Decider Sur Plusieurs Criteres

Download Decider Sur Plusieurs Criteres full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Decider Sur Plusieurs Criteres ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Readings in Multiple Criteria Decision Aid

Author : Carlos A. Bana e Costa
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642759351
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Readings in Multiple Criteria Decision Aid by : Carlos A. Bana e Costa

Download or read book Readings in Multiple Criteria Decision Aid written by Carlos A. Bana e Costa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple Criteria Decision Aid is a field which has seen important developments in the last few years. This is not only illustrated by the increasing number of papers and communications in the scientific journals and Congresses, but also by the activities of several international working groups. In 1983, a first Summer School was organised at Catania (Sicily) to promote multicriteria decision-aid in companies and to encourage specialists to exchange didactic material. The second School was held in 1985 at Narnur (Belgium) and I am pleased now to present the selected readings from the "Third International Summer School on Multicriteria Decision Aid: Methods, Applications and Software", which took place in Monte Estoril (Portugal), in 1988. was the quality of the contributions presented by the Such during the Summer School that I have decided to take lecturers advantage of this opportunity to produce a more carefully prepared and homogeneous book rather than a simple volume of proceedings. All the initial versions of the selected papers were revised and some, although not included in the programme of the School, were written in order to give a more complete overview of the MCDA field.

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis

Author : Salvatore Greco
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 149393094X
Total Pages : 1356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis by : Salvatore Greco

Download or read book Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis written by Salvatore Greco and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-18 with total page 1356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In two volumes, this new edition presents the state of the art in Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). Reflecting the explosive growth in the field seen during the last several years, the editors not only present surveys of the foundations of MCDA, but look as well at many new areas and new applications. Individual chapter authors are among the most prestigious names in MCDA research, and combined their chapters bring the field completely up to date. Part I of the book considers the history and current state of MCDA, with surveys that cover the early history of MCDA and an overview that discusses the “pre-theoretical” assumptions of MCDA. Part II then presents the foundations of MCDA, with individual chapters that provide a very exhaustive review of preference modeling, along with a chapter devoted to the axiomatic basis of the different models that multiple criteria preferences. Part III looks at outranking methods, with three chapters that consider the ELECTRE methods, PROMETHEE methods, and a look at the rich literature of other outranking methods. Part IV, on Multiattribute Utility and Value Theories (MAUT), presents chapters on the fundamentals of this approach, the very well known UTA methods, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its more recent extension, the Analytic Network Process (ANP), as well as a chapter on MACBETH (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique). Part V looks at Non-Classical MCDA Approaches, with chapters on risk and uncertainty in MCDA, the decision rule approach to MCDA, the fuzzy integral approach, the verbal decision methods, and a tentative assessment of the role of fuzzy sets in decision analysis. Part VI, on Multiobjective Optimization, contains chapters on recent developments of vector and set optimization, the state of the art in continuous multiobjective programming, multiobjective combinatorial optimization, fuzzy multicriteria optimization, a review of the field of goal programming, interactive methods for solving multiobjective optimization problems, and relationships between MCDA and evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO). Part VII, on Applications, selects some of the most significant areas, including contributions of MCDA in finance, energy planning problems, telecommunication network planning and design, sustainable development, and portfolio analysis. Finally, Part VIII, on MCDM software, presents well known MCDA software packages.

Models and Methods in Multiple Criteria Decision Making

Author : G. Colson
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483295567
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Models and Methods in Multiple Criteria Decision Making by : G. Colson

Download or read book Models and Methods in Multiple Criteria Decision Making written by G. Colson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is devoted to models and methods in multiple objectives decision making. The importance of the multiple dimensions of decision making was first recognised during the 1960s and since then progress has been made in that theoretical or application oriented contributions may now be categorized under two main headings:- Multiattribute Decision Making (MADM) which concerns the sorting, the ranking or the evaluation of objects of choice according to several criteria and Multiobjective Decision Making (MODM) which deals with the vector optimization in mathematical programming. The above are also presented in the context of various applications, namely banking, environment, health, manpower, media, portfolio and traffic control, resulting in a book for a wide variety of readers.

