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Descriptive And Normative Approaches To Human Behavior
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Book Synopsis Descriptive and Normative Approaches to Human Behavior by : Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov
Download or read book Descriptive and Normative Approaches to Human Behavior written by Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the book is to present side-by-side representative and cutting-edge samples of work in mathematical psychology and the analytic philosophy with prominent use of mathematical formalisms.
Book Synopsis Planned Behavior by : Christopher J. Armitage
Download or read book Planned Behavior written by Christopher J. Armitage and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychologists regard the relationship between attitudes and behavior as a key to understanding human behavior. Here leading researchers discuss basic and applied issues relating to how human thought translates into action. The contributors focus on the theory of planned behavior, a model of attitude-behavior relations that takes into account not just attitudes, but also the influence of significant others around us, issues of personal agency, and motivation. The book begins with an overview of the theory of planned behavior, from the initial impetus to better understand attitude-behavior relations, through the theory of reasoned action, to the theory of planned behavior. Among the applied issues discussed in subsequent chapters are using the model to predict homeless persons' use of services, understanding the motivation underpinning suicide in an at-risk sample, and experimentally manipulating antecedents of risky driving behavior. More methodologically oriented chapters explore how the theory of planned behavior may be developed in the future. Several chapters discuss the potential integration of the theory of planned behavior with social identity theory and goal theory; other chapters discuss the key components of the theory of planned behavior and whether the theory might usefully be extended with the concept of descriptive norms. This book considers a full spectrum of important developments that enhance our understanding of the theory of planned behavior and efforts to extend it. From applications to new avenues for research, the chapters that make up this book address important issues surrounding theoretical and practical approaches to addressing problems in attitude-behavior research. Christopher J. Armitage is a senior lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, UK. His research interests focus on the relationships between attitudes and behaviors, and on behavior change. Julie Christian is a lecturer of social psychology in the School of Psychology at the University of Birmingham, UK. Her research interests include attitudes and inter-group processes, in particular how these variables relate to enhancing our understanding of behavioral outcomes.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists by : William O'Donohue
Download or read book Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists written by William O'Donohue and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2003-01-23 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists provides comprehensive coverage of topics typically neglected in books on ethical issues in psychology. Rather than take ethical pronouncements as dogma not to be questioned but simply understood and observed, the authors encourage a questioning, critical attitude. Divided into four parts, this provocative text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational issues, professional issues, special topics, and special populations. A distinguished group of scholars and researchers examine Moral reasoning and the ethics of professional licensing; Confidentiality in psychotherapy; Fees and financial arrangements; The termination and referral of clients; The use of deception in research; Ethnic minority issues and Consent in the treatment and research of children. The Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists considers the compatibility of science and morality. Challenging readers to question the fundamental philosophical values of professional psychology, the editors and contributors inspire the ethical impulse and encourage active moral leadership.
Book Synopsis From Is to Ought: The Place of Normative Models in the Study of Human Thought by : Shira Elqayam
Download or read book From Is to Ought: The Place of Normative Models in the Study of Human Thought written by Shira Elqayam and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the study of human thinking, two main research questions can be asked: “Descriptive Q: What is human thinking like? Normative Q: What ought human thinking be like?” For decades, these two questions have dominated the field, and the relationship between them generated many a controversy. Empirical normativist approaches regard the answers to these questions as positively correlated – in essence, human thinking is what it ought to be (although what counts as the ‘ought’ standard is moot). In contemporary theories of reasoning and decision making, this is often associated with a Panglossian framework, an adaptationist approach which regards human thinking as a priori rational. In contrast, prescriptive normativism sees the answers to these two questions as negatively correlated. Normative models are still relevant to human thought, but human behaviour deviates from them quite markedly (with the invited conclusion that humans are often irrational). Prescriptive normativism often results in a Meliorist agenda, which sees rationality as amenable to education. Both empirical and prescriptive normativism can be contrasted with a descriptivist framework for psychology of human thinking. Following Hume’s strict divide between the ‘is’ and the ‘ought’, descriptivism regards the descriptive and normative research questions as uncorrelated, or dissociated, with only the former question suitable for psychological study of human behaviour. This basic division carries over to the relation between normative (‘ought’) rationality, based on conforming to normative standards; and instrumental (‘is’) rationality, based on achieving one’s goals. Descriptivist approaches regard the two as dissociated, whereas normativist approaches tend to see them as closely linked, with normative arguments defining and justifying instrumental rationality. This research topic brings together diverse contributions to the continuing debate. Featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, the e-book covers a wide range of subjects, arranged by six sections: The standard picture: Normativist perspectives In defence of soft normativism Exploring normative models Descriptivist perspectives Evolutionary and ecological accounts Empirical reports With a total of some 24 articles from 55 authors, this comprehensive treatment includes theoretical analyses, meta-theoretical critiques, commentaries, and a range of empirical reports. The contents of the Research Topic should appeal to psychologists, linguists, philosophers and cognitive scientists, with research interests in a wide range of domains, from language, through reasoning, judgment and decision making, and moral judgment, to epistemology and theory of mind, philosophical logic, and meta-ethics.
