Definiteness In A Language Without Articles A Study On Polish

Download Definiteness In A Language Without Articles A Study On Polish full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Definiteness In A Language Without Articles A Study On Polish ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Definiteness in a Language without Articles – A Study on Polish

Author : Adrian Czardybon
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110720426
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Definiteness in a Language without Articles – A Study on Polish by : Adrian Czardybon

Download or read book Definiteness in a Language without Articles – A Study on Polish written by Adrian Czardybon and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-06-13 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to investigate how definiteness is expressed in Polish, a language which is claimed to have no definite and in-definite articles. The central question is how the difference in definiteness is indicated between 'a woman' and 'the woman' in Polish. In English, the definite article 'the' and the indefinite article 'a' express the category of definiteness explicitly. Since definiteness is also relevant in articleless languages, there are other means to indicate that a nominal phrase is definite or indefinite. This study is delimited to four means for expressing definiteness in Polish, which are demonstratives, aspect, case alternation, and information structure. Each strategy is investigated independently from the others, although they interact in a complex way, which is shown at the end of this book resulting in a decision tree. Polish is not investigated in isolation, however, the study is complemented by comparisons with other Slavic languages and also with a Polish dialect called 'Upper Silesian', which differs from Polish. The analysis in this book is based on LeÌ€obner's theory of 'Concept Types and Determination' (CTD). LeÌ€obner's distinction of the four concept types (sortal, relational, functional, individual) is crucial since definiteness phenomena under discussion can be explained. Therefore, the interaction of the four concept types with the four definiteness strategies plays a central role in this book. This series explores issues of mental representation, linguistic structure and representation, and their interplay. The research presented in this series is grounded in the idea explored in the Collaborative Research Center 'The structure of representations in language, cognition and science' (SFB 991) that there is a universal format for the representation of linguistic and cognitive concepts.

Definiteness in a Language Without Articles - a Study on Polish

Author : Adrian Czardybon
Publisher : Düsseldorf University Press
ISBN 13 : 9783957580474
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Definiteness in a Language Without Articles - a Study on Polish by : Adrian Czardybon

Download or read book Definiteness in a Language Without Articles - a Study on Polish written by Adrian Czardybon and published by Düsseldorf University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-13 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to investigate how definiteness is expressed in Polish, a language which is claimed to have no definite and in-definite articles. The central question is how the difference in definiteness is indicated between 'a woman' and 'the woman' in Polish. In English, the definite article 'the' and the indefinite article 'a' express the category of definiteness explicitly. Since definiteness is also relevant in articleless languages, there are other means to indicate that a nominal phrase is definite or indefinite.0This study is delimited to four means for expressing definiteness in Polish, which are demonstratives, aspect, case alternation, and information structure. Each strategy is investigated independently from the others, although they interact in a complex way, which is shown at the end of this book resulting in a decision tree. Polish is not investigated in isolation, however, the study is complemented by comparisons with other Slavic languages and also with a Polish dialect called 'Upper Silesian', which differs from Polish.0The analysis in this book is based on Löbner?s theory of 'Concept Types and Determination' (CTD). Löbner?s distinction of the four concept types (sortal, relational, functional, individual) is crucial since definiteness phenomena under discussion can be explained. Therefore, the interaction of the four concept types with the four definiteness strategies plays a central role in this book.

Advances in formal Slavic linguistics 2018

Author : Andreas Blümel
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 3985540187
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (855 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in formal Slavic linguistics 2018 by : Andreas Blümel

Download or read book Advances in formal Slavic linguistics 2018 written by Andreas Blümel and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-09-09 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Formal Slavic Linguistics 2018 offers a selection of articles that were prepared on the basis of talks presented at the conference Formal Description of Slavic Languages (FDSL 13) or at the parallel Workshop on the Semantics of Noun Phrases, which were held on December 5–7, 2018, at the University of Göttingen. The volume covers a wide array of topics, such as situation relativization with adverbial clauses (causation, concession, counterfactuality, condition, and purpose), clause-embedding by means of a correlate, agreeing vs. transitive ‘need’ constructions, clitic doubling, affixation and aspect, evidentiality and mirativity, pragmatics coming with the particle li, uniqueness, definiteness, maximal interpretation (exhaustivity), kinds and subkinds, bare nominals, multiple determination, quantification, demonstratives, possessives, complex measure nouns, and the NP/DP parameter. The set of object languages comprises Russian, Czech, Polish, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Torlak Serbian. The numerous topics addressed demonstrate the importance of Slavic linguistics. The original analyses prove that substantial progress has been made in major fields of research.