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys

Author : Salvatore Greco
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387230815
Total Pages : 1063 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys by : Salvatore Greco

Download or read book Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys written by Salvatore Greco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-20 with total page 1063 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys provides survey articles and references of the seminal or state-of-the-art research on MCDA. The material covered ranges from the foundations of MCDA, over various MCDA methodologies (outranking methods, multiattribute utility and value theories, non-classical approaches) to multiobjective mathematical programming, MCDA applications, and software. This vast amount of material is organized in 8 parts, with a total of 25 chapters. More than 2000 references are listed.

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis via Ratio and Difference Judgement

Author : Freerk A. Lootsma
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0585280088
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (852 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis via Ratio and Difference Judgement by : Freerk A. Lootsma

Download or read book Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis via Ratio and Difference Judgement written by Freerk A. Lootsma and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-23 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The point of departure in the present book is that the decision makers, involved in the evaluation of alternatives under conflicting criteria, express their preferential judgement by estimating ratios of subjective values or differences of the corresponding logarithms, the so-called grades. Three MCDA methods are studied in detail: the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique SMART, as well as the Additive and the Multiplicative AHP, both pairwise-comparison methods which do not suffer from the well-known shortcomings of the original Analytic Hierarchy Process. Context-related preference modelling on the basis of psycho-physical research in visual perception and motor skills is extensively discussed in the introductory chapters. Thereafter many extensions of the ideas are presented via case studies in university administration, health care, environmental assessment, budget allocation, and energy planning at the national and the European level. The issues under consideration are: group decision making with inhomogeneous power distributions, the search for a compromise solution, resource allocation and fair distributions, scenario analysis in long-term planning, conflict analysis via the pairwise comparison of concessions, and multi-objective optimization. The final chapters are devoted to the fortunes of MCDA in the hands of its designers. The research started in the late seventies, when I got involved in three different problems: the nomination procedures in a university, the evaluation of alternative energy-research proposals, and the evaluation of non-linear programming software.

Multiple Criteria Optimization

Author : Xavier Gandibleux
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306481073
Total Pages : 515 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multiple Criteria Optimization by : Xavier Gandibleux

Download or read book Multiple Criteria Optimization written by Xavier Gandibleux and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The generalized area of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) can be defined as the body of methods and procedures by which the concern for multiple conflicting criteria can be formally incorporated into the analytical process. MCDM consists mostly of two branches, multiple criteria optimization and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). While MCDA is typically concerned with multiple criteria problems that have a small number of alternatives often in an environment of uncertainty (location of an airport, type of drug rehabilitation program), multiple criteria optimization is typically directed at problems formulated within a mathematical programming framework, but with a stack of objectives instead of just one (river basin management, engineering component design, product distribution). It is about the most modern treatment of multiple criteria optimization that this book is concerned. I look at this book as a nicely organized and well-rounded presentation of what I view as ”new wave” topics in multiple criteria optimization. Looking back to the origins of MCDM, most people agree that it was not until about the early 1970s that multiple criteria optimization c- gealed as a field. At this time, and for about the following fifteen years, the focus was on theories of multiple objective linear programming that subsume conventional (single criterion) linear programming, algorithms for characterizing the efficient set, theoretical vector-maximum dev- opments, and interactive procedures.