Download or read book Planned Behavior written by Mason Gross and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychologists regard the relationship between attitudes and behavior as a key to understanding human behavior. Here leading researchers discuss basic and applied issues relating to how human thought translates into action. The contributors focus on the theory of planned behavior, a model of attitude-behavior relations that takes into account not just attitudes, but also the influence of significant others around us, issues of personal agency, and motivation. The book begins with an overview of the theory of planned behavior, from the initial impetus to better understand attitude-behavior relations, through the theory of reasoned action, to the theory of planned behavior. Among the applied issues discussed in subsequent chapters are using the model to predict homeless persons' use of services, understanding the motivation underpinning suicide in an at-risk sample, and experimentally manipulating antecedents of risky driving behavior. More methodologically oriented chapters explore how the theory of planned behavior may be developed in the future. Several chapters discuss the potential integration of the theory of planned behavior with social identity theory and goal theory; other chapters discuss the key components of the theory of planned behavior and whether the theory might usefully be extended with the concept of descriptive norms. This book considers a full spectrum of important developments that enhance our understanding of the theory of planned behavior and efforts to extend it. From applications to new avenues for research, the chapters that make up this book address important issues surrounding theoretical and practical approaches to addressing problems in attitude-behavior research.
Book Synopsis Cambridge Handbook of Research Approaches to Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility by : Patricia H. Werhane
Download or read book Cambridge Handbook of Research Approaches to Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility written by Patricia H. Werhane and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-16 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there is a large and ever-expanding body of work on the fields of business ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR), there is a noted absence of a single source on the methodology and research approaches to these fields. In this book, the first of its kind, leading scholars in the fields gather to analyse a range of philosophical and empirical approaches to research in business ethics and CSR. It covers such sections as historical approaches, normative and behavioural methodologies, quantitative, qualitative and experimental perspectives, grounded theory and case methodologies, and finally a section on the role of the researcher in research projects. This book is a valuable and essential read for all researchers in business ethics and CSR, not only for those starting out in the fields, but also for seasoned scholars and academics.
Book Synopsis The Normative and the Scientific Approach to the Study of Human Behavior by : Ellwyn R. Stoddard
Download or read book The Normative and the Scientific Approach to the Study of Human Behavior written by Ellwyn R. Stoddard and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis From Is to Ought: The Place of Normative Models in the Study of Human Thought by :
Download or read book From Is to Ought: The Place of Normative Models in the Study of Human Thought written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the study of human thinking, two main research questions can be asked: "Descriptive Q: What is human thinking like? Normative Q: What ought human thinking be like?" For decades, these two questions have dominated the field, and the relationship between them generated many a controversy. Empirical normativist approaches regard the answers to these questions as positively correlated - in essence, human thinking is what it ought to be (although what counts as the 'ought' standard is moot). In contemporary theories of reasoning and decision making, this is often associated with a Panglossian framework, an adaptationist approach which regards human thinking as a priori rational. In contrast, prescriptive normativism sees the answers to these two questions as negatively correlated. Normative models are still relevant to human thought, but human behaviour deviates from them quite markedly (with the invited conclusion that humans are often irrational). Prescriptive normativism often results in a Meliorist agenda, which sees rationality as amenable to education. Both empirical and prescriptive normativism can be contrasted with a descriptivist framework for psychology of human thinking. Following Hume's strict divide between the 'is' and the 'ought', descriptivism regards the descriptive and normative research questions as uncorrelated, or dissociated, with only the former question suitable for psychological study of human behaviour. This basic division carries over to the relation between normative ('ought') rationality, based on conforming to normative standards; and instrumental ('is') rationality, based on achieving one's goals. Descriptivist approaches regard the two as dissociated, whereas normativist approaches tend to see them as closely linked, with normative arguments defining and justifying instrumental rationality. This research topic brings together diverse contributions to the continuing debate. Featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, the e-book covers a wide range of subjects, arranged by six sections: The standard picture: Normativist perspectives In defence of soft normativism Exploring normative models Descriptivist perspectives Evolutionary and ecological accounts Empirical reports With a total of some 24 articles from 55 authors, this comprehensive treatment includes theoretical analyses, meta-theoretical critiques, commentaries, and a range of empirical reports. The contents of the Research Topic should appeal to psychologists, linguists, philosophers and cognitive scientists, with research interests in a wide range of domains, from language, through reasoning, judgment and decision making, and moral judgment, to epistemology and theory of mind, philosophical logic, and meta-ethics.