Nominal anchoring

Author : Kata Balogh
Publisher : Language Science Press
ISBN 13 : 3961102848
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (611 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nominal anchoring by : Kata Balogh

Download or read book Nominal anchoring written by Kata Balogh and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in this volume address to different degrees issues on the relationship of articles systems and the pragmatic notions of definiteness and specificity in typologically diverse languages: Vietnamese, Siwi (Berber), Russian, Mopan (Mayan), Persian, Danish and Swedish. The main questions that motivate this volume are: How do languages with and without an article system go about helping the hearer to recognize whether a given noun phrase should be interpreted as definite, specific or non-specific? Is there clear-cut semantic definiteness without articles or do we find systematic ambiguity regarding the interpretation of bare noun phrases? If there is ambiguity, can we still posit one reading as the default? What exactly do articles in languages encode that are not analyzed as straightforwardly coding (in)definiteness? Do we find linguistic tools in these languages that are similar to those found in languages without articles? Most contributions report on research on different corpora and elicited data or present the outcome of various experimental studies. One paper presents a diachronic study of the emergence of article systems. On the issue of how languages with and without articles guide the hearer to the conclusion that a given noun phrase should be interpreted as definite, specific or non-specific, the studies in this paper argue for similar strategies. The languages investigated in this volume use constructions and linguistic tools that receive a final interpretation based on discourse prominence considerations and various aspects of the syntax-semantics interface. In case of ambiguity between these readings, the default interpretation is given by factors (e. g., familiarity, uniqueness) that are known to contribute to the salience of phrases, but may be overridden by discourse prominence. Articles that do not straightforwardly mark (in)definiteness encode different kinds of specificity. In the languages studied in this volume, whether they have articles or do not have an article system, we find similar factors and linguistic tools in the calculation process of interpretations. The volume contains revised selected papers from the workshop entitled Specificity, definiteness and article systems across languages held at the 40th Annual Conference of the German Linguistic Society (DGfS), 7-9 March, 2018 at the University of Stuttgart.

Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on the Semantics of Grammatical Aspect

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004401008
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on the Semantics of Grammatical Aspect by :

Download or read book Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on the Semantics of Grammatical Aspect written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2019-05-27 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume proposes original semantic analyses on items marking grammatical aspect. The contributions deal with structurally divergent languages, setting to the fore some less studied forms coding aspect, revisiting or challenging certain conventionalized views on aspectual categories and shedding light on interactions between aspect and modality, another multifaceted semantic category. In doing so, the volume is intended to emphasize the diversity of aspectual systems and the fuzzy semantics of grammatical aspect and help the reader to make their own mind on a topic traditionally viewed as a subcategory of verbal aspect together with lexical aspect. Contributors are Denis Apothéloz, Trang Phan and Nigel Duffield, Galia Hatav, Jens Fleischhauer and Ekaterina Gabrovska, Stephen M. Dickey, Adeline Patard, Laura Baranzini, Jaroslava Obrtelova.