Multicriterion Decision in Management

Author : Jean-Charles Pomerol
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461544599
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multicriterion Decision in Management by : Jean-Charles Pomerol

Download or read book Multicriterion Decision in Management written by Jean-Charles Pomerol and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multicriterion Decision in Management: Principles and Practice is the first multicriterion analysis book devoted exclusively to discrete multicriterion decision making. Typically, multicriterion analysis is used in two distinct frameworks: Firstly, there is multiple criteria linear programming, which is an extension of the results of linear programming and its associated algorithms. Secondly, there is discrete multicriterion decision making, which is concerned with choices among a finite number of possible alternatives such as projects, investments, decisions, etc. This is the focus of this book. The book concentrates on the basic principles in the domain of discrete multicriterion analysis, and examines each of these principles in terms of their properties and their implications. In multicriterion decision analysis, any optimum in the strict sense of the term does not exist. Rather, multicriterion decision making utilizes tools, methods, and thinking to examine several solutions, each having their advantages and disadvantages, depending on one's point of view. Actually, various methods exist for reaching a good choice in a multicriterion setting and even a complete ranking of the alternatives. The book describes and compares these methods, so-called `aggregation methods', with their advantages and their shortcomings. Clearly, organizations are becoming more complex, and it is becoming harder and harder to disregard complexity of points of view, motivations, and objectives. The day of the single objective (profit, social environment, etc. ) is over and the wishes of all those involved in all their diversity must be taken into account. To do this, a basic knowledge of multicriterion decision analysis is necessary. The objective of this book is to supply that knowledge and enable it to be applied. The book is intended for use by practitioners (managers, consultants), researchers, and students in engineering and business.

Multicriteria Decision Making

Author : Tomas Gal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461550254
Total Pages : 549 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multicriteria Decision Making by : Tomas Gal

Download or read book Multicriteria Decision Making written by Tomas Gal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a practical level, mathematical programming under multiple objectives has emerged as a powerful tool to assist in the process of searching for decisions which best satisfy a multitude of conflicting objectives, and there are a number of distinct methodologies for multicriteria decision-making problems that exist. These methodologies can be categorized in a variety of ways, such as form of model (e.g. linear, non-linear, stochastic), characteristics of the decision space (e.g. finite or infinite), or solution process (e.g. prior specification of preferences or interactive). Scientists from a variety of disciplines (mathematics, economics and psychology) have contributed to the development of the field of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) (or Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Multiattribute Decision Making (MADM), Multiobjective Decision Making (MODM), etc.) over the past 30 years, helping to establish MCDM as an important part of management science. MCDM has become a central component of studies in management science, economics and industrial engineering in many universities worldwide. Multicriteria Decision Making: Advances in MCDM Models, Algorithms, Theory and Applications aims to bring together `state-of-the-art' reviews and the most recent advances by leading experts on the fundamental theories, methodologies and applications of MCDM. This is aimed at graduate students and researchers in mathematics, economics, management and engineering, as well as at practicing management scientists who wish to better understand the principles of this new and fast developing field.

Multicriteria Methodology for Decision Aiding

Author : B. Roy
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475725000
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multicriteria Methodology for Decision Aiding by : B. Roy

Download or read book Multicriteria Methodology for Decision Aiding written by B. Roy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: axiomatic results should be at the heart of such a science. Through them, we should be able to enlighten and scientifically assist decision-making processes especially by: - making that wh ich is objective stand out more c1early from that which is less objective; - separating robust from fragile conc1usions; - dissipating certain forms of misunderstanding in communication; - avoiding the pitfall of illusory reasoning; - emphasizing, once they are understood, incontrovertible results. The difficulties I encountered at the begining of my career as an operations researcher, and later as a consultant, made me realize that there were some limitations on objectivity in decision-aiding. In my opinion, five major aspects must be taken into consideration: 1) The borderline (or frontier) between what is and what is not feasible is often fuzzy. Moreover, this borderline is frequently modified in light of what is found from the study itself. 2) In many real-world problems, the "decision maker D" does not really exist as a person truly able to make adecision. Usually, several people (actors or stakeholders) take part in the decision process, and it is important not to confuse the one who ratifies adecision with the so-called decision maker in the decision ai ding process. This decision maker is in fact the person or the set of persons for whom or in the name of whom decision aiding effort is provided.

