Data Protection

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Data Protection Implementation Guide

Author : Brendan Quinn
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403529016
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection Implementation Guide by : Brendan Quinn

Download or read book Data Protection Implementation Guide written by Brendan Quinn and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complexities of implementing the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) continue to grow as it progresses through new and ever-changing technologies, business models, codes of conduct, and decisions of the supervisory authorities, and the courts. This eminently practical guide to implementing the GDPR – written in an original, problem-solving style by a highly experienced data protection expert with equal knowledge of both law and technology – provides a step-by-step project management approach to building a GDPR-compliant data protection system, assessing, and documenting the risks and then implementing these changes through processes at the operational level. With detailed attention to case law (Member State, ECJ, and ECHR), especially where affecting high-risk areas that have attracted scrutiny, the guidance proceeds systematically through such topics and issues as the following: required documentation, policies, and procedures; risk assessment tools and analysis frameworks; children’s data; employee and health data; international transfers post-Schrems II; data subject rights including the right of access; data retention and erasure; tracking and surveillance; and effects of technologies such as artificial intelligence, biometrics, and machine learning. With its practical examples derived from the author’s experience in building GDPR-compliant software, as well as its analysis of case law and enforcement priorities, this incomparable guide enables company data protection officers and compliance staff to advise on key issues with full awareness of the legal and reputational risks and how to mitigate them. It is also sure to be of immeasurable value to concerned regulators and policymakers at all government levels. “…it's going to be the go to resource for practitioners.” Tom Gilligan, Data Protection Consultant, September 2021 "I purchased this book recently and I’m very glad I did. It’s the textbook I have been waiting for. As someone relatively new to data protection, I was finding it very difficult to find books on the practical side of data protection. This book is very clearly laid out with practical examples and case law given for each topic, which is immensely helpful. I would recommend it to any data protection practitioners." Jennifer Breslin, LLM CIPP/E, AIPP Member

DPO Handbook - Data Protection Officers Under the GDPR

Author : Thomas Shaw
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781948771047
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis DPO Handbook - Data Protection Officers Under the GDPR by : Thomas Shaw

Download or read book DPO Handbook - Data Protection Officers Under the GDPR written by Thomas Shaw and published by . This book was released on 2018-03 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Data Protection

Author : Preston De Guise
Publisher : Auerbach Publications
ISBN 13 : 9781482244151
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (441 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection by : Preston De Guise

Download or read book Data Protection written by Preston De Guise and published by Auerbach Publications. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fundamental truth about data protection: backup is dead. Or rather, backup and recovery, as a standalone topic, no longer has relevance in IT. As a standalone topic, it's been killed off by seemingly exponential growth in storage and data, by the cloud, and by virtualization. So what is data protection? This book takes a holistic, business-based approach to data protection. It explains how data protection is a mix of proactive and reactive planning, technology and activities that allow for data continuity. It shows how truly effective data protection comes from a holistic approach considering the entire data lifecycle and all required SLAs. Data protection is neither RAID nor is it continuous availability, replication, snapshots or backups--it is all of them, combined in a considered and measured approach to suit the criticality of the data and meet all the requirements of the business. The book also discusses how businesses seeking to creatively leverage their IT investments and to drive through cost optimization are increasingly looking at data protection as a mechanism to achieve those goals. In addition to being a type of insurance policy, data protection is becoming an enabler for new processes around data movement and data processing. This book arms readers with information critical for making decisions on how data can be protected against loss in the cloud, on-premises, or in a mix of the two. It explains the changing face of recovery in a highly virtualized data center and techniques for dealing with big data. Moreover, it presents a model for where data recovery processes can be integrated with IT governance and management in order to achieve the right focus on recoverability across the business.

Data Protection Law:Approaching Its Rationale, Logic and Limits

Author : Lee
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789041198709
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection Law:Approaching Its Rationale, Logic and Limits by : Lee

Download or read book Data Protection Law:Approaching Its Rationale, Logic and Limits written by Lee and published by Springer. This book was released on 2002-08-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author evaluates the costs and/or gains and the interference (positive or negative) in the commercial, public administrative and social spheres that data protection laws have the potential to create, with numerous references to legislation and administrative decision making in a wide variety of jurisdictions.

Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn

Author : Mireille Hildebrandt
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134619154
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

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Book Synopsis Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn by : Mireille Hildebrandt

Download or read book Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn written by Mireille Hildebrandt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-03 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Privacy, Due process and the Computational Turn: The Philosophy of Law Meets the Philosophy of Technology engages with the rapidly developing computational aspects of our world including data mining, behavioural advertising, iGovernment, profiling for intelligence, customer relationship management, smart search engines, personalized news feeds, and so on in order to consider their implications for the assumptions on which our legal framework has been built. The contributions to this volume focus on the issue of privacy, which is often equated with data privacy and data security, location privacy, anonymity, pseudonymity, unobservability, and unlinkability. Here, however, the extent to which predictive and other types of data analytics operate in ways that may or may not violate privacy is rigorously taken up, both technologically and legally, in order to open up new possibilities for considering, and contesting, how we are increasingly being correlated and categorizedin relationship with due process – the right to contest how the profiling systems are categorizing and deciding about us.

GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union

Author : Mariusz Krzysztofek
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403532718
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union by : Mariusz Krzysztofek

Download or read book GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union written by Mariusz Krzysztofek and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-04-07 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union Mariusz Krzysztofek Personal data protection has become one of the central issues in any understanding of the current world system. In this connection, the European Union (EU) has created the most sophisticated regime currently in force with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679. Following the GDPR’s recent reform – the most extensive since the first EU laws in this area were adopted and implemented into the legal orders of the Member States – this book offers a comprehensive discussion of all principles of personal data processing, obligations of data controllers, and rights of data subjects, providing a thorough, up-to-date account of the legal and practical aspects of personal data protection in the EU. Coverage includes the recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgment on data transfers and new or updated data protection authorities’ guidelines in the EU Member States. Among the broad spectrum of aspects of the subject covered are the following: – right to privacy judgments of the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights; – scope of the GDPR and its key definitions, key principles of personal data processing; – legal bases for the processing of personal data; – direct and digital marketing, cookies, and online behavioural advertising; – processing of personal data of employees; – sensitive data and criminal records; – information obligation & privacy notices; – data subjects rights; – data controller, joint controllers, and processors; – data protection by design and by default, data security measures, risk-based approach, records of personal data processing activities, notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority and communication to the data subject, data protection impact assessment, codes of conduct and certification; – Data Protection Officer; – transfers of personal data to non-EU/EEA countries; and – privacy in the Internet and surveillance age. Because the global scale and evolution of information technologies have changed the data processing environment and brought new challenges, and because many non-EU jurisdictions have adopted equivalent regimes or largely analogous regulations, the book will be of great usefulness worldwide. Multinational corporations and their customers and contractors will benefit enormously from consulting and using this book, especially in conducting case law, guidelines and best practices formulated by European data protection authorities. For lawyers and academics researching or advising clients on this area, this book provides an indispensable source of practical guidance and information for many years to come.

Data Protection and Privacy: (In)visibilities and Infrastructures

Author : Ronald Leenes
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319507966
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection and Privacy: (In)visibilities and Infrastructures by : Ronald Leenes

Download or read book Data Protection and Privacy: (In)visibilities and Infrastructures written by Ronald Leenes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-07 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features peer reviewed contributions from across the disciplines on themes relating to protection of data and to privacy protection. The authors explore fundamental and legal questions, investigate case studies and consider concepts and tools such as privacy by design, the risks of surveillance and fostering trust. Readers may trace both technological and legal evolution as chapters examine current developments in ICT such as cloud computing and the Internet of Things. Written during the process of the fundamental revision of revision of EU data protection law (the 1995 Data Protection Directive), this volume is highly topical. Since the European Parliament has adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation 2016/679), which will apply from 25 May 2018, there are many details to be sorted out. This volume identifies and exemplifies key, contemporary issues. From fundamental rights and offline alternatives, through transparency requirements to health data breaches, the reader is provided with a rich and detailed picture, including some daring approaches to privacy and data protection. The book will inform and inspire all stakeholders. Researchers with an interest in the philosophy of law and philosophy of technology, in computers and society, and in European and International law will all find something of value in this stimulating and engaging work.