Formal approaches to number in Slavic and beyond

Author : Mojmír Dočekal
Publisher : Language Science Press
ISBN 13 : 3961103143
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (611 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Formal approaches to number in Slavic and beyond by : Mojmír Dočekal

Download or read book Formal approaches to number in Slavic and beyond written by Mojmír Dočekal and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this collective monograph is to explore the relationship between the cognitive notion of number and various grammatical devices expressing this concept in natural language with a special focus on Slavic. The book aims at investigating different morphosyntactic and semantic categories including plurality and number-marking, individuation and countability, cumulativity, distributivity and collectivity, numerals, numeral modifiers and classifiers, as well as other quantifiers. It gathers 19 contributions tackling the main themes from different theoretical and methodological perspectives in order to contribute to our understanding of cross-linguistic patterns both in Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

Linguistic Relativity in SLA

Author : ZhaoHong Han
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 1847693997
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (476 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Linguistic Relativity in SLA by : ZhaoHong Han

Download or read book Linguistic Relativity in SLA written by ZhaoHong Han and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2010-06-18 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crosslinguistic influence is an established area of second language research, and as such, it has been subject to extensive scrutiny. Although the field has come a long way in understanding its general character, many issues still remain a conundrum, for example, why does transfer appear selective, and why does transfer never seem to go away for certain linguistic elements? Unlike most existing studies, which have focused on transfer at the surface form level, the present volume examines the relationship between thought and language, in particular thought as shaped by first language development and use, and its interaction with second language use. The chapters in this collection conceptually explore and empirically investigate the relevance of Slobin’s Thinking-for-Speaking Hypothesis to adult second language acquisition, offering compelling and enlightening evidence of the fundamental nature of crosslinguistic influence in adult second language acquisition.

Definiteness in Bulgarian

Author : Olga M. Mladenova
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110198894
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Definiteness in Bulgarian by : Olga M. Mladenova

Download or read book Definiteness in Bulgarian written by Olga M. Mladenova and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2008-09-25 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its evolution from a synthetic to an analytic language, Bulgarian acquired a grammaticalized category of definiteness. The book presents the first attempt to explore in detail how this happened by comparing the earliest Modern Bulgarian texts with contemporary dialect and standard Bulgarian data. The basic units of analysis are the various types of nominal structures headed by nouns or pronouns. The analysis requires the strict terminological disentanglement of form from content and the adoption of a default inheritance model of definiteness that allow the exhaustive classification and tagging of nominal structures encountered in the texts. Tagging makes it possible to apply quantitative analysis to nominal structure and to assess the types available in the early texts from a current native-speaker perspective. Based on an S-curve model of language change, the study establishes that overt markers of definiteness were first made available to identifiability-based definites, then to inclusiveness-based definites, quantitative generics and unique referents. The overt markers of indefiniteness followed suit, separating indefinites from non-specifics and typifying generics. This progression of definiteness was directed by variables such as person, animacy, gender, number and noun-class, and started in contexts in which definiteness closely interacted with possessivity. Such an analysis leads to the realization that the two-dimensional S-curve model does not account for all language change and that there is a need for a three-dimensional model. It also demonstrates that, contrary to previous assumptions, there is continuity between the early Slavic marker of definiteness (long-form adjectives) and the Modern Bulgarian article. This discovery, in conjunction with geolinguistic arguments, sheds new light on the role that relations inside the Balkan Sprachbund played in the grammaticalization of Bulgarian definiteness.

Variability and Stability in Foreign and Second Language Learning Contexts

Author : Liliana Piasecka
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443836001
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Variability and Stability in Foreign and Second Language Learning Contexts by : Liliana Piasecka

Download or read book Variability and Stability in Foreign and Second Language Learning Contexts written by Liliana Piasecka and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2011-12-08 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a wide spectrum of topics organized within a relatively fixed framework of Applied Linguistics theory and practice, revolving around the concepts of stability and variability that capture the dynamic nature of the phenomena characterizing language, learning and teaching. The primary strength of individual chapters lies in the fact that the vast majority report original empirical studies carried out in diverse second/foreign language learning contexts – investigating interesting issues across various nationalities, ages, educational and professional groups of language learners, and teachers. The issues under scrutiny entail the ‘classic’ recurrent topics related to language learning and teaching, such as communicative competence, input, orality and literacy, learner characteristics and strategies, and teacher development – to mention just a few. In addition, ‘recent arrivals,’ to borrow a marketing metaphor, are also present, as the authors consider learning and teaching implications resulting from the status of English as a language of international communication, and discuss related concepts of intercultural competence along with language learners’ identity and creativity. The multilingual and multicultural contributors to the present volume are researchers – foreign and second language learners and teachers themselves – who offer the reader a range of methodological designs that have been successfully used in Applied Linguistics research. The framework of stability and variability suggests that changes leading to progress and development derive from stable foundations that account for the sense of continuity and belonging in applied linguists’ communities of practice.