Multi-Criteria and Multi-Dimensional Analysis in Decisions

Author : Kesra Nermend
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031405382
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multi-Criteria and Multi-Dimensional Analysis in Decisions by : Kesra Nermend

Download or read book Multi-Criteria and Multi-Dimensional Analysis in Decisions written by Kesra Nermend and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-02 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new era is emerging in which a group of quantitative methods featuring characteristics of multidimensional comparative analysis (MCA) and multi-criteria decision-making analysis (MCDA) can be used to automate objective decision-making processes. This book introduces the character of the criteria (desirable, non-desirable, motivating, demotivating, and neutral) to MCDA and MCA methods. It presents the author’s own developed methods, the preference vector method (PVM), for solving multi-criteria problems in decision making; and, vector measure construction method (VMCM), which is dedicated to solving typical problems in the field of multidimensional comparative analysis. All methods are explained step by step with relevant examples, primarily in the fields of economics and management.

Multicriteria Decision Aiding Interventions

Author : Maria Franca Norese
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031284658
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multicriteria Decision Aiding Interventions by : Maria Franca Norese

Download or read book Multicriteria Decision Aiding Interventions written by Maria Franca Norese and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-21 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to multicriteria decision aiding (MCDA) interventions used in complex situations. In each chapter, expert analysts propose a piece of the puzzle, while the final, complete puzzle offers an interesting reflection of the main challenges and difficulties associated with decision aiding interventions, as well as the different tools adopted in response. Particular attention is given to the approaches used to identify and overcome specific difficulties. Designed for analysts familiar with several multicriteria methods but seeking detailed information and experience, this book helps to elaborate and validate MC models in real-life decision aiding interventions. In addition, it helps novice analysts appreciate the difficulty of decision aiding and use the available methods to reduce or control them with the help of socio-technical approaches.

Multicriteria Analysis

Author : Joao Climaco
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642606679
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (426 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multicriteria Analysis by : Joao Climaco

Download or read book Multicriteria Analysis written by Joao Climaco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: J. CIimaco and C. H. Antunes After the pleasure which has been to host the community of researchers and practitioners in the area of multicriteria analysis (MA) in Coimbra in August 1994, this volume of proceedings based on the papers presented at the conference is the last step of that venture. Even though this may not be the appropriate place we cannot resist, however, the temptation to express herein some brief feelings about the conference. Almost everything concerning the conference organisation has been "handcrafted" by a small number of people, with the advantages and disadvantages that this approach generates. Our first word of acknowledgement is of course due to those who have had a permanent and active role in the multiple aspects which make the success of a conference: Maria Joao Alves, Carlos Henggeler Antunes (who is a co author of this introduction since he has closely collaborated with me in the scientific programme), Joao Paulo Costa, Luis Dias (who greatly contributed to the organisation of this volume) and Paulo Melo, as well as Leonor Dias, from the Faculty of Economics, who has shown an outstanding dedication. To those who collaborated with the organisers in the framework of their professional activity, special thanks due to Adelina whose dedication greatly exceeded her duties. As you probably know from your own experience every small detail of the conference organisation required a lot of "sweating", but the atmosphere of joy and friendship then generated has been a generous "pay-off".

Decision Making Process

Author : Denis Bouyssou
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118619528
Total Pages : 671 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Decision Making Process by : Denis Bouyssou

Download or read book Decision Making Process written by Denis Bouyssou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-10 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the main methods and results in the formal study of the human decision-making process, as defined in a relatively wide sense. A key aim of the approach contained here is to try to break down barriers between various disciplines encompassed by this field, including psychology, economics and computer science. All these approaches have contributed to progress in this very important and much-studied topic in the past, but none have proved sufficient so far to define a complete understanding of the highly complex processes and outcomes. This book provides the reader with state-of-the-art coverage of the field, essentially forming a roadmap to the field of decision analysis. The first part of the book is devoted to basic concepts and techniques for representing and solving decision problems, ranging from operational research to artificial intelligence. Later chapters provide an extensive overview of the decision-making process under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Finally, there are chapters covering various approaches to multi-criteria decision-making. Each chapter is written by experts in the topic concerned, and contains an extensive bibliography for further reading and reference.