Book Synopsis Norms in Human Development by : Leslie Smith
Download or read book Norms in Human Development written by Leslie Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-08-17 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The distinction between norms and facts is long-standing in providing a challenge for psychology. Norms exist as directives, commands, rules, customs and ideals, playing a constitutive role in human action and thought. Norms lay down 'what has to be' (the necessary, possible or impossible) and 'what has to be done' (the obligatory, the permitted or the forbidden) and so go beyond the 'is' of causality. During two millennia, norms made an essential contribution to accounts of the mind, yet the twentieth century witnessed an abrupt change in the science of psychology where norms were typically either excluded altogether or reduced to causes. The central argument in this book is twofold. Firstly, the approach in twentieth-century psychology is flawed. Secondly, norms operating interdependently with causes can be investigated empirically and theoretically in cognition, culture and morality. Human development is a norm-laden process.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization by : Wang, John
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization written by Wang, John and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2014-02-28 with total page 2862 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the age of Big Data emerges, it becomes necessary to take the five dimensions of Big Data- volume, variety, velocity, volatility, and veracity- and focus these dimensions towards one critical emphasis - value. The Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization confronts the challenges of information retrieval in the age of Big Data by exploring recent advances in the areas of knowledge management, data visualization, interdisciplinary communication, and others. Through its critical approach and practical application, this book will be a must-have reference for any professional, leader, analyst, or manager interested in making the most of the knowledge resources at their disposal.
Download or read book Ancient Lives written by Brian M. Fagan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-01-20 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theory and Methods in Archaeology and Prehistory Written for complete beginners in a narrative style, Ancient Lives is aimed at introductory courses in archaeology and prehistory that cover archaeological methods and theory, as well as world prehistory. The first half of Ancient Lives covers the basic principles, methods, and theoretical approaches of archaeology. The second half is devoted to a summary of the major developments of human prehistory: the origins of humankind and the archaic world, the origins and spread of modern humans, the emergence of food production, and the beginnings of civilization. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers should be able to: Understand the basic principles of archaeology Summarize the major developments of human prehistory
Book Synopsis Public Opinion by : Carroll J. Glynn
Download or read book Public Opinion written by Carroll J. Glynn and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public Opinion is a comprehensive and multidisciplinary examination of public opinion in the United States. Drawing on scholarship in political science, psychology, sociology, and communications, the authors explore the nature of political and social attitudes in the United States and how these attitudes are shaped by various institutions, with an emphasis on mass media. The book also serves as a provocative starting point for the discussion of citizen moods, political participation, and voting behavior. Feature boxes and illustrations throughout help students understand all aspects of the elusive phenomenon we call public opinion. The third edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect how public opinion is studied today, and to incorporate current data and debates. The book now contains two revised and reframed theory chapters 'Group Membership and Public Opinion' and 'Public Opinion and Social Process', as well as new coverage of the influence of online and social media on public opinion, especially in issue opinions and campaigns.