Data Protection: A Practical Guide to UK and EU Law

Author : Peter Carey
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 019158035X
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection: A Practical Guide to UK and EU Law by : Peter Carey

Download or read book Data Protection: A Practical Guide to UK and EU Law written by Peter Carey and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2009-03-05 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this invaluable handbook offers practical solutions to issues arising in relation to data protection law. It is fully updated and expanded to include coverage of all of the significant developments in the practice of data protection, and takes account of the wealth of guidance published by the Information Commissioner since the last edition. The third edition includes new material on the changes to the Commissioner's powers and new guidance from the Commissioner's office, coverage of new cases on peripheral aspects of data protection compliance and examples of enforcement, the new code on CCTV processing, the new employment code, clarification on the definition of "personal data", the binding corporate rules on the exemption to the export data ban and the new ICT set of model contractual provisions for data exports, and the proposed action by the EU against the UK for failing to implement the Data Protection Directive appropriately. There are new chapters on terminology and data security.

Data Protection in the Internet

Author : Dário Moura Vicente
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030280497
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection in the Internet by : Dário Moura Vicente

Download or read book Data Protection in the Internet written by Dário Moura Vicente and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-01 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book identifies and explains the different national approaches to data protection – the legal regulation of the collection, storage, transmission and use of information concerning identified or identifiable individuals – and determines the extent to which they could be harmonised in the foreseeable future. In recent years, data protection has become a major concern in many countries, as well as at supranational and international levels. In fact, the emergence of computing technologies that allow lower-cost processing of increasing amounts of information, associated with the advent and exponential use of the Internet and other communication networks and the widespread liberalization of the trans-border flow of information have enabled the large-scale collection and processing of personal data, not only for scientific or commercial uses, but also for political uses. A growing number of governmental and private organizations now possess and use data processing in order to determine, predict and influence individual behavior in all fields of human activity. This inevitably entails new risks, from the perspective of individual privacy, but also other fundamental rights, such as the right not to be discriminated against, fair competition between commercial enterprises and the proper functioning of democratic institutions. These phenomena have not been ignored from a legal point of view: at the national, supranational and international levels, an increasing number of regulatory instruments – including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation applicable as of 25 May 2018 – have been adopted with the purpose of preventing personal data misuse. Nevertheless, distinct national approaches still prevail in this domain, notably those that separate the comprehensive and detailed protective rules adopted in Europe since the 1995 Directive on the processing of personal data from the more fragmented and liberal attitude of American courts and legislators in this respect. In a globalized world, in which personal data can instantly circulate and be used simultaneously in communications networks that are ubiquitous by nature, these different national and regional approaches are a major source of legal conflict.

Data Protection on the Move

Author : Serge Gutwirth
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9401773769
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection on the Move by : Serge Gutwirth

Download or read book Data Protection on the Move written by Serge Gutwirth and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-09 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together papers that offer methodologies, conceptual analyses, highlight issues, propose solutions, and discuss practices regarding privacy and data protection. It is one of the results of the eight annual International Conference on Computers, Privacy, and Data Protection, CPDP 2015, held in Brussels in January 2015. The book explores core concepts, rights and values in (upcoming) data protection regulation and their (in)adequacy in view of developments such as Big and Open Data, including the right to be forgotten, metadata, and anonymity. It discusses privacy promoting methods and tools such as a formal systems modeling methodology, privacy by design in various forms (robotics, anonymous payment), the opportunities and burdens of privacy self management, the differentiating role privacy can play in innovation. The book also discusses EU policies with respect to Big and Open Data and provides advice to policy makers regarding these topics. Also attention is being paid to regulation and its effects, for instance in case of the so-called ‘EU-cookie law’ and groundbreaking cases, such as Europe v. Facebook. This interdisciplinary book was written during what may turn out to be the final stages of the process of the fundamental revision of the current EU data protection law by the Data Protection Package proposed by the European Commission. It discusses open issues and daring and prospective approaches. It will serve as an insightful resource for readers with an interest in privacy and data protection.

