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Design Of Efficient And Safe Neural Stimulators
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Book Synopsis Design of Efficient and Safe Neural Stimulators by : Marijn van Dongen
Download or read book Design of Efficient and Safe Neural Stimulators written by Marijn van Dongen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the design of neural stimulator systems which are used for the treatment of a wide variety of brain disorders such as Parkinson’s, depression and tinnitus. Whereas many existing books treating neural stimulation focus on one particular design aspect, such as the electrical design of the stimulator, this book uses a multidisciplinary approach: by combining the fields of neuroscience, electrophysiology and electrical engineering a thorough understanding of the complete neural stimulation chain is created (from the stimulation IC down to the neural cell). This multidisciplinary approach enables readers to gain new insights into stimulator design, while context is provided by presenting innovative design examples.
Book Synopsis Circuit Design Considerations for Implantable Devices by : Peng Cong
Download or read book Circuit Design Considerations for Implantable Devices written by Peng Cong and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implantable devices are a unique area for circuit designers. A comprehensive understanding of design trade-offs at the system level is important to ensure device success. Circuit Design Considerations for Implantable Devices provides knowledge to CMOS circuit designers with limited biomedical background to understand design challenges and trade-offs for implantable devices, especially neural interfacing.Technical topics discussed in the book include: Neural interface Neural sensing amplifiers Electrical stimulation Embedded Signal Analysis Wireless Power Transmission to mm-Sized Free-Floating Distributed Implants Next Generation Neural Interface Electronics
Book Synopsis Neurostimulation for Epilepsy by : Vikram R. Rao
Download or read book Neurostimulation for Epilepsy written by Vikram R. Rao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-04-11 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurostimulation for Epilepsy: Advances, Applications, and Opportunities comprehensively reviews the diverse array of neurostimulation technologies currently in use and in development for the treatment of epilepsy. The book covers basic mechanisms of neurostimulation, technical characteristics of approved and investigational neurostimulation devices, clinical applications and programming considerations of these devices, and progress toward next-generation device technology. Leading experts in the field provide a contemporary appraisal of neurostimulation in epilepsy, one that highlights recent advances, outlines unanswered questions, and proposes future directions. Neurostimulation for Epilepsy: Advances, Applications, and Opportunities will be of high interest to clinical, basic, and translational researchers seeking to understand leading-edge applications of neurostimulation in epilepsy and to clinicians managing patients with epilepsy who are treated with implanted and external neurostimulation devices. This book will also be of interest to trainees, to physicians in other areas of neurology where neurostimulation is employed, such as Pain and Movement Disorders, and to general medical practitioners, neurobiologists, and engineers. Explains fundamental principles of neurostimulation in accessible terms Details technical characteristics and engineering considerations of neurostimulation devices Describes strengths and limitations of approved and investigational neurostimulation devices Overviews clinical applications of neurostimulation, including device selection and programming Highlights the patient experience with neurostimulation, with an emphasis on quality of life Provides a roadmap for the development of next-generation devices
Book Synopsis Models and Simulations of the Electric Field in Deep Brain Stimulation by : Fabiola Alonso
Download or read book Models and Simulations of the Electric Field in Deep Brain Stimulation written by Fabiola Alonso and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-09-10 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established surgical therapy for movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). A thin electrode is implanted in a predefined area of the brain with the use of stereotactic neurosurgery. In the last few years new DBS electrodes and systems have been developed with possibilities for using more parameters for control of the stimulation volume. In this thesis, simulations using the finite element method (FEM) have been developed and used for investigation of the electric field (EF) extension around different types of DBS lead designs (symmetric, steering) and stimulation modes (voltage, current). The electrode surrounding was represented either with a homogeneous model or a patient-specific model based on individual preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The EF was visualized and compared for different lead designs and operating modes. In Paper I, the EF was quantitatively investigated around two lead designs (3389 and 6148) simulated to operate in voltage and current mode under acute and chronic time points following implantation.Simulations showed a major impact on the EF extension between postoperative time points which may explain the clinical decisions to change the stimulation amplitude weeks after implantation. In Paper II, the simulations were expanded to include two leads having steering function (6180, Surestim1) and patient-specific FEM simulations in the zona incerta. It was found that both the heterogeneity of the tissue and the operating mode, influence the EF distribution and that equivalent contact configurations of the leads result in similar EF. The steering mode presented larger volumes in current mode when using equivalent amplitudes. Simulations comparing DBS and intraoperative stimulation test using a microelectrode recording (MER) system (Paper III), showed that several parallel MER leads and the presence of the non-active DBS contacts influence the EF distribution and that the DBS EF volume can cover, but also extend to, other anatomical areas. Paper IV introduces a method for an objective exploitation of intraoperative stimulation test data in order to identify the optimal implant position in the thalamus of the chronic DBS lead. Patient-specific EF simulations were related to the anatomy with the help of brain atlases and the clinical effects which were quantified by accelerometers. The first results indicate that the good clinical effect in ET is due to several structures around the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus.