Advances in Natural Language Processing

Author : Adam Przepiórkowski
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319108883
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Natural Language Processing by : Adam Przepiórkowski

Download or read book Advances in Natural Language Processing written by Adam Przepiórkowski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-05 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Advances in Natural Language Processing, PolTAL 2014, Warsaw, Poland, in September 2014. The 27 revised full papers and 20 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 83 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on morphology, named entity recognition, term extraction; lexical semantics; sentence level syntax, semantics, and machine translation; discourse, coreference resolution, automatic summarization, and question answering; text classification, information extraction and information retrieval; and speech processing, language modelling, and spell- and grammar-checking.

The category of definiteness in the language pair German-Macedonian

Author : Biljana Ivanovska
Publisher : Anchor Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 3954899728
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (548 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The category of definiteness in the language pair German-Macedonian by : Biljana Ivanovska

Download or read book The category of definiteness in the language pair German-Macedonian written by Biljana Ivanovska and published by Anchor Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-09-14 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The monograph "The category of definiteness in the language pair German and Macedonian" focuses on the contrastive analysis of German and Macedonian language and would be relevant for both German foreign language students (DaF-students), learners of modern German language, teachers, translators of Macedonian and German and multiplicators of German language in the Republic of Macedonia. It presents possibilities about the principles of acquiring German as a foreign language, then gives explanations about the language behavior of the students of German language, as well as the opportunity to explore different translation options, thus developing their sensitivity to language issues. The aim of this research is to help foreign language students of German in Macedonia to get acquainted with the main terminology and basic terms in this field of research and to become independent readers, learners and explorers in this field. It also provides ideas for small-scale research and gives an introduction to students about the techniques and different instruments how to conduct a research project on contrasting German and Macedonian. We analyzed the term of definiteness in German and Macedonian and came to conclusion that according to the results from our analysis, almost all the participants used the articles in a native-like manner in most cases, particularly those with high German proficiency, but also we should mention that inappropriate selection and choice for articles are being made. This monograph was designed to raise foreign language students’ awareness of the differences and similarities in the language pair German-Macedonian in the field of definiteness. Its objective is also to train teachers and foreign language students how to apply contrastive analysis in their teaching and learning German as a foreign language (DaF-Deutsch als Fremdsprache), and to train teacher training students and translator students how to apply contrastive analysis in their future teaching and translation work.

Partitive Cases and Related Categories

Author : Silvia Luraghi
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110346060
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Partitive Cases and Related Categories by : Silvia Luraghi

Download or read book Partitive Cases and Related Categories written by Silvia Luraghi and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Argument-marking, morphological partitives have been the topic of language specific studies, while no cross-linguistic or typological analyses have been conducted. Since individual partitives of different languages have been studied, there exists a basis for a more cross-linguistic approach. The purpose of this book is to fill the gap and to bring together research on partitives in different languages.

The Nominal Structure in Slavic and Beyond

Author : Lilia Schürcks
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 1614512795
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Nominal Structure in Slavic and Beyond by : Lilia Schürcks

Download or read book The Nominal Structure in Slavic and Beyond written by Lilia Schürcks and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions in this volume shed new light on the discussion of whether the DP hypothesis applies universally or not. The issue is prominent not only for Slavic languages. Drawing on evidence from many other languages, Greek, East Asian, and Basque among them, the book has important implications for answering fundamental questions about the nature of definiteness and quantification.