Reinventing Data Protection?

Author : Serge Gutwirth
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402094981
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Reinventing Data Protection? by : Serge Gutwirth

Download or read book Reinventing Data Protection? written by Serge Gutwirth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-24 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: data. Furthermore, the European Union established clear basic principles for the collection, storage and use of personal data by governments, businesses and other organizations or individuals in Directive 95/46/EC and Directive 2002/58/EC on Privacy and Electronic communications. Nonetheless, the twenty-?rst century citizen – utilizing the full potential of what ICT-technology has to offer – seems to develop a digital persona that becomes increasingly part of his individual social identity. From this perspective, control over personal information is control over an aspect of the identity one projects in the world. The right to privacy is the freedom from unreasonable constraints on one’s own identity. Transactiondata–bothtraf?candlocationdata–deserveourparticularattention. As we make phone calls, send e-mails or SMS messages, data trails are generated within public networks that we use for these communications. While traf?c data are necessary for the provision of communication services, they are also very sensitive data. They can give a complete picture of a person’s contacts, habits, interests, act- ities and whereabouts. Location data, especially if very precise, can be used for the provision of services such as route guidance, location of stolen or missing property, tourist information, etc. In case of emergency, they can be helpful in dispatching assistance and rescue teams to the location of a person in distress. However, p- cessing location data in mobile communication networks also creates the possibility of permanent surveillance.

Information Sharing and Data Protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice

Author : Franziska Boehm
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642223923
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Information Sharing and Data Protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice by : Franziska Boehm

Download or read book Information Sharing and Data Protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice written by Franziska Boehm and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-06 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Privacy and data protection in police work and law enforcement cooperation has always been a challenging issue. Current developments in EU internal security policy, such as increased information sharing (which includes the exchange of personal data between European law enforcement agencies and judicial actors in the area of freedom, security and justice (Europol, Eurojust, Frontex and OLAF)) and the access of EU agencies, in particular Europol and Eurojust, to data stored in European information systems such as the SIS (II), VIS, CIS or Eurodac raise interesting questions regarding the balance between the rights of individuals and security interests. This book deals with the complexity of the relations between these actors and offers for the first time a comprehensive overview of the structures for information exchange in the area of freedom, security and justice and their compliance with data protection rules in this field.

Regulating Industrial Internet Through IPR, Data Protection and Competition Law

Author : Rosa Maria Ballardini
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403503416
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulating Industrial Internet Through IPR, Data Protection and Competition Law by : Rosa Maria Ballardini

Download or read book Regulating Industrial Internet Through IPR, Data Protection and Competition Law written by Rosa Maria Ballardini and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2019-08-28 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The digitization of industrial processes has suddenly taken a great leap forward, with burgeoning applications in manufacturing, transportation and numerous other areas. Many stakeholders, however, are uncertain about the opportunities and risks associated with it and what it really means for businesses and national economies. Clarity of legal rules is now a pressing necessity. This book, the first to deal with legal questions related to Industrial Internet, follows a multidisciplinary approach that is instructed by law concerning intellectual property, data protection, competition, contracts and licensing, focusing on business, technology and policy-driven issues. Experts in various relevant fields of science and industry measure the legal tensions created by Industrial Internet in our global economy and propose solutions that are both theoretically valuable and concretely practical, identifying workable business models and practices based on both technical and legal knowledge. Perspectives include the following: regulating Industrial Internet via intellectual property rights (IPR); data ownership versus control over data; artificial intelligence and IPR infringement; patent owning in Industrial Internet; abuse of dominance in Industrial Internet platforms; data collaboration, pooling and hoarding; legal implications of granular versioning technologies; and misuse of information for anticompetitive purposes. The book represents a record of a major collaborative project, held between 2016 and 2019 in Finland, involving a number of universities, technology firms and law firms. As Industrial Internet technologies are already being used in several businesses, it is of paramount importance for the global economy that legal, business and policy-related challenges are promptly analyzed and discussed. This crucially important book not only reveals the legal and policy-related issues that we soon will have to deal with but also facilitates the creation of legislation and policies that promote Industrial-Internet-related technologies and new business opportunities. It will be warmly welcomed by practitioners, patent and other IPR attorneys, innovation economists and companies operating in the Industrial Internet ecosystem, as well as by competition authorities and other policymakers.