Book Synopsis Analog IC Design Techniques for Nanopower Biomedical Signal Processing by : Chutham Sawigun
Download or read book Analog IC Design Techniques for Nanopower Biomedical Signal Processing written by Chutham Sawigun and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the requirements for low power consumption and very small physical dimensions in portable, wearable and implantable medical devices are calling for integrated circuit design techniques using MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold regime, this book first revisits some well-known circuit techniques that use CMOS devices biased in subthreshold in order to establish nanopower integrated circuit designs. Based on the these findings, this book shows the development of a class-AB current-mode sample-and-hold circuit with an order of magnitude improvement in its figure of merit compared to other state-of-the-art designs. Also, the concepts and design procedures of 1) single-branch filters 2) follower-integrator-based lowpass filters and 3) modular transconductance reduction techniques for very low frequency filters are presented. Finally, to serve the requirement of a very large signal swing in an energy-based action potential detector, a nanopower class-AB current-mode analog multiplier is designed to handle input current amplitudes of more than 10 times the bias current of the multiplier circuit. The invented filter circuits have been fabricated in a standard 0.18 μ CMOS process in order to verify our circuit concepts and design procedures. Their experimental results are reported.
Book Synopsis Essential Neuromodulation by : Jeffrey Arle
Download or read book Essential Neuromodulation written by Jeffrey Arle and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-07-11 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essential Neuromodulation, Second Edition is a concise reference covering all of the basic principles of neuromodulation in a single affordable volume for neuroscientists, residents, fellows, bioengineers and basic clinical practitioners. This second edition expands on developments in the field since 2011, emphasizing essential observations from all of the important clinical phases involved in any neuromodulation: targeting, intraoperative assessment, programming, complications and complication avoidance. As neuromodulation remains an exciting and rapidly advancing field, this information is critical for neurosurgeons, neurophysiologists, bioengineers and other proceduralists. Presents a comprehensive reference on the emerging field of neuromodulation that features chapters from leading physicians and researchers in the field Provides a cohesive presentation of neuromodulation technologies and interventions Contains 550 full-color pages that begin with an overview of the clinical phases involved in neuromodulation, the challenges facing therapies and intraoperative procedures, and innovative solutions for better patient care Emphasizes the fundamentals needed to embrace the neuromodulation field as a cohesive clinical entity Explores the use of electrical, chemical and mechanical interventions to heal and improve neurological deficits Covers the promise of neurostimulation for chronic pain, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and other disorders and diseases Features developments in the field of neuromodulation since the first edition was published, including findings in lead, IPG and accessories
Book Synopsis Low Power Circuits and Systems for Wireless Neural Stimulation by : Scott Kenneth Arfin
Download or read book Low Power Circuits and Systems for Wireless Neural Stimulation written by Scott Kenneth Arfin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrical stimulation of tissues is an increasingly valuable tool for treating a variety of disorders, with applications including cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, visual prostheses, deep brain stimulators, spinal cord stimulators, and muscle stimulators. Brain implants for paralysis treatments are increasingly providing sensory feedback via neural stimulation. Within the field of neuroscience, the perturbation of neuronal circuits wirelessly in untethered, freely-behaving animals is of particular importance. In implantable systems, power consumption is often the limiting factor in determining battery or power coil size, cost, and level of tissue heating, with stimulation circuitry typically dominating the power budget of the entire implant. Thus, there is strong motivation to improve the energy efficiency of implantable electrical stimulators. In this thesis, I present two examples of low-power tissue stimulators. The first type is a wireless, low-power neural stimulation