation in Kenya by :

Download or read book Climate Variability and Water Resources Degradation in Kenya written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report, based on a complex analytical methodology, provides a clear economic rationale for investing in improved water resources development and management in Kenya. It is part of the World Bank's policy dialogue on water resources management reforms and investment planning in Kenya. It focuses on the economic implications of two key factors that make the economy and people of Kenya highly vulnerablethe effects of climate variability and the steady degradation of the nation's water resources. The 1997-2000 El Nio-La Nia episodes cost the country Ksh 290 billion, about 14 percent of GDP.

Informal cross-border trade in Africa: How much? Why? And what impact?

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Author :
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Informal cross-border trade in Africa: How much? Why? And what impact? by : Bouet, Antoine

Download or read book Informal cross-border trade in Africa: How much? Why? And what impact? written by Bouet, Antoine and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2018-12-21 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Informal cross-border trade (ICBT) represents a prominent phenomenon in Africa. Several studies suggest that for certain products and countries, the value of informal trade may meet or even exceed the value of formal trade. This paper provides a review of existing efforts to measure informal trade. We list 18 initiatives aimed at measuring ICBT in Africa. The paper also summarizes discussions conducted with many stakeholders in Africa between December 2016 and May 2018 regarding the measurement, the determinants, and the implications of ICBT. The methodologies used to measure ICBT in Africa differ widely, but they do confirm that informal trade in Africa is both sizeable and volatile. Both evidence on the determinants of ICBT and discussions with stakeholders suggest that policies should aim to reduce the existing costs associated with formal trade and provide positive incentives for traders and producers to move into the formal economy in order to avoid the loss of economic potential stemming from informal trade.

Are Horticultural Exports a Replicable Success Story?

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Author :
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Are Horticultural Exports a Replicable Success Story? by : Nicholas Minot

Download or read book Are Horticultural Exports a Replicable Success Story? written by Nicholas Minot and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2004 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Small Farmers, Big Change

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Author :
Publisher : Practical Action Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781853397127
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (971 download)

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Book Synopsis Small Farmers, Big Change by : David Wilson

Download or read book Small Farmers, Big Change written by David Wilson and published by Practical Action Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes examples of achieving wider change in smallholder agriculture, through influencing policy decisions, linking smallholders to value chains, innovating service provision for small farmers, with an emphasis on promoting equitable livelihoods and developing rural women's economic leadership.

Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351369504
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa by : Cyndi Spindell Berck

Download or read book Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa written by Cyndi Spindell Berck and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-03-05 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A changing climate is likely to have a drastic impact on crop yields in Africa. The purpose of this book is to document the effects of climate change on agriculture in Africa and to discuss strategies for adaptation to hotter weather and less predictable rainfall. These strategies include promoting opportunities for farmers to adopt technologies that produce optimal results in terms of crop yield and income under local agro-ecological and socioeconomic conditions. The focus is on sub-Saharan Africa, an area that is already affected by changing patterns of heat and rainfall. Because of the high prevalence of subsistence farming, food insecurity, and extreme poverty in this region, there is a great need for practical adaptation strategies. The book includes empirical research in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and other Sub-Saharan countries, and the conclusion summarizes policy-relevant findings from the chapters. It is aimed at advanced students, researchers, extension and development practitioners, and officials of government agencies, NGOs, and funding agencies. It also will provide supplementary reading for courses in environment and development and in agricultural economics.

Farming Systems and Poverty

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Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251046272
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Farming Systems and Poverty by : John A. Dixon

Download or read book Farming Systems and Poverty written by John A. Dixon and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A joint FAO and World Bank study which shows how the farming systems approach can be used to identify priorities for the reduction of hunger and poverty in the main farming systems of the six major developing regions of the world.

Sustainable Food Futures

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315463113
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Food Futures by : Jessica Duncan

Download or read book Sustainable Food Futures written by Jessica Duncan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-04 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Securing sustainable food for everyone is one of the world's most pressing challenges, but research, policy, and programmes remain fragmented, and effective solutions have been slow to emerge. This book takes on these challenges by proposing a range of solutions that can advance pathways towards sustainable food futures. Complete with recipes, this book is structured so that readers are taken in a logical progression through discussions of solutions, highlighting the need to recognise the importance of place and the importance of participation, and to challenge dominant descriptions of markets, through to re-designing food systems. The solutions presented in this book are based on real-world cases, but discussions remain deliberately broad to encourage thinking in new ways. Cases are drawn from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America. The book is of relevance to those interested in sustainable food futures, and can serve as a supplementary textbook for a wide range of courses in food studies and related disciplines.