Decision Synthesis

Author : Stephen R. Watson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521310789
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Decision Synthesis by : Stephen R. Watson

Download or read book Decision Synthesis written by Stephen R. Watson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a comprehensive overview of the theory of decision making and its practical application in decision analysis.

Stochastic Versus Fuzzy Approaches to Multiobjective Mathematical Programming under Uncertainty

Author : Shi-Yu Huang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940092111X
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Stochastic Versus Fuzzy Approaches to Multiobjective Mathematical Programming under Uncertainty by : Shi-Yu Huang

Download or read book Stochastic Versus Fuzzy Approaches to Multiobjective Mathematical Programming under Uncertainty written by Shi-Yu Huang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Operations Research is a field whose major contribution has been to propose a rigorous fonnulation of often ill-defmed problems pertaining to the organization or the design of large scale systems, such as resource allocation problems, scheduling and the like. While this effort did help a lot in understanding the nature of these problems, the mathematical models have proved only partially satisfactory due to the difficulty in gathering precise data, and in formulating objective functions that reflect the multi-faceted notion of optimal solution according to human experts. In this respect linear programming is a typical example of impressive achievement of Operations Research, that in its detenninistic fonn is not always adapted to real world decision-making : everything must be expressed in tenns of linear constraints ; yet the coefficients that appear in these constraints may not be so well-defined, either because their value depends upon other parameters (not accounted for in the model) or because they cannot be precisely assessed, and only qualitative estimates of these coefficients are available. Similarly the best solution to a linear programming problem may be more a matter of compromise between various criteria rather than just minimizing or maximizing a linear objective function. Lastly the constraints, expressed by equalities or inequalities between linear expressions, are often softer in reality that what their mathematical expression might let us believe, and infeasibility as detected by the linear programming techniques can often been coped with by making trade-offs with the real world.

Multicriteria Decision Aid Methods for the Prediction of Business Failure

Author : Constantin Zopounidis
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475728859
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multicriteria Decision Aid Methods for the Prediction of Business Failure by : Constantin Zopounidis

Download or read book Multicriteria Decision Aid Methods for the Prediction of Business Failure written by Constantin Zopounidis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a new point of view on the subject of business failure prediction, through the application of multicriteria analysis methods. The aim of the book is to provide a review of the research in the area and to explore the adequacy of these methods to one of the most complex problems in the area of financial management. In addition, the book explores the applications of the methods so that it can become a very useful tool for researchers and practitioners. The analysis of the modeling and the results in these applications provides the background for further employment of the methods.

Decision and Decision-maker in an Industrial Environment

Author : Lamia Berrah
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1786307308
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Decision and Decision-maker in an Industrial Environment by : Lamia Berrah

Download or read book Decision and Decision-maker in an Industrial Environment written by Lamia Berrah and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-08-29 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decision and Decision-maker in an Industrial Environment developed around the observation that two different decision-makers, faced with the same problem, may not make the same decision. The book proposes explanations for this, ranging from the wholly rational to the irrational, and analyzes different factors in decision-making, such as the intention of the decision-maker, the environment in which their decision is made or the process leading to decision-making. While the common belief is that everything in an industrial environment stems from reasoned decisions, analysis of common practice shows that this is not always the case. This book offers an original perspective by presenting the decision making mechanism from the point of view of the decision maker and their handling of a specific decision-making problem. To learn more about the decision-maker’s motivations when faced with these situations, the authors provide a review of the history of decisionmaking and the major trends in decision-making theory. The concepts and methods are presented with illustrations based on the use of an MES, an industrial management software package.