system for use in freely behaving animals. The system consists of an external transmitter and a miniature, implantable wireless receiver-and-stimulator utilizing a custom integrated chip built in a standard 0.5 ptm CMOS process. Low power design permits 12 days of continuous experimentation from a 5 mAh battery, extended by an automatic sleep mode that reduces standby power consumption by 2.5x. To test this device, bipolar stimulating electrodes were implanted into the songbird motor nucleus HVC of zebra finches. Single-neuron recordings revealed that wireless stimulation of HVC led to a strong increase of spiking activity in its downstream target, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). When this device was used to deliver biphasic pulses of current randomly during singing, singing activity was prematurely terminated in all birds tested. The second stimulator I present is a novel, energy-efficient electrode stimulator with feedback current regulation. This stimulator uses inductive storage and recycling of energy based on a dynamic power supply to drive an electrode in an adiabatic fashion such that energy consumption is minimized. Since there are no explicit current sources or current limiters, wasteful energy dissipation across such elements is naturally avoided. The stimulator also utilizes a shunt current-sensor to monitor and regulate the current through the electrode via feedback, thus enabling flexible and safe stimulation. The dynamic power supply allows efficient transfer of energy both to and from the electrode, and is based on a DC-DC converter topology that is used in a bidirectional fashion. In an exemplary electrode implementation, I show how the stimulator combines the efficiency of voltage control and the safety and accuracy of current control in a single low-power integrated-circuit built in a standard 0.35 pm CMOS process. I also perform a theoretical analysis of the energy efficiency that is in accord with experimental measurements. In its current proof-of-concept implementation, this stimulator achieves a 2x-3x reduction in energy consumption as compared to a conventional current-source-based stimulator operating from a fixed power supply.
Book Synopsis Energy Efficient Neural Stimulation by : Thomas J. Foutz
Download or read book Energy Efficient Neural Stimulation written by Thomas J. Foutz and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neural stimulation is a method of modulating neural activity, which has lead to the treatment of a number of diseases and conditions. It is both an established clinical tool, and a novel method on the frontier of neuroscience. Energy is a fundamental unit of neural stimulation, whose significance has grown with the rise of current-controlled electrical stimulation and optical stimulation. Historically, rectangular waveforms have been used for electrical stimulation; however, recent work has suggested that non-rectangular waveforms may have advantages over the traditional stimulus pulse. In the first study, detailed computer models were developed to compare a variety of charge-balanced biphasic waveforms with different stimulus pulse shapes. These results were validated in vivo in a rat model of peripheral nerve stimulation. In the second study, a method was investigated to improve the energy-efficiency of implantable-pulse generators (IPGs) by exploiting the biophysical features of excitable tissue. Substantial energy savings were achieved by exchanging the conventional fixed stimulator compliance voltage with a compliance voltage that matches real-time needs. By minimizing this voltage, energy savings of greater than 50% were observed, compared to traditional stimulation. Optogenetics is an emerging field of neuromodulation that uses light to achieve scaled, millisecond control of the membrane dynamics of genetically targeted neurons. In this last study, a computational tool is used to explore the underlying biophysics of optical stimulation. This "light-neuron" model consists of theoretical representations of the light dynamics generated by a fiber optic in brain tissue, coupled to a multi-compartment cable model of a cortical pyramidal neuron embedded with Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). The activation threshold was found to be sensitive to many of the properties of ChR2, the tissue, and the fiber optic light source. This intention of this engineering design tool is to help guide future development of optogenetic technology. The overall purpose of this project was to investigate the energy-efficiency of neural stimulation. The ultimate goal of this work is to extend the lifetime of electrical IPGs, and to give insight into the future development of optical stimulation.