Book Synopsis The SAGE Encyclopedia of Quality and the Service Economy by : Su Mi Dahlgaard-Park
Download or read book The SAGE Encyclopedia of Quality and the Service Economy written by Su Mi Dahlgaard-Park and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2015-05-29 with total page 992 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Society, globally, has entered into what might be called the “service economy.” Services now constitute the largest share of GDP in most countries and provide the major source of employment in both developed and developing countries. Services permeate all aspects of peoples’ lives and are becoming inseparable from most aspects of economic activity. “Quality management” has been a dominating managerial practice since World War II. With quality management initially associated with manufacturing industries, one might assume the relevance of quality management might decrease with the emergence of the service economy. To the contrary, the emergence of the service economy strengthened the importance of quality issues, which no longer are associated only with manufacturing industries but are increasingly applied in all service sectors, as well. Today, we talk not only about product or service quality but have even expanded the framework of quality to quality of life and quality of environment. Thus, quality and services have emerged in parallel as closely interrelated fields. The Encyclopedia of Quality and the Service Economy explores such relevant questions as: What are the characteristics, nature, and definitions of quality and services? How do we define quality of products, quality of services, or quality of life? How are services distinguished from goods? How do we measure various aspects of quality and services? How can products and service quality be managed most effectively and efficiently? What is the role of customers in creation of values? These questions and more are explored within the pages of this two-volume, A-to-Z reference work.
Book Synopsis Decision Making from a Cognitive Perspective by :
Download or read book Decision Making from a Cognitive Perspective written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1995-10-20 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation publishes empirical and theoretical contributions in cognitive and experimental psychology, ranging from classical and instrumental conditioning to complex learning and problem solving. This guest-edited special issue is devoted to research and discussion on decision making from a cognitive perspective. Topics include judgment and decision making with respect to memory processes and techniques, domain-specificity, and confirmation bias. Key Features* Synthesis of decision and cognitive research* New theoretical treatments of critical phenomena* New findings and systematic reviews of past work* Coverage of preference, inference, prediction, and hypothesis-testing* Written by the new leading generation of researchers
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Human Behavior written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 2475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, Second Edition, Three Voluime Set is an award-winning three-volume reference on human action and reaction, and the thoughts, feelings, and physiological functions behind those actions. Presented alphabetically by title, 300 articles probe both enduring and exciting new topics in physiological psychology, perception, personality, abnormal and clinical psychology, cognition and learning, social psychology, developmental psychology, language, and applied contexts. Written by leading scientists in these disciplines, every article has been peer-reviewed to establish clarity, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. The most comprehensive reference source to provide both depth and breadth to the study of human behavior, the encyclopedia will again be a much-used reference source. This set appeals to public, corporate, university and college libraries, libraries in two-year colleges, and some secondary schools. Carefully crafted, well written, and thoroughly indexed, the encyclopedia helps users—whether they are students just beginning formal study of the broad field or specialists in a branch of psychology—understand the field and how and why humans behave as we do. Named a 2013 Outstanding Academic Title by the American Library Association's Choice publication Concise entries (ten pages on average) provide foundational knowledge of the field Each article features suggested further readings, a list of related websites, a 5-10 word glossary and a definition paragraph, and cross-references to related articles in the encyclopedi Newly expanded editorial board and a host of international contributors from the United States, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom
Book Synopsis Environmental Literacy in Science and Society by : Roland W. Scholz
Download or read book Environmental Literacy in Science and Society written by Roland W. Scholz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-07-21 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review and analysis of environmental literacy within the context of environmental science and sustainable development. Approaching the topic from multiple perspectives, the book explores the development of human understanding of the environment and human-environment interactions in the fields of biology, psychology, sociology, economics and industrial ecology.
Book Synopsis Storing Digital Binary Data in Cellular DNA by : Rocky Termanini
Download or read book Storing Digital Binary Data in Cellular DNA written by Rocky Termanini and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-08-18 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Storing Digital Binary Data into Cellular DNA demonstrates how current digital information storage systems have short longevity and limited capacity, also pointing out that their production and consumption of data exceeds supply. Author Rocky Termanini explains the DNA system and how it encodes vast amounts of data, then presents information on the emergence of DNA as a storage technology for the ever-growing stream of data being produced and consumed. The book will be of interest to a range of readers looking to understand this game-changing technology, including researchers in computer science, biomedical engineers, geneticists, physicians, clinicians, law enforcement and cybersecurity experts. Presents a comprehensive reference on the fascinating and emerging technology of DNA storage Helps readers understand key concepts on how DNA works as an information storage system Provides readers with key information on the technologies used to work with DNA data encoding, such as CRISPR Covers emerging areas of application and ethical concern, such as Smart Cities, cybercrime and cyberwarfare Includes coverage of synthesizing DNA-encoded data, sequencing DNA-encoded data, and fusing DNA with Digital Immunity Ecosystems (DIE)