Data Protection Law

Author : Robert Walters
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811381100
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection Law by : Robert Walters

Download or read book Data Protection Law written by Robert Walters and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-04 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comparison and practical guide for academics, students, and the business community of the current data protection laws in selected Asia Pacific countries (Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand) and the European Union. The book shows how over the past three decades the range of economic, political, and social activities that have moved to the internet has increased significantly. This technological transformation has resulted in the collection of personal data, its use and storage across international boundaries at a rate that governments have been unable to keep pace. The book highlights challenges and potential solutions related to data protection issues arising from cross-border problems in which personal data is being considered as intellectual property, within transnational contracts and in anti-trust law. The book also discusses the emerging challenges in protecting personal data and promoting cyber security. The book provides a deeper understanding of the legal risks and frameworks associated with data protection law for local, regional and global academics, students, businesses, industries, legal profession and individuals.

Data Protection Around the World

Author : Elif Kiesow Cortez
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9462654077
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection Around the World by : Elif Kiesow Cortez

Download or read book Data Protection Around the World written by Elif Kiesow Cortez and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a snapshot of privacy laws and practices from a varied set of jurisdictions in order to offer guidance on national and international contemporary issues regarding the processing of personal data and serves as an up-to-date resource on the applications and practice-relevant examples of data protection laws in different countries. Privacy violations emerging at an ever-increasing rate, due to evolving technology and new lifestyles linked to an intensified online presence of ever more individuals, required the design of a novel data protection and privacy regulation. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) stands as an example of a regulatory response to these demands. The authors included in this book offer an in-depth analysis of the national data protection legislation of various countries across different continents, not only including country-specific details but also comparing the idiosyncratic characteristics of these national privacy laws to the GDPR. Valuable comparative information on data protection regulations around the world is thus provided in one concise volume. Due to the variety of jurisdictions covered and the practical examples focused on, both academics and legal practitioners will find this book especially useful, while for compliance practitioners it can serve as a guide regarding transnational data transfers. Elif Kiesow Cortez is Senior Lecturer at the International and European Law Program at The Hague University of Applied Sciences in The Netherlands.

Data Protection Law in the EU

Author : Brendan Van Alsenoy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781780688282
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (882 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection Law in the EU by : Brendan Van Alsenoy

Download or read book Data Protection Law in the EU written by Brendan Van Alsenoy and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practically every organisation in the world processes personal data. European data protection law imposes a series of requirements designed to protect individuals against the risks that result from the processing of their data. It also distinguishes among different types of actors involved in the processing and sets out different obligations for each type of actor. The most important distinction in this regard is the distinction between 'controllers' and 'processors'. This book seeks to determine whether EU data protection law should continue to maintain its current distinction.

EU Personal Data Protection in Policy and Practice

Author : Bart Custers
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9462652821
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Personal Data Protection in Policy and Practice by : Bart Custers

Download or read book EU Personal Data Protection in Policy and Practice written by Bart Custers and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the protection of personal data is compared for eight EU member states,namely France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Romania, Italy, Sweden andthe Netherlands. The comparison of the countries is focused on government policiesfor the protection of personal data, the applicable laws and regulations, implementationof those laws and regulations, and supervision and enforcement. Although the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) harmonizes the protectionof personal data across the EU as of May 2018, its open norms in combination withcultural differences between countries result in differences in the practical implementation,interpretation and enforcement of personal data protection. With its focus on data protection law in practice, this book provides indepth insightsinto how different countries deal with data protection issues. The knowledge and bestpractices from these countries provide highly relevant material for legal professionals,data protection officers, policymakers, data protection authorities and academicsacross Europe. Bart Custers is Associate Professor and Director of Research at the Center for Law andDigital Technologies of the Leiden Law School at Leiden University, the Netherlands.Alan M. Sears, Francien Dechesne, Ilina Georgieva and Tommaso Tani are all affiliated tothat same organization, of which Professor Simone van der Hof is the General Director.