Book Synopsis Neural Stimulation by : Joel B. Myklebust
Download or read book Neural Stimulation written by Joel B. Myklebust and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-06-04 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1985, this book offers a full, comprehensive investigation into Stimulation of the brain. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for Neurobiologists, and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Book Synopsis A System for Efficient Neural Stimulation with Energy Recovery by : Shawn Kevin Kelly
Download or read book A System for Efficient Neural Stimulation with Energy Recovery written by Shawn Kevin Kelly and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) Electrodes are switched through a series of steps, and each step is maintained at its prescribed voltage by a controlled synchronous rectifier, which charges the supply capacitor from a single AC secondary power coil. This novel architecture uses less than half of the power used by an aggressively designed current source stimulator with the same voltage rails, and about one-third of the power consumed by typical stimulators used for this function.
Book Synopsis Stimulation and Recording Electrodes for Neural Prostheses by : Naser Pour Aryan
Download or read book Stimulation and Recording Electrodes for Neural Prostheses written by Naser Pour Aryan and published by . This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Translational Research in Audiology, Neurotology, and the Hearing Sciences by : Colleen G. Le Prell
Download or read book Translational Research in Audiology, Neurotology, and the Hearing Sciences written by Colleen G. Le Prell and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-26 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translational Research is the interface between basic science and human clinical application, including the entire process from animal studies to human clinical trials (phases I, II, and III). Translational Research moves promising basic science results from the laboratory to bedside application. Yet, this transition is often the least-defined, least-understood part of the research process. Most scientific training programs provide little or no systematic introduction to the issues, challenges, and obstacles that prevent effective research translation, even though these are the key steps that enable high-impact basic science to ultimately result in significant clinical advances that improve patient outcome. This volume will provide an overview of key issues in translation of research from “bedside to bench to bedside”, not only from the perspective of the key funding agencies, but also from the scientists and clinicians who are currently involved in the translational research process. It will attempt to offer insight into real-world experience with intellectual property and technology transfer activities that can help move auditory technologies ahead, as scientists and clinicians typically have little or no formal training in these areas. Translational Research in Audiology and the Hearing Sciences will be aimed at graduate students and postdoctoral investigators, as well as professionals and academics. It is intended to function as a high-profile and up-to-date reference work on Translational Research in the auditory sciences, emphasizing research programs in the traditional areas including drugs and devices, as well as less traditional, still emerging, areas such as sensorineural hearing loss, auditory processing disorder, cochlear implants and hearing aids, and tinnitus therapies.
Book Synopsis A Power‐efficient Current‐mode Neural/muscular Stimulator Design for Peripheral Nerve Prosthesis by :
Download or read book A Power‐efficient Current‐mode Neural/muscular Stimulator Design for Peripheral Nerve Prosthesis written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Sustainable Energy and Intelligent Systems by : Kang Li
Download or read book Recent Advances in Sustainable Energy and Intelligent Systems written by Kang Li and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three-volume set CCIS 1467, CCIS 1468, and CCIS 1469 constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Life System Modeling and Simulation, LSMS 2021, and of the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computing for Sustainable Energy and Environment, ICSEE 2021, held in Hangzhou, China, in October 2021. The 159 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from over 430 submissions. The papers of this volume are organized in topical sections on: Medical Imaging and Analysis Using Intelligence Computing; Biomedical signal processing, imaging, visualization and surgical robotics; Computational method in taxonomy study and neural dynamics; Intelligent medical apparatus, clinical applications and intelligent design of biochips; Power and Energy Systems; Computational Intelligence in Utilization of Clean and Renewable Energy Resources, and Intelligent Modelling, Control and Supervision for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction; Intelligent Methods in Developing Electric Vehicles, Engines and Equipment; Intelligent Control Methods in Energy Infrastructure Development and Distributed Power Generation Systems; Intelligent Modeling, Simulation and Control of Power Electronics and Power Networks; Intelligent Techniques for Sustainable Energy and Green Built Environment, Water Treatment and Waste Management; Intelligent Robot and Simulation; Intelligent Data Processing, Analysis and Control in Complex Systems; Advanced Neural Network Theory and Algorithms; Advanced Computational Methods and Applications; Fuzzy, Neural, and Fuzzy-neuro Hybrids; Intelligent Modelling, Monitoring, and Control of Complex Nonlinear Systems; Intelligent manufacturing, autonomous systems, intelligent robotic systems; Computational Intelligence and Applications.
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Biomedical Physics by :
Download or read book Comprehensive Biomedical Physics written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2014-07-25 with total page 4052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Biomedical Physics, Ten Volume Set is a new reference work that provides the first point of entry to the literature for all scientists interested in biomedical physics. It is of particularly use for graduate and postgraduate students in the areas of medical biophysics. This Work is indispensable to all serious readers in this interdisciplinary area where physics is applied in medicine and biology. Written by leading scientists who have evaluated and summarized the most important methods, principles, technologies and data within the field, Comprehensive Biomedical Physics is a vital addition to the reference libraries of those working within the areas of medical imaging, radiation sources, detectors, biology, safety and therapy, physiology, and pharmacology as well as in the treatment of different clinical conditions and bioinformatics. This Work will be valuable to students working in all aspect of medical biophysics, including medical imaging and biomedical radiation science and therapy, physiology, pharmacology and treatment of clinical conditions and bioinformatics. The most comprehensive work on biomedical physics ever published Covers one of the fastest growing areas in the physical sciences, including interdisciplinary areas ranging from advanced nuclear physics and quantum mechanics through mathematics to molecular biology and medicine Contains 1800 illustrations, all in full color
Book Synopsis Design and Fabrication of an Implantable Multichannel Neural Stimulator by : Mani Soma
Download or read book Design and Fabrication of an Implantable Multichannel Neural Stimulator written by Mani Soma and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis and Design of Electrodes for Deep Brain Stimulation by : Xuefeng Frank Wei
Download or read book Analysis and Design of Electrodes for Deep Brain Stimulation written by Xuefeng Frank Wei and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes are intended to stimulate specific areas of the brain to treat movement disorders including essential tremor, Parkinson's disease and dystonia. An important goal in the design of next generation DBS electrodes is to minimize the power needed to stimulate specific regions of the brain. A reduction in power consumption will prolong battery life and reduce the size of implanted pulse generator. Electrode geometry is one approach to increase the efficiency of neural stimulation and reduce the power required to produce the level of activation required for clinical efficacy. We first characterized the impedance of the presently used clinical DBS electrodes in vitro and in vivo. Characterization of the electrode-tissue interface impedance is required to quantify the composition of charge transfer to the brain tissue. The composition of charge transfer was dependent on both the current density and the sinusoidal frequency. The assumption of the DBS electrode being ideally polarizable was not valid under clinical stimulating conditions. This implies that irreversible processes that can cause electrode or tissue damage might occur when high charge injection is required for DBS. Current density distribution is an important factor in determining patterns of neural excitation, tissue damage and electrode corrosion. We developed a recursive simulation scheme to calculate the current density distribution that incorporates the nonlinear electrode-tissue interface into finite-element based models of electrodes. The current density distributions on the electrode surface were strongly dependent on the sinusoidal frequency. The primary current density distribution without including the electrode-tissue interface can be used to estimate neural excitation, tissue damage and electrode corrosion with rectangular stimulus pulses as most of the signal power is at frequencies where the secondary current density distribution matches closely the primary current density distribution. We designed and analyzed novel electrode geometries to decrease stimulation thresholds, thus reducing power consumption of implanted stimulators. Our hypothesis was that high-perimeter electrode geometries that increase the variation of current density on the electrode surface will generate larger activating functions for surrounding neurons and thereby increase stimulation efficiency. We investigated three classes of electrodes: segmented cylindrical electrodes, serpentine-perimeter planar electrodes, and serpentine-perimeter cylindrical electrodes. An approach that combined finite element models of potentials and cable models of axonal excitation was used to quantify the stimulation efficiency of electrodes with various geometries. Increasing the electrode perimeter increased the electrode efficiency by decreasing stimulation threshold. Both segmentation and serpentine edges provided means to increase the efficiency of stimulation. Novel cylindrical electrodes that combined segmentation with serpentine edges decreased power consumption by ~20% for axons parallel to the electrode and by ~35% for axons perpendicular to the electrode. These electrode designs could potentially prolong the average battery life of deep brain stimulator by more than one year.