Advancing English Language Education

Author : Wafa Zoghbor
Publisher : Zayed University Press
ISBN 13 : 9948383354
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (483 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advancing English Language Education by : Wafa Zoghbor

Download or read book Advancing English Language Education written by Wafa Zoghbor and published by Zayed University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancing English Language Education Edited by Wafa Zoghbor & Thomaï Alexiou This volume contains a selection of nineteen articles that focus on skills and strategies for advancing English language teacher education in several contexts where English is taught to speakers of other language. The volume focuses on the teachers and learners as the prime participants in the learning process. The papers selected for inclusion represent the diverse backgrounds, experiences, and research interests of EFL educators and showcase contribution that document theory, research and pedagogy. The volume comprises six sections: Teacher Education and Professional Development; Young Learners; Testing and Assessment; Teaching of Writing Skills; Context-Specic Issues in EFL; Teaching, Learning, and Pedagogy Contributors: Alessandro Ursic, Alison Larkin Koushki, Athanasios Karasimos, Daria Grits, David Rear, Irshat Madyarov, Ivan Ivanov, James Milton, Laila Khalil, Larysa Nikolayeva, Mariam Al Nasser, Marianthi Serafeim, Marielle Risse, Marta Tryzna, Mher Davtyan, Michael M. Parrish, Nikita Berezin, Nour Al Okla, Peter Davidson, Richard D. Miller, Syuzanna Torosyan, Talin Grigorian, Thomaï Alexiou, Wafa Zoghbor, Zainab Rashed Aldhanhani

Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition

Author : Rosa Alonso Alonso
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 1783094842
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (83 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition by : Rosa Alonso Alonso

Download or read book Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition written by Rosa Alonso Alonso and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2016-01-11 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides an unprecedented insight into current approaches to crosslinguistic influence (CLI). The collection investigates a range of themes including linguistic relativity, the possible contributions of neurolinguistics, the problem of cognitive development and the role of the frequency of structures in acquisition from distinct, overlapping and complementary perspectives. Chapters focusing on vocabulary, morphosyntactic categories, semantic structures, and phonetic and phonological structures feature in the volume, as do over 20 languages, in order to offer new insights into both theoretical and empirical issues in CLI, including the consequences of great or little similarity in structures between languages. The relevance of CLI research for teaching is discussed in a number of chapters, as is the phenomenon of multilingualism. The collection will appeal to researchers, graduate and postgraduate students, teachers and professionals interested in the field of CLI in SLA.

Articles in the World’s Languages

Author : Laura Becker
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110724421
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Articles in the World’s Languages by : Laura Becker

Download or read book Articles in the World’s Languages written by Laura Becker and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-09-20 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides a systematic overview of articles and article systems in the world’s languages using a sample of 104 languages. Articles can be classified into 10 types according to their referential functions: definite, anaphoric, weak definite, recognitional, indefinite, presentational, exclusive-specific, nonspecific, inclusive-specific, and referential articles. All 10 types are described in detail with examples from various languages of the world. The book also addresses crosslinguistic trends concerning the distribution and the development of different article types, and it proposes a typology of article systems. The aim of this study is to provide a general crosslinguistic overview concerning the attested properties and distributions of articles. It is geared towards readers with interests in language typology and the nominal domain, and it can serve as a point of reference for language-specific studies of articles or determiners.

Explaining Language Structure through Systems Interaction

Author : Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027295565
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Explaining Language Structure through Systems Interaction by : Zygmunt Frajzyngier

Download or read book Explaining Language Structure through Systems Interaction written by Zygmunt Frajzyngier and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2003-11-27 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book proposes a framework for describing languages through the description of relationships among lexicon, morphology, syntax, and phonology. The framework is based on the notion of formal coding means; the principle of functional transparency; the notion of functional domains; and the notion of systems interaction in the coding of functional domains. The study is based on original analyses of cross-linguistic data.The fundamental finding of the study is that different languages may code different functional domains, which must be discovered by analyzing the formal means available in each language. The first part of the book proposes a methodology for discovering functional domains and the second part describes the properties of various functional domains. The book presents new cross-linguistic analyses of theoretical issues including agreement; phenomena attributed to government; nominal classification; prerequisites for and implications of linear order coding; and defining characteristics of lexical categories. The study also contributes new analyses of specific problems in individual